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Changing Role (changing + role)
Selected AbstractsChanging role of in vivo models in columnar-lined lower esophagusDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 4 2002Y. Koak SUMMARY. Columnar-lined lower esophagus (CLE) or Barrett's esophagus (BE) is caused by chronic reflux of the gastrointestinal tract and can progress to invasive adenocarcinoma. However, the pathophysiology, cell of origin, and management of this condition is incompletely understood. This review evaluates the role of in vivo models in resolving these debates. A search was performed on the Ovid and Pub Medline for 1964,2001 and Cochrane Collaboration. The keywords used were adenocarcinoma, animal model, Barrett's esophagus, columnar-lined esophagus, eosophageal neoplasms, and esophageal carcinogenesis. All relevant papers were scrutinized and an attempt at tabulation was made. In vivo models have been used at several stages of debate on the pathophysiology of BE. They provide conclusive evidence for its acquired nature secondary to duodenogastroesophageal reflux. The cell of origin of experimental BE may arise from adjacent columnar epithelium, basal layer multipotent cells, or esophageal glands. Experimental work on BE is lacking in assessing therapeutic modalities. [source] Changing roles and challenges faced by women in medical specialtiesINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 1-2 2002J. Sewell No abstract is available for this article. [source] Development Discourses and Peasant,Forest Relations: Natural Resource Utilization as Social ProcessDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2000Anja Nygren This article analyses the changing role of forests and the practices of peasants toward them in a Costa Rican rural community, drawing on an analytical perspective of political ecology, combined with cultural interpretations. The study underlines the complex articulation of local processes and global forces in tropical forest struggles. Deforestation is seen as a process of development and power involving multiple social actors, from politicians and development experts to a heterogeneous group of local peasants. The local people are not passive victims of global challenges, but are instead directly involved in the changes concerning their production systems and livelihood strategies. In the light of historical changes in natural resource utilization, the article underlines the multiplicity of the causes of tropical deforestation, and the intricate links between global discourses on environment and development and local forest relations. [source] Marital Research in the 20th Century and a Research Agenda for the 21st CenturyFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 2 2002John M. Gottman Ph.D. In this article we review the advances made in the 20th century in studying marriages. Progress moved from a self-report, personality-based approach to the study of interaction in the 1950s, following the advent of general systems theory. This shift led, beginning in the 1970s, to the rapid development of marital research using a multimethod approach. The development of more sophisticated observational measures in the 1970s followed theorizing about family process that was begun in the decade of the 1950s. New techniques for observation, particularly the study of affect and the merging of synchronized data streams using observational and self-report perceptual data, and the use of sequential and time-series analyses produced new understandings of process and power. Research in the decades of the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the realization of many secular changes in the American family, including the changing role of women, social science's discovery of violence and incest in the family, the beginning of the study of cultural variation in marriages, the expansion of the measurement of marital outcomes to include longevity, health, and physiology (including the immune system), and the study of co-morbidities that accompany marital distress. A research agenda for the 21st century is then described. [source] Laying the Moral Foundations: Writer, Religion and Late Eighteenth-Century Society , The Case of J.M.R LenzGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 2 2001J.M. Gibbons Although Lenz himself calls Meinungen eines Laien, and by implication its complement Stimmen des Laien, ,der Grundstein meiner ganzen Poesie', until recently these moral-philosophical texts have attracted little critical attention and as yet no detailed analysis. An examination of the involved theological argument developed in the latter work seeks to demonstrate that they do indeed amount to a watershed in Lenz's career. It also opens up an intriguing perspective into the changing role of the writer in later eighteenth-century society. In engaging seriously in a number of debates critical to the ,Aufklärung', Lenz also distinguishes himself from the ,Sturm und Drang' movement with which he has traditionally been associated. By laying a ,Grundstein' of faith Lenz brings his notion of the individual's duty and purpose in society, his ,Bestimmung' as explored in earlier texts, to a firm conclusion. He also articulates his own sense of , to extend the term ,,Selbstbestim-mung', in which his own role as a writer undergoes a shift away from the spheres of philosophy, theology and literature towards more concrete social and political concerns. [source] Stepping out: the changing role of e-resources librariansHEALTH INFORMATION & LIBRARIES JOURNAL, Issue 2006Anna O'Neill First page of article [source] Paying the piper: choice and constraint in changing HR functional rolesHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Catherine Truss HR directors are often exhorted to play a more ,strategic' role in their organisations. However, it is not necessarily clear what is meant by this, or whether it is possible for departments to change their role at a whim. In this article we examine the changing role of the HR function within two contrasting organisations , an NHS trust and a bank , over a period of seven years. Drawing on role-set theory and concepts of negotiated order, we