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Kinds of Chapter Terms modified by Chapter Selected AbstractsTHE FISH POND EXPERIMENT: CHAPTER TWOJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2000A.W. Coleman Forty years ago, after 1 1/2 years of weekly surveys, a Baltimore fishpond was inoculated with three identifiable clones of Pandorina morum. The results of subsequent recollection attempts are published in Amer. Naturalist 118:761 (1981). More recently, molecular analyses have permitted characterization of the P. morum population that was endemic to the pond. The results, and their comparison with those from other P. morum sites, challenge some longstanding assumptions concerning the importance of various lifehistory stages to the introduction and maintenance of algal populations in temperate freshwater locales. [source] CHAPTER 6: Researching and Educating Somali Immigrant and Refugee YouthLANGUAGE LEARNING, Issue 2010Article first published online: 17 AUG 2010 First page of article [source] CHAPTER 2: Key flowchart for initial treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adultsRESPIROLOGY, Issue S3 2006The committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of respiratory infections No abstract is available for this article. [source] CHAPTER 3: Definition of pneumoniaRESPIROLOGY, Issue S3 2006The committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of respiratory infections No abstract is available for this article. [source] CHAPTER 15: Cautions when antimicrobial therapy is administered to elderly patientRESPIROLOGY, Issue S3 2006The committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of respiratory infections No abstract is available for this article. [source] CHAPTER 16: How to use corticosteroids or immunoglobulinRESPIROLOGY, Issue S3 2006The committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of respiratory infections No abstract is available for this article. [source] CHAPTER 17: General treatment of pneumoniaRESPIROLOGY, Issue S3 2006The committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of respiratory infections No abstract is available for this article. [source] Does NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Chapter 19 make a difference?CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 2 2000Dispute settlement, the incentive structure of U.S./Canada unfair trade petitions NAFTA Chapter 19 sets up bilateral review panels to replace the domestic judicial appeals process of resolving disputes among NAFTA members over the enforcement of unfair trade laws. In principle, such panels can change the incentive structure of filing unfair trade law petitions by reducing the likelihood of an affirmative finding of injurious unfair trade. Using data from U.S. and Canadian unfair trade petition filings, empirical tests show support for this hypothesis. However, a more comprehensive settlement of conflicts will require progressive legal integration, including an extension of national treatment measures to alleged "unfair trade" that is not currently envisaged under the NAFTA. [source] A Quantitative Theory of Unsecured Consumer Credit with Risk of DefaultECONOMETRICA, Issue 6 2007Satyajit Chatterjee We study, theoretically and quantitatively, the general equilibrium of an economy in which households smooth consumption by means of both a riskless asset and unsecured loans with the option to default. The default option resembles a bankruptcy filing under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Competitive financial intermediaries offer a menu of loan sizes and interest rates wherein each loan makes zero profits. We prove the existence of a steady-state equilibrium and characterize the circumstances under which a household defaults on its loans. We show that our model accounts for the main statistics regarding bankruptcy and unsecured credit while matching key macroeconomic aggregates, and the earnings and wealth distributions. We use this model to address the implications of a recent policy change that introduces a form of "means testing" for households contemplating a Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing. We find that this policy change yields large welfare gains. [source] The Founding of the American Epilepsy Society: 1936,1971EPILEPSIA, Issue 1 2007Howard P. Goodkin Summary:, In December 1946, a joint meeting devoted to epilepsy research and care was held by the Association for the Research in Nervous and Mental Disease and the American Chapter of the International League Against Epilepsy. The American Epilepsy Society (AES) has chosen this date and this meeting to mark its founding and recognizes Dr. Charles D. Aring as the organization's first president. However, the founding process of the AES actually began a decade earlier with a dinner meeting held during the American Medical Association's annual meeting. Based on this historical review, it is recommended that the AES recognize 1936 as the year of its founding and Dr. William G. Lennox as its founder and first president. [source] Birdsong: Chapter and Second VerseETHOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Article first published online: 15 APR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Financial Restructuring in Fresh-Start Chapter 11 ReorganizationsFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2009Randall A. Heron We find that firms substantially reduce their debt burden in "fresh-start" Chapter 11 reorganizations, yet they emerge with higher debt ratios than what is typical in their respective industries. While cross-sectional regressions reveal that post-reorganization debt ratios are more in line with the predictions of the static trade-off theory, they also reveal that pre-reorganization debt ratios affect post-reorganization debt ratios. Collectively, these results suggest that impediments in Chapter 11 