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Challenges Related (challenge + relate)
Selected AbstractsLongitudinal tooth fractures: findings that contribute to complex endodontic diagnosesENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2007ERIC M. RIVERA The purpose of this review is to describe and discuss the diagnostic and treatment challenges related to tooth fractures primarily in the vertical plane, that is, the long axis of the crown and/or root. This includes when and how to identify and determine the extent of the fracture, when a coronal restoration should be placed, when root canal treatment is needed, and when a tooth or root should be extracted based on the location and extent of the fracture. The term ,longitudinal fractures' is used because they usually represent vertical extensions of fractures over distance and time. These fractures often present problems with diagnosis and treatment, but should be considered as findings only. They are not to be considered as pulpal or periapical diagnoses, but as pathways for bacteria that may induce pulpal and/or periapical inflammation or disease. Longitudinal fractures are divided into five definitive classifications, generally from least to most severe: (1) craze lines; (2) fractured cusp; (3) cracked tooth; (4) split tooth; and (5) vertical root fracture. These differ but have frequently been confused or combined in clinical articles, creating misunderstanding and resulting in incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate treatment. These classifications have been devised to provide global definitions that researchers and clinicians can use to eliminate this confusion. This review is subdivided into these five classifications as to incidence, pathogenesis, clinical features, etiologies, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention. [source] Personality and anorexia nervosaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue S1 2005Stephen A. Wonderlich PhD Abstract We provided a selective review of the relationship between anorexia nervosa (AN) and personality. They reviewed the existing empirical literature examining the relationship between AN and personality. In spite of continued methodologic challenges related to personality assessment, there appears to be a relatively common phenotype in restricting-type AN characterized by high degrees of obsessionality, restraint, and perfectionism. However, there is also evidence of variability within the AN diagnostic category that is related to personality variables. Importantly, personality variables may significantly predict the course and outcome of AN. Personality variables may be risk factors for AN, consequences of AN, share a common cause with AN, or affect the course and outcome of AN. This literature would be enhanced by the articulation of conceptual models of these relationships that can be empirically tested. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Preparation and characterization of quercetin-loaded polymethyl methacrylate microcapsules using a polyol-in-oil-in-polyol emulsion solvent evaporation methodJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 12 2007Dong-Hwan Lee Flavonoids and related compounds exhibit a wide range of useful pharmacological properties but present challenges related to their stability and solubility in commonly available solvents. In this study, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microcapsules were prepared using a novel polyol-in-oil-in-polyol (P/O/P) emulsion solvent evaporation method as a means of stabilizing the flavonoids, using quercetin as a model flavonoid drug. The morphology of the microcapsules was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, revealing a spherical shape with a smooth surface. The cross-section image of the PMMA microcapsules prepared with an amphiphilic polymer in the inner polyol phase showed that the microcapsule was filled with several submicron microspheres. The mean diameter varied from 1.03 ± 0.12 ,m to 2.39 ± 0.42 ,m, and the encapsulation efficiency ranged from 12.7% to 26.9%. When free quercetin was stored at 42°C, the residual quercetin content gradually decreased to 18% over 28 days as a result of oxidation. However, when encapsulated in PMMA microcapsules with an amphiphilic polymer in the inner polyol phase, the residual quercetin content decreased to just 82%. In-vitro release studies indicated a sustained release pattern throughout the 36-h study. The release kinetics of the microcapsules with an amphiphilic polymer followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism and the microcapsule without amphiphilic polymer followed an anomalous diffusion behaviour. This study suggests that the novel P/O/P emulsion solvent evaporation method can be applied to the encapsulation of flavonoids. [source] Cooperation at different scales: challenges for local and international water resource governance in South AfricaTHE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010N MIRUMACHI Theory on environmental governance and water governance emphasises decentralised, devolved forms of interaction between stakeholders. As previously excluded actors are empowered to take part in governance, new forms of cooperation are created. This paper examines how the cooperative principle has influenced stakeholder interaction at the local and international scales of water governance in South Africa. Water policies and initiatives have been set up to promote multi-level governance that emphasises cooperation between various stakeholders. The emphasis on cooperation and inclusiveness is particularly pertinent to the South African context because of its apartheid past. The paper asks whether there have been new forms of cooperation between a wider array of actors, as the theory proposes. By using the case studies of the Sabie catchment and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project to examine local and international level governance, the paper finds challenges related to power disparity and interdependence of actors, and risk perceptions of inclusive decision-making. It is found that at both the local and international level, the state, which is a ,traditional' actor, still plays an influential role in decision-making. ,New' actors such as businesses, civil society, and regional institutions are more visible but have limited decision-making power. Non-linear, time-consuming forms of cooperation occur in water governance. [source] New Directions for Health Insurance Design: Implications for Public Health Policy and PracticeTHE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 2003Sara Rosenbaum ABSTRACT National attention on issues of public health preparedness necessarily brings into sharp focus the question of how to assure adequate, community-wide health care financing for preventive, acute care, and long-term medical care responses to public health threats. In the U.S., public and private health insurance represents the principal means by which medical care is financed. Beyond the threshold challenge of the many persons without any, or a stable form of, coverage lie challenges related to the structure and characteristics of health insurance itself, particularly the commercial industry and its newly emerging market of consumer-driven health plans. States vary significantly in how they approach the regulation of insurance and in their willingness to support various types of insurance markets. This variation is attributable to the size and robustness of the insurance market, the political environment, and regulatory tradition and custom. Reconciling health insurance markets with public health-related health care financing needs arising from public health threats should be viewed as a major dimension of national health reform. [source] Challenges and trade-offs in corporate innovation for climate changeBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 4 2010Jonatan Pinkse Abstract The international debate on addressing global climate change increasingly points to the role that companies can play by using their innovative capacity. However, up till now companies have been rather cautious in taking decisive steps in facilitating an innovation-based transition towards a low-carbon economy. This paper conceptually explores some key challenges related to innovating for climate change, in the broader context of technological change, complementary capability development and sociotechnical systems, to point to trade-offs to be made by companies. We adopt a firm-level perspective to discuss (a) how companies strike a balance between further development and deployment of emissions-reducing technologies, in view of the fact that there is no ,silver bullet' solution for climate change yet, (b) how and in what way low-carbon solutions are brought to the market, by targeting consumers in either mainstream markets or niche markets, and (c) to what extent the success or failure of climate change innovations depends on companies' bargaining power and willingness to cooperate with others. The paper shows how several industry- and firm-specific factors , technological dynamism, complementarity between new technologies and existing assets, and ownership of specialized assets for commercialization , influence how companies strike a balance between the different trade-offs and deal with the uncertainty created by the current ,climate policy deadlock'. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] | |||||||||||||