illustrate how HR functional roles are located within a complex and dynamic social setting, and present a model that seeks to map these interrelationships. [source] Diagnosing cancer: changing patterns of careINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007E. Lim Abstract We prospectively assessed 100 consecutive inpatient referrals made to the Medical Oncology Unit. The major end-point was the time to diagnostic biopsy. Referral trends and treatment outcomes were also recorded. Our results show that the referring units undertook the diagnostic process in the vast majority and the time to inpatient diagnostic biopsy has fallen from 10 to 4.6 days, compared with a similar study 13 years ago. This emphasizes the changing role of the oncologist in current day multidisciplinary cancer care. [source] Lifestyle, occupation, and whole bone morphology of the pre-Hispanic Maya coastal population from Xcambó, Yucatan, MexicoINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Isabel S. Wanner Abstract The present bioarchaeological study examines the external diaphyseal geometric properties of humeri, radii, femora and tibiae of the Classic period skeletal population of Xcambó, Yucatan, Mexico. The diaphysial proportions are evaluated using a biomechanical approach together with data from the material context and other osteological information. Our intent is to provide new answers to questions concerning lifestyle, domestic labour division and subsistence strategies of this coastal Maya settlement that was inhabited from the Late and Terminal Preclassic (300 BC,350 AD) to the Postclassic Period (900,1500 AD). Our results provide evidence for a marked sexual division of labour when compared with values from contemporaneous inland populations. The overall male and female loading patterns differ remarkably in terms of form and in bilateral comparison. A high directional asymmetry in the upper limbs is evident among males, a condition related to maritime transportation and trading activities. On the other hand, female upper limbs are characterized by very low side differences. Forces on the arms of women were probably dominated by food processing, in particular the grinding of grains or seeds. In the lower limbs, males show significantly higher anteroposterior bending strengths, which can be explained by greater engagement in transportation tasks and carrying heavy loads. In the course of the Classic period (350,900 AD), diachronic changes affect the male sample only, which suggests a shift of occupational pattern and physical demands. This shift, in turn, reflects Xcambó's changing role as the centre of a densifying settlement area and its place in the trading activities of northern Yucatan. Other topics of discussion relate to general regional trends and local prehispanic subsistence strategies. Our conclusions emphasize the value of geometric long bone analysis in the reconstruction of activity patterns and lifestyles in ancient coastal settlements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Redefining citizenship for the 21st century: from the National Welfare State to the UN Global CompactINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 4 2004Antonin Wagner This article analyses the impact of globalisation on the changing role of citizenship as a state-centred mechanism of societal integration. As more diverse forms of society emerged in the second half of the last century, national citizenship came under assault by identity-based social groups from within. They function as integrative mechanisms for those members of society who diverge from the majority position and are committed to replace the nation-state as the dominant integrative device. From without, vast movements of peoples across borders in search of jobs and refuge constitute an even more serious challenge to the traditional notion of citizenship. With reference to the current EU debates about immigration and the idea of a UN Global Compact, the article explores principles of societal integration that transcend the boundaries of national citizenship and involve a governance paradigm built on civil society and voluntary action. [source] A great leap towards liberalism?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 2 2000The Hungarian welfare state The article analyses the changing role of the Hungarian state by examining the principles and boundaries of government commitment in income maintenance. I test the hypothesis that the welfare regime is liberal and is becoming increasingly more so. The empirical analysis addresses three major issues: the reliance on universal schemes in family support, the nature of poor relief assistance, and the institutional structure of the pension system. I find that these different programs do not add up to constitute any specific type of welfare regime. Rather, the emerging, and still transitory welfare system appears ,,faceless''. I claim that a static welfare typology cannot be applied to the Hungarian welfare system and therefore reject the liberal hypothesis. [source] Land Commodification: New Land Development and Politics in China since the Late 1990sINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2009JIANG XU Abstract This article examines the development of the land market in China since the late 1990s. It analyses new practices in which urban space is commodified through ad hoc market development, and argues that the structure of the land market is indeed becoming more complicated and that land sales are pervasive and rampant. Under such circumstances, the state has rearticulated its function in land governance in order to apply a more consolidated regulatory power. The politics behind the development of the land market and the rearticulation of the state are explored with reference to the changing role of the state in land commodification. It is argued that, if we understand the market as an emerging institution, the development of the market has been supported by the state. Regulatory land control is becoming a new way for the state to be involved in space commodification. Résumé Cet article porte sur l'évolution du marché foncier en Chine depuis la fin des années 1990. Il analyse de nouvelles