prevent firms from completely resetting their capital structures. We also find that firms that reported positive operating income leading up to Chapter 11 emerge faster, suggesting that it is quicker to remedy strictly financial distress than economic distress. [source] A Monitoring Role for Deviations from Absolute Priority in Bankruptcy ResolutionFINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS & INSTRUMENTS, Issue 5 2003By Dina Naples Layish Firms that have successfully reorganized under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy laws of the United States frequently award shares of common stock in the reorganized firm to pre-bankruptcy shareholders, even though pre-bankruptcy creditors' claims are not fully satisfied. Using a sample of large publicly traded firms, these deviations from absolute priority (DAPR) are found to be positively related to the severity of agency costs within a financially distressed firm. US bankruptcy laws may exacerbate these agency costs by granting exclusivity to management during the reorganization period. Firms in which outside shareholders are more concentrated have a lower occurrence of DAPR indicating that blockholders provide an effective monitoring mechanism for controlling managerial behavior during reorganization. On the other hand, firms without this monitoring mechanism have a higher probability of DAPR indicating that creditors attempt to control managerial behavior by providing them with some sort of financial compensation via their equity holding in the firm. Finally, the evidence indicates that DAPR can be used to mitigate the hold-up problem resulting from voting rights granted to both junior and senior claimants of the firm by US bankruptcy laws. [source] Blowback: Investor,State Dispute Mechanisms in International Trade AgreementsGOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2006ANN CAPLING The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) gave unprecedented rights to private investors. These provisions quickly became entrenched in policy and practice, appearing in most multilateral and bilateral trade agreements in the 1990s as American investors began to bring Canada and Mexico to arbitration. However, the Australia,U.S. Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) of 2004 contained no such provisions. The purpose of this article is to explain why enthusiasm for NAFTA-style protections waned so dramatically after a decade of entrenched practice. We argue that the reason lies in the "blowback," the unintended and negative consequences created by NAFTA's Chapter 11, and conclude that the abandonment of NAFTA-style protections in the AUSFTA sets important precedents for the future of international free trade agreements. [source] Children and young people at risk (Chapter 7)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 2007Bo Vinnerljung First page of article [source] The social situation of older people (Chapter 8)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 2007Kristina Larsson First page of article [source] Groups ,in the margins' (Chapter 9)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 2007Hans Swärd First page of article [source] Toward a New Corporate Reorganization ParadigmJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 4 2007Donald S. Bernstein Chapter 11 is becoming an increasingly flexible, market-driven forum for determining who will become the owners of financially troubled enterprises. With increasing frequency, distressed companies are sold in Chapter 11 as going concerns. At the same time, distressed investors, including hedge funds and private equity investors, are actively trading the debt of such companies in much the same way that equity investors trade the stock of solvent companies. Market forces drive the troubled company's debt obligations into the hands of those investors who value the enterprise most highly and who want to decide whether to reorganize or to sell it. One way or the other, the Chapter 11 process is used to effect an orderly transfer of control of the enterprise into new hands, whether the creditors themselves or a third party. But if the market-oriented elements of this new reorganization process promise to increase creditor recoveries and preserve the values of corporate assets, other recent developments could present obstacles to achieving these goals. In particular, the increased complexity of corporate capital structures and investment patterns,including the issuance of second-lien debt and the dispersion of investment risks among numerous parties through the use of derivatives and other instruments,threatens to increase inter-creditor conflicts and reduce transparency in the restructuring process. These factors, coupled with provisions added to the Bankruptcy Code that selectively permit "opt-out" behavior by favored constituencies, could interfere with the ability of troubled companies to reorganize as the next cycle of defaults unfolds. [source] The World Development Report: concepts, content and a Chapter 12,JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2001Robert Chambers The World Development Report (WDR) process set new standards for openness and consultation. Its concepts and content are a major advance on its 1990 predecessor. The intention that its concepts and content should be influenced by voices of the poor was partly fulfilled. Conceptually, the VOP findings support the multidimensional view of poverty as ,pronounced deprivation of wellbeing', and the use of income-poverty to describe what is only one dimension of poverty (though this welcome usage is not consistent throughout in the WDR). Two concepts or analytical orientations were not adopted: powerlessness and disadvantage seen as a multidimensional interlinked web; and livelihoods. On content, three areas where the influence fell short were: how the police persecute and