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Chicken Manure (chicken + manure)
Selected AbstractsRoxarsone and transformation products in chicken manure: Determination by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometryELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 7-8 2005Charlita G. Rosal Abstract The determination of the animal feed additive roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) and six of its possible transformation products (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonate, dimethylarsinate, 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) in chicken manure was investigated using capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS). Initial method development was conducted using ultraviolet (UV) detection for ruggedness and time efficiency. Separation of these seven arsenic species was effected using a 20,mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.7. The CE-ICP-MS limits of detection in terms of As for each of the species was in the low µg·L,1 range, corresponding to absolute detection limits in the range 20,70,fg As (based on a 23,nL injection). Overall, the method developed in this study provides high selectivity and low limits of detection (1,3,µg·L,1 or low-ppb, based on As), uses small sample volume (low nL), and produces minimal wastes. [source] Uptake and transport of roxarsone and its metabolites in water spinach as affected by phosphate supplyENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2010Lixian Yao Abstract Roxarsone (ROX) is widely used as a feed additive in intensive animal production. While an animal is fed with ROX, the As compounds in the manure primarily occur as ROX and its metabolites, including arsenate (As[V]), arsenite (As[III]), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Animal manure is commonly land applied with phosphorous fertilizers in China. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of ROX, As(V), As(III), MMA, and DMA in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), with the soil amended with 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0,g PO4/kg, respectively, plus 2% (w/w manure/soil) chicken manure (CM) bearing ROX and its metabolites. The results indicate that this species of water spinach cannot accumulate ROX and MMA at detectable levels, but As(V), As(III), and DMA were present in all plant samples. Increased phosphorous decreased the shoot As(V) and As(III) in water spinach but did not affect the root As(V). The shoot DMA and root As(III) and DMA were decreased/increased and then increased/decreased by elevated phosphorous. The total phosphorous content (P) in plant tissue did not correlate with the total As or the three As species in tissues. Arsenate, As(III), and DMA were more easily accumulated in the roots, and phosphate considerably inhibited their upward transport. Dimethylarsinic acid had higher transport efficiency than As(V) and As(III), but As(III) was dominant in tissues. Conclusively, phosphate had multiple effects on the accumulation and transport of ROX metabolites, which depended on their levels. However, proper utilization of phosphate fertilizer can decrease the accumulation of ROX metabolites in water spinach when treated with CM containing ROX and its metabolites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:947,951. © 2009 SETAC [source] Effects of nitrate-, ammonium-, and organic-nitrogen-based fertilizers on growth and yield of tomatoesJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Anuschka Heeb Abstract Mineral and organic fertilizers contain different forms and amounts of nitrogen (N), which can affect yield and product quality. The aim of this study was to determine appropriate amounts of N applied as nitrate (NO), ammonium (NH), and organic N (a mixture based on chicken manure) for optimal growth and quality of tomatoes. A pot experiment with sand as substrate was established in a greenhouse with six-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. "Armada"). Nitrogen was applied in nutrient solutions at different NO : NH ratios combined with different chloride levels (NO -dominated, NO = NH at low Cl,, NO = NH at high Cl,, and NH -dominated, respectively) or as organic N at four N-application rates (250, 500, 750, 1000 mg N plant,1 week,1). No significant differences in shoot biomass and yields of red tomatoes were observed between NO - or NH -fed plants. Nitrogen rates above 750 mg N plant,1 week,1 did not significantly increase marketable fruit yield, but enhanced shoot-biomass production. The NH -N-dominated treatments (which also had high Cl, concentrations) showed increasing incidence of blossom-end-rot (BER)-infected fruits. In the organic-N treatments, shoot-biomass production and yields were lower than in the inorganic-N treatments, but fruit quality was good with few BER-infected fruits. The results show that with a total N supply below 750 mg N plant,1 week,1, NH can be used as equivalent N source to NO, resulting in equivalent yields of marketable fruit under the conditions in this experiment. Einfluss von Nitrat, Ammonium und organischem Stickstoff auf Wachstum und Ertrag von Tomaten Mineralische und organische Dünger enthalten verschiedene Formen von und Mengen an Stickstoff (N), welche den Ernteertrag und die Produktqualität beeinflussen können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, geeignete N-Mengen , appliziert als Nitrat, Ammonium oder organischer Stickstoff , für optimales Wachstum und Qualität von Tomaten zu bestimmen. Dazu wurde mit sechs Wochen alten Tomatenpflanzen (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. "Armada") unter Gewächshausbedingungen mit Sand als Substrat ein Gefäßversuch angelegt. Die Applikation von N erfolgte in Form von Nährlösungen mit verschiedenen NO:NH -Verhältnissen, kombiniert mit unterschiedlichen Chlorid (Cl)-Konzentrationen (NO -dominiert, NO = NH bei niedrigem Cl,, NO = NH bei hohem Cl, und NH -dominiert) bzw. als organischer N. Jede dieser Behandlungen wurde mit vier verschiedenen N-Mengen angelegt (250, 500, 750, 1000 mg N Pflanze,1 Woche,1). Zwischen den mit Nitrat und Ammonium gedüngten Pflanzen konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied in Sprosswachstum und Ertrag an erntereifen Tomaten festgestellt werden. Stickstoffmengen über 750 mg N Pflanze,1 Woche,1 steigerten den Ertrag verkaufsfähiger Tomaten nicht signifikant, obwohl die Produktion an Sprossbiomasse noch anstieg. In den NH -dominiert gedüngten Gefäßen mit gleichzeitig hohen Cl-Konzentrationen in den Nährlösungen wurden häufiger Tomaten mit Blütenendfäule beobachtet. In den Behandlungen mit organischem Stickstoff waren die Sprossbiomasseproduktion und der Ertrag geringer als in den mineralisch gedüngten Behandlungen, aber die Qualität der Früchte war gut, mit nur wenigen durch Blütenendfäule geschädigten Tomaten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei einer Stickstoffversorgung unter 750 mg N Pflanze,1 Woche,1 Ammonium anstelle von Nitrat verwendet werden kann. Im vorliegenden Versuch wurden unter diesen Bedingungen vergleichbare Erträge verkaufsfähiger Früchte erzielt. [source] Effect of using different types of organic animal manure on plankton abundance, and on growth and survival of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger) in pondsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2006Jeremiah Kang'ombe Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different types of organic manure on the plankton abundance, and growth and survival of Tilapia rendalli juveniles in ponds. Fish weighing 18.15±0.44 g were stocked into 12, 20 m2 ponds at 2 fish m,2 (40 fish pond,1). There were three replicate ponds per treatment (chicken manure, cattle manure, pig manure, and no-manure as a control). After 84 days the T. rendalli in the chicken manure treatment were significantly larger and had higher net annual yields than those in the cattle manure, pig manure and no-manure treatments. The survival rates were not significantly different across the treatments. Significantly higher amounts of chlorophyll a and higher numbers of zooplankton were found in ponds fertilized with the chicken manure treatment. The overall results obtained in this study suggest that the use of chicken manure produces better results than cattle and pig manure treatments on unfertilized ponds. [source] | |||||||||||||