pratiques par lesquelles l'espace urbain est marchandiséà travers le développement de marchés spécifiques; de plus, il montre que la structure du marché foncier devient vraiment plus compliquée et que les ventes de terrains se généralisent à grande échelle. Face à cette situation, l'État a réorganisé sa fonction en matière de gouvernance foncière afin d'exercer un pouvoir régulateur plus intégré. La politique à la base de l'essor du marché foncier et la réorganisation étatique sont examinées au regard du nouveau rôle de l'État dans la marchandisation des terrains. Si on considère le marché comme une institution émergente, son développement a donc reçu le soutien de l'État. Ce dernier trouve dans le contrôle régulateur du foncier une nouvelle façon d'être partie prenante dans la marchandisation de l'espace. [source] Ageing and the changing role of the family and the community: An African perspectiveINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY REVIEW, Issue 1 2002Nana Araba Apt Global ageing, the major social issue of the twenty-first century, will have greater social repercussions for developing countries. The fastest increase of older persons in terms of ratio in relation to younger people is happening in developing countries, and in Africa segregation of older people in rural areas will become manifest. While beneficial changes for women have accompanied modernization in many of the developing countries, the situation of older women appears to be particularly precarious. Social changes brought about by modernization are also profoundly affecting the traditional systems of care for older people. Even though most older people requiring care are still looked after within the informal structures of the family, this can no longer be taken for granted as we move into the new century. This paper critically reviews social protection systems and the resource constraints which characterize developing countries and warns against blind development of social security systems based on those of the industrialized countries. The paper argues for the design of intergenerational support back into mainstream social relations so that older persons are not marginalized and put at risk through social protection programmes which reinforce physical vulnerability stereotypes and stress welfare needs over and above older people's social and economic contributions to society [source] School nursing: costs and potential benefitsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 5 2000Linda Cotton RHV School nursing: costs and potential benefits Background. Previous reports that variations in school nursing resources across the UK had no relationship to deprivation; controversy about the changing role of the school nursing service. Objectives. To measure the resources allocated to school nursing, determine whether the variations can be explained by deprivation, and assess whether the allocation of school nursing time to a range of tasks is in line with current evidence and perceptions of changing needs. Study design. Quantitative economic analysis; qualitative descriptive study. Setting. Detailed study of four English districts with diverse characteristics; staffing and service questionnaire and telephone survey of 62 districts. Main measures. Staff resources and their salaries; measures of population and deprivation; activity statistics. Results. There were wide variations in the cost of the school nursing service, but in contrast to previous reports 24% of the variance was explained by deprivation. There were no clear associations with any other social or educational variables. The greatest allocation of time was in routine screening and surveillance tasks. Relatively little time was allocated to other activities such as health promotion, support of special needs or unwell children, or teenage clinics. The expenditure on school nursing is only loosely related to deprivation and the results of this study offer guidance on what districts should spend to achieve equity of provision. Conclusions. The current allocation of resources to school nursing in between districts comparisons is not equitable and the use of school nursing time is out of step with current evidence of need and effectiveness. [source] Public Health Nurses and the delivery of quality nursing care in the communityJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 10 2008DipHE, Trish Markham MSc (Hons) Aim., The aim of the study was to explore factors which impact on quality nursing care in the community from the Public Health Nurse's (PHN) perspective. Background., Public Health Nursing has significantly evolved over the past few years with the delivery of quality nursing being a focus point. This study explores factors that impact upon the delivery of quality care in Public Health Nursing in Ireland. The findings provide an opportunity for an additional perspective to be included in the existing international findings and act as a starting point from which further research can be built. Method., A qualitative method using semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interviews were taped and content analysed. Findings., Four main categories emefrged from the data, namely role change, components of quality nursing care, barriers to quality nursing care and the factors that facilitate the delivery of quality nursing care in the community. PHNs strive for evidence-based practice; they acknowledged their inability to achieve this and referred to factors that inhibited them from reaching their goal. Conclusion., Enhanced education for PHNs will equip them in the delivery of a quality service and have a positive impact on patient care. Better communication is required between PHNs, line managers and the multidisciplinary team. The delivery of community services need to be reviewed and developed further in accordance with the health strategy policy. Relevance to clinical practice., This study has identified the evolution in clinical practice associated with the changing role and scope of Public Health Nursing. Clinical practice has evolved over time to incorporate societal change, technological advances and the delivery of an evidence-based service responsive to