impoverish poor people; the diversity of the poorest people; and the significance of the body as the main but vulnerable and indivisible asset of many poor people. A weakness of the WDR is its lack of critical self-awareness. Chapter 11 is self-serving for the International Financial Institutions: it lumps loans with grants as concessional finance; it makes liberal use of the term donor, but never lender; and it does not consider debt avoidance as a strategy. The Report ends abruptly, a body without a head. Its multidimensional view of poverty is not matched by a multidimensional view of power and responsibility. A Chapter 12 is crying out to be written. This would confront issues of professional, institutional and personal commitment and change. It would stress critical reflection as a professional norm, disempowerment for democratic diversity as institutional practice, and personal values, attitudes and courageous behaviour as primary and crucial if development is to be change that is good for poor people. A new conclusion is suggested for the WDR, and a title for the World Development Report 2010. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chapter 7 Nietzsche, Zarathustra and DeleuzeJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 2 2005Article first published online: 13 JUN 200 [source] Guidelines for Managing Life-Threatening Food Allergies in Massachusetts SchoolsJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 5 2004Anne H. Sheetz ABSTRACT: During the past decade, prevalence of food allergies among children increased. Caring for children with life-threatening food allergies has become a major challenge for school personnel. Prior to 2002, Massachusetts did not provide clear guidelines to assist schools in providing a safe environment for these children and preparing for an emergency response to unintended allergic reactions. In 2001, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America/New England Chapter, Massachusetts Department of Education, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Massachusetts School Nurse Organization, parents, and other professional organizations forged a successful collaboration to develop guidelines for managing life- threatening food allergies in schools. The guidelines assist schools by providing information on food allergies and anaphylaxis, emphasizing the need for team planning and development of an individualized health care plan, giving guidance on strategies to prevent accidental exposure to specific allergens in school settings, and offering information on emergency responses should unintended exposures occur. The collaborative process for developing the guidelines, which continued during the distribution and implementation phases, set a tone for successful multidisciplinary teamwork in local schools. [source] Welcome to the Australian ChapterJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2003Philip T. Reeves No abstract is available for this article. [source] Teaching and Learning Guide for: Locutionary, Illocutionary, PerlocutionaryLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 9 2010Mikhail Kissine This guide accompanies the following article: Mikhail Kissine, ,Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary', Language and Linguistics Compass 2/6 (2008) pp. 1189,1202. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00093.x. The terms locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act originate from Austin's classical How to do with words. The corresponding notions, however, prove difficult to define. Yet, lack of careful delineating of each level can lead to important theoretical confusions. This Teaching and Learning Guide explains why proper understanding of Austin's trichotomy is crucial for semantics and pragmatics. Author's Introduction Most contemporary discussions in semantics and pragmatics employ , implicitly or explicitly , some or all of the concepts of locutionary,illocutionary or perlocutionary acts. These notions originate from Austin's posthumous and notoriously intricate book, How to do things with words. The point of interest for the linguist, however, is not so much the exegesis of Austin's ideas, as the precise delimitation of these levels of meaning. First, it is important to characterise the locutionary level , which falls short of any illocutionary force , to avoid contaminating analyses of utterance meanings with matters relative to the illocutionary level, viz. to the speech act performed. Second, the precise definition of illocutionary acts is an extremely difficult matter. However, the first, imperative step must be a clear demarcation between perlocutionary acts , relative to causal effects of the utterances , and the utterance's illocutionary force. Third, to assess theories of illocutionary forces, one must take into account the requirements for psychological and empirical plausibility. For instance, classical Gricean theories of illocutionary force attribution link it with the cognitive capacity to perform complex multi-layered mental state attributions, which is incompatible with the data available on the pragmatic and cognitive functioning of young children. In sum, gaining better understanding of the tripartite distinction between the locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary levels is not a taxonomical exercise, but a prerequisite for anyone willing to tackle semantic and/or pragmatic issues with the right tools. Suggested Reading Austin, J.L. (1975) How to do things with words, Second edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Lecture VIII. Difficult reading, but essential to understand Austin's intuitions and the origin of the debate. Strawson, P.F. (1964) "Intention and convention in speech acts", Philosophical Review, 73, 439,60. Classical criticism of Austin's claim abut the conventionality of illocutionary acts and first