identified need. This study identified the presence of an increase in the specialist clinical work being undertaken as a result of new technological advances entering the community working environment. [source] Vanishing Trials: The Bankruptcy ExperienceJOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2004Elizabeth Warren The federal bankruptcy system provides two critical points of comparison with data about the overall trends of federal lawsuits and trials. The first is the rising number of bankruptcy filings, which indicates that a growing number of collection actions and debtor-creditor disputes are funneled into the bankruptcy system for relatively quick, cheap resolution. The second point of comparison focuses on adversary proceedings, the lawsuit-like subset of disputes that sometimes are resolved within a bankruptcy. The trend lines here suggest that the number of adversary proceedings filed is climbing, while the number of such disputes that are actually resolved by trial is declining. Like the data about the federal court system generally, these data suggest that the trial is quietly vanishing from the bankruptcy system. Data about the number of judges and about business and nonbusiness bankruptcy cases make it possible to explore two competing hypotheses,a Judicial Workload Hypothesis and a Cost Hypothesis,to explain the overall findings. The data are not conclusive, but they are consistent with the view that judicial workloads explain less of the decline in the number of trials than an increase in litigants' costs of resolving disputes in bankruptcy. The data are also consistent with a vision of bankruptcy as an evolving process that is increasingly standardized (and cheaper) for nonbusiness debtors, while it is highly individualized (and more costly) for business cases. If that vision is right, it has implications both for understanding the changing role of the trial and for considering various statutory proposals to differentiate further the treatment of large business, small business, and nonbusiness cases. [source] Government-Voluntary Sector Compacts: Governance, Governmentality, and Civil SocietyJOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 1 2000John Morison In 1998 government and the main representatives of the voluntary sector in each of the four countries in the United Kingdom published ,compacts' on relations between government and the voluntary sector. These were joint documents, carrying forward ideas expressed by the Labour Party when in opposition, and directed at developing a new relationship for partnership with those ,not-for-profit organizations' that are involved primarily in the areas of policy and service delivery. This article seeks to use an examination of the compacts, and the processes that produced them and that they have now set in train, to explore some of the wider issues about the changing role of government and its developing relationships with civil society. In particular, it argues that the new partnership builds upon a movement from welfarism to economism which is being developed further through the compact process. Drawing upon a governmentality approach, and illustrating the account with interview material obtained from some of those involved in compact issues from within both government and those umbrella groups which represent the voluntary sector, an argument is made that this overall process represents the beginning of a new reconfiguration of the state that is of considerable constitutional significance. [source] Funds of knowledge and discourses and hybrid spaceJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 1 2009Angela Calabrese Barton Abstract The findings reported on in this manuscript emerged from a design experiment conducted at a low-income urban middle school intended to support the teacher in incorporating pedagogical practices supportive of students' everyday knowledge and practices during a 6th grade unit on food and nutrition from the LiFE curriculum. In studying the impact of the design experiment we noticed qualitative shifts in classroom Discourse marked by a changing role and understandings of the funds of knowledge students brought to science learning. Using qualitative data and grounded theory we present an analysis of the different types of funds of knowledge and Discourse that students brought into science class. We focus on how the students' strategic use of these funds augmented the learning experience of the students and the learning community as well as the learning outcomes. We discuss the implications these funds of knowledge and Discourses had on the development of three related third space transformations: physical, political, and pedagogical. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 50,73, 2009 [source] Information problems in molecular biology and bioinformaticsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2005W. John MacMullen In this article we provide an overview of opportunities for research and practice in the domain of molecular biology by information and library scientists. We introduce the changing role of data and information in molecular biology, and how molecular biology is evolving from a technique- and technology-driven science to an information-driven science. We then describe the high-level objectives of molecular biology and some broad classes of problems from an information perspective. We illustrate the high-level objectives with examples of specific tasks performed by biologists. Finally, we provide some programmatic direction for information and library science research streams and insertion points. [source] Exhibition and representation: stories from the Torres Strait Islanders exhibitionMUSEUM INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2001Anita Herle Cross-cultural collaborative work that goes into the preparation of exhibitions reflects the changing role of museums as places of exchange and research where curatorial expertise and indigenous knowledge meet. Anita Herle, senior assistant curator of the University of Cambridge Museum of Archaelogy and Anthropology concentrates her research on issues of access and representations in museums. She directed the preparations