formulation of a Gricean theory of speech acts. Strawson, P.F. (1973) "Austin and ,Locutionary meaning'", in I. Berlin et al. (eds.) Essays on J.L. Austin, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 46,68. This equally classical paper sheds light onto the difficult notions of rhetic and locutionary acts; it paves the way for using these concepts interchangeably. Recanati, F. (1987) Meaning and Force. The pragmatics of performative utterances, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 9. This is a lucid discussion and elaboration of Strawson's conception of the locuitonary act as a potential for the illocutionary level. Wilson, D. and Sperber, D. (1988) "Mood and the analysis of non-declarative sentences", in J. Dancy et al. (eds.) Human Agency, Language, Duty and Value. Philosophical essayes in honour of J.O. Urmson, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 77,101. This paper gives important reasons for not confusing the analysis of mood , of the locutionary level , with the analysis of speech acts. Kissine, M. (2009) "Illocutionary forces and what is said", Mind and Language, 24, 122,38. Provides a definition of locutionary acts as linguistic representations of mental states, and lays grounds for a theory of speech acts as reasons to believe or to act. Bach, K. (1994) "Conversational impliciture", Mind and Language, 9, 124,62. An important defence of the distinction between illocutionary and locutionary acts. However, the reader should be warned that Bach conceives of locutionary acts as context-independent propositional radicals, which is not a self-evident position. Alston (2000) Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, Chapter 2. Contains a clear and lucid criticism of theories that confuse illocutionary and perlocutionary levels. Dominicy, M. (2008) "Epideictic rhetoric and the representation of human decision and choice", in K. Korta and J. Garmendia (eds.) Meaning, Intentions, and Argumentation, Stanford, CSLI, 179,207. This paper contains a useful test for distinguishing verbs that describe illocutionary acts form those that describe perlocutionary acts. It is also the first proposal to formulate the illocutionary/perlocutionary divide in Davidsonian terms. Focus Questions 1,What kind of philosophy of action is called for by the distinction between locutions, perlocutions and illocutions? 2,Should the locutionary level be always fully propositional? 3,Can illocutionary acts be characterised in terms of prototypical perlocutional effects? 4,Should illocutionary acts be divided in conventional (institutional) and non-conventional (non-insitutional) ones? 5,Are there good reasons for singling out a locutionary level? 6,,Does the attribution of illocutionary forces presuppose a complex mindreading process? Connexion with to Related Material in Lectures or Discussions 1,The distinction between the locutionary and illocutionary levels is crucial for any discussion about the semantics/pragmatics interface. Many scholars hastily characterise semantics as related to sentence-meaning and pragmatics as concerning the speech act performed. However, one should not take for granted that any level where the meaning is context-dependant is necessarily that of the illocutionary act performed. 2,This distinction can also be relevant for the discussions about the meaning of moods. For instance, the imperative mood is often analysed in terms of the directive illocutionary force. However, there are cases where utterances of imperative sentences do not correspond to a directive speech act. 3,The distinction between perlocutionary and illocutionary acts remains central for any attempt to classify or to define illocutionary forces. 4,Different conceptions of illocutionary acts are important for discussions about the ontogeny and phylogeny of the pragmatic dimension(s) of linguistic competence. [source] Augustine and Descartes: an Overlooked Chapter in the Story of Modern OriginsMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Michael Hanby This essay is intended as a corrective to contemporary accounts of the Cartesian origins of modernity and Augustine's relationship to them. The essay examines the relationship between Augustine's trinitarian theology and his doctrine of grace in order to situate his understanding of the self and the will within the context of the trinitarian beauty manifest in Christ. Then tracing the development of an alternative tradition, from the Pelagian controversy through some features of Christian asceticism, the essay contends that Descartes'res cogitans derives fundamentally not from Augustinian interiority, but from a Stoicism, derived from this tradition and from the Neo-stoic revival of the Renaissance, which Augustine had once opposed in the name of Christ and the Trinity. [source] Chapter 10 Henry George Re-VisitedAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Article first published online: 8 DEC 200 First page of article [source] Chapter 11 Apathy, Cupidity or Conspiracy?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Article first published online: 8 DEC 200 First page of article [source] Chapter 12 The Enduring EnigmaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Article first published online: 8 DEC 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Chapter 2: Land as a Factor of ProductionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 5 2002Christopher K. Ryan First page of article [source] Chapter 7.,The Lords, the Coalition and the India Bill, 1780,4PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY, Issue 2009Article first published online: 11 SEP 200 First page of article [source] Chapter 8.,Factions and Parties, 1784,1811PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY, Issue 2009Article first published online: 11 SEP 200 First page of article [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||