for the centenary exhibition to mark the 1898 Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Strait and in this article emphasizes the importance of analysing exhibitions as processes. She explains how specific objects in the expedition's collections in the University of Cambridge Museum of Archaelogy and Anthropology continue to be active intermediaries in the relationship between museum staff and the Torres Strait Islanders, and how, as a consequence, the museum has become a fieldsite and a place for encounter and dialogue. This article provides an ethnography of the process of creating the exhibition and explores in different ways the resonance that many of the objects displayed have for Islanders today. A longer version of the article has been published in Ethnos, 2000. [source] Community College Faculty Satisfaction and the Faculty UnionNEW DIRECTIONS FOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 105 2000Consuelo Rey Castro Research studies on the role of the faculty union in higher education and in particular the satisfaction of community college faculty is very limited. This chapter reviews the literature and uses interviews with union presidents to examine the union's changing role. [source] Understanding the changing role of public sector performance measurement in less developed countriesPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2010Sandra Tillema Abstract This article develops a framework for understanding changes in the demand for and supply of performance information in public sector organizations in less developed countries (LDCs). New Institutional Sociology (NIS) is used to argue that pressures from specific stakeholders stimulate organizations to produce particular performance information. The article distinguishes three groups of stakeholders (i.e. funding bodies, statutory boards and purchasers), and elaborates on the performance dimensions these stakeholders are interested in. The group of funding bodies, with their interest in financial performance information, used to be the most important group of stakeholders. However, statutory boards and purchasers are gaining importance as a result of recent public sector reforms, which include decentralization, marketization and the implementation of anti-corruption programs. As a consequence of pressures coming from these stakeholders, new performance dimensions, such as the quality and quantity of services and the political governance structure, will be added to organizations' performance measurement (PM) systems. Whether these and other,often more traditional financial,performance dimensions will be balanced and integrated throughout organizations depends on the power positions of the various stakeholders. The arguments presented in this article intend to stimulate public sector organizations in LDCs to design and redesign PM systems as a response to changing stakeholder interests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] CONTOURS OF AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE CHINESE STATE: POLITICAL STRUCTURE, AGENCY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL CHINATHE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Issue 3 2004Frank N. Pieke Anthropologists have long been inclined to view China from the perspective of a state-society dichotomy. In this model, the inevitable consequence of economic reform is that , especially at the local level , the state must yield more and more of its power to entrepreneurs, foreign investors, non-state organizations, and local communities. Not only does this approach distort the role of the state in society, but by placing the state above and outside society it also excludes it from the anthropological gaze. This article proposes an anthropology of the Chinese state which does not merely view the state in society, but also investigates the state itself as society. Drawing on fieldwork in northeastern Yunnan province, I illustrate this general point by investigating the changing role of the local state in economic development. This agenda for an anthropology of the Chinese state resonates both with the recent ,reinvention' of the subfield of political anthropology with its focus on governmentality, policy, and rights, and with recent calls by political scientists for the development of an interdisciplinary anthropology of the developmental state. [source] Shifting Paradigms in Corporate Environmentalism: From Poachers to GamekeepersBUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 3 2010SUKHBIR SANDHU ABSTRACT This article provides an insight into the changing role of businesses in dealing with the natural environment issues. From being regarded as poachers of the natural environment, many businesses have now started to position themselves as gamekeepers of the natural environment. This article traces the events and factors that have contributed toward this shift. The article starts with an introduction to the current state of the natural environment. It then discusses the role that businesses have traditionally played in contributing toward the rapid deterioration of the natural environment. The article then traces the events that have gradually resulted in businesses accepting that they have a responsibility to address environmental issues. This is followed by an overview of the business responses, to the risks and opportunities, posed by changes in the natural environment. The article then provides a brief overview of the various phase models that attempt to categorize business responses to environmental issue. The conclusion focuses on the challenges that lie ahead. [source] The state of consumer health information: an overviewHEALTH INFORMATION & LIBRARIES JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Sarah Smith Background:, Consumer health information is becoming increasingly important and health policy in the UK is beginning to reflect this. This has implications for information producers, providers and users, with the move towards a more patient-centred health service. Objectives:, This review aims to provide a broad overview of the current state of consumer health information in the UK. It examines the changing roles of information producers, providers and users, exploring the impact of health literacy and new technologies. It features some of the current library and consumer health information projects taking place in the UK and discusses the role that libraries may play in the future. Methods:, The article focuses on consumer health information in a policy context. It is based on the experiences of the authors' work for the Patient Information Forum and knowledge of consumer health information. A number of library and information professionals were consulted regarding the library and information projects. Conclusions:, Communication between health professionals and patients, and between health educators and the public, is key in order for consumer health information to have the ability to improve health outcomes. Further, especially local, investment into the production, distribution and delivery of consumer health information is recommended. [source] Defining the nursing contribution to patient outcome: lessons from a review of the literature examining nursing outcomes, skill mix and changing rolesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 1 2001Karen Spilsbury BA , ,A review of the evidence to define the nursing contribution to patient outcome is presented. The review relies on work related to nursing sensitive outcomes, skill mix and changing roles. , ,Methodological difficulties associated with these studies are highlighted. , ,Areas requiring further research are discussed. , ,It is suggested that experimental evidence is not always appropriate, when attempting to describe nursing activity. The authors advocate that new methodologies, in particular practitioner-centred research, are needed to unpack the nature of nursing. [source] Temporal and spatial regulation of ,6 integrin expression during the development of the cochlear-vestibular ganglionTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 5 2007Dawn Davies Abstract The neurons of the cochlear-vestibular ganglion (CVG) that innervate the sensory hair cells of the inner ear are derived from the otic epithelium early in development. Neuroblasts detach from neighboring cells, migrate into the mesenchyme where they coalesce to form the ganglion complex, then send processes back into the epithelium. Cell migration and neuronal process formation involve changes in cellular interactions with other cells and proteins in the extracellular matrix that are orchestrated by cell surface-expressed adhesion molecules, including the integrins. I studied the expression pattern of the ,6 integrin subunit during the early development of the CVG using immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in murine tissue sections, otocyst, and ganglion explants. At embryonic day (E)10.5 ,6 integrin was expressed in the otic epithelium but not in migrating neuroblasts. Importantly, the loss of ,6 was associated with exit from the epithelium, not neuronal determination, revealing differentiation cues acutely associated with the cellular environment. Markers of glial and neuronal phenotype showed that ,6-expressing cells present in the CVG at this stage were glia of neural crest origin. By E12.5 ,6 expression in the ganglion increased alongside the elaboration of neuronal processes. Immunohistochemistry applied to otocyst cultures in the absence of glia revealed that neuronal processes remained ,6-negative at this developmental stage and confirmed that ,6 was expressed by closely apposed glia. The spatiotemporal modulation of ,6 expression suggests changing roles for this integrin during the early development of inner ear innervation. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:673,682, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Critical reflections on practice: the changing roles of three physical geographers carrying out research in a developing countryAREA, Issue 1 2009Jayalaxshmi Mistry To date, discussions on positionality and the relationship with research collaborators have been very much in the human geography realm. In this paper, we explore issues of expertise, positionality, collaboration and participation from our perspective as physical geographers working in a developing country context. We trace our journey from identifying ourselves as top-down ,experts' to participatory ,facilitators', and the difficulties and dilemmas encountered during this journey as we coped with the contrasting challenges of academic demands and local necessities. Our experiences highlight the many assumptions we make about doing research in developing countries and the real lack of capacity in these places to undertake typical short-term research projects designed in the developed world. We conclude with a call for a longer term and deeper commitment by physical geographers to the people that we engage with in our research. [source] Networking for knowledge transfer: towards an understanding of local authority roles in regional industrial ecosystem managementBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 5 2004Fredrik von Malmborg Knowledge of the changing roles of local authorities (LAs) in relation to industry would provide an important insight for development and management of industrial ecology at the regional level. Drawing on empirical studies in Sweden, this paper develops a theoretical understanding of the roles of LAs in knowledge transfer in regional environmental management networks. It is suggested that LAs, besides initiating networks and being network brokers and managers, can act as ,knowledge banks' or ,knowledge brokers'. As a ,knowledge bank', officers in the LA hold the knowledge transferred to companies and engage closely with the companies in small active networks. As ,knowledge brokers', LA officers are less active and mainly help companies to get in contact with consultants and technical experts who hold the knowledge needed for developing environmental management in the companies. In all, the roles identified could be seen as more specific approaches to be taken by the LA when playing the overall role of an institutional anchor tenant, facilitating development and management of regional industrial ecosystems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||