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Challenges
Kinds of Challenges Terms modified by Challenges Selected AbstractsTHE FISCAL CHALLENGE OF COMPETITIVE MARKETSECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2005Fred Harrison Competition maximises consumer satisfaction but creates a financial problem for enterprises. When prices are competed down to just cover marginal costs, part of the value added by the enterprise is externalised. Government has not been efficient at recycling that value back into the economy, which is why infrastructure is severely underfunded. [source] APPRAISING THE ETHOS OF EXPERIENTIAL NARRATIVES: KEY ASPECTS OF A METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGEEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2009Carola Conle In this essay, Carola Conle and Michael deBeyer describe their efforts to find a conceptual approach and methodology for the appraisal of the ethos of experiential narratives presented in a particular curriculum context. The language of "implied authorship,""the patterning of desire," and "friendships offered and received," first introduced by Wayne Booth, is elaborated through data from narrative presentations given by local heroes to students. Appraisals seemed possible when a narrative could be placed on Booth's "scales of friendship" and when the rational qualities of experiential narratives were considered. In addition, data needed to be available in which students' experiential encounters with the narratives could be seen as occasions where, during such moments of encounter, feelings and desires were created, memories were activated, and events and actions in a narrative were vicariously experienced through those activated phenomena. The authors offer a potential framework for future appraisals. [source] LIVING THE QUESTIONS: RILKE'S CHALLENGE TO OUR QUEST FOR CERTAINTYEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2007Mordechai Gordon The quest for certainty in education refers to our desire to gain a sense of psychological security and more control over a field that is fundamentally indeterminate. This quest implies an unwillingness to live with the inherent complexities and risks of education. After exploring the meaning and import of Rilke's challenge and comparing it to the position of Socrates, Gordon uses Rilke's insight to analyze a specific educational experience and then discusses some of its educational implications for teacher education. [source] BEYOND COMPARISON: HISTOIRE CROISÉE AND THE CHALLENGE OF REFLEXIVITY,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2006MICHAEL WERNER ABSTRACT This article presents, in a programmatic way, the histoire croisée approach, its methodological implications and its empirical developments. Histoire croisée draws on the debates about comparative history, transfer studies, and connected or shared history that have been carried out in the social sciences in recent years. It invites us to reconsider the interactions between different societies or cultures, erudite disciplines or traditions (more generally, between social and cultural productions). Histoire croisée focuses on empirical intercrossings consubstantial with the object of study, as well as on the operations by which researchers themselves cross scales, categories, and viewpoints. The article first shows how this approach differs from purely comparative or transfer studies. It then develops the principles of pragmatic and reflexive induction as a major methodological principle of histoire croisée. While underlining the need and the methods of a historicization of both the objects and categories of analysis, it calls for a reconsideration of the way history can combine empirical and reflexive concerns into a dynamic and flexible approach. [source] THE RELATION BETWEEN TRINITY AND ECCLESIOLOGY AS AN ECUMENICAL CHALLENGE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF MISSIONINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 359 2001Matthias Haudel [source] HEALING,A CHALLENGE TO CHURCH AND THEOLOGYINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 356-357 2001Christoffer H. Grundmann First page of article [source] ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE OF CONTRIBUTING TO PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 354 2000Koilor Kimba First page of article [source] GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION: THE CHALLENGE OF TRANSLATION,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 2 2000Susan Seacrest ABSTRACT: Global climate change is examined from the perspective of its relevancy and urgency as a public policy issue. Interpreting from literature specific to investigations into public awareness and concern, climate change is seen as a legitimate though less than urgent issue. The literature reveals that the general public holds surprising misconceptions about the processes contributing to climate change, including failure to grasp the fundamental connection to CO2. General ambivalence is also suggested from the results of two surveys conducted by The Groundwater Foundation. They first asked participants in a recent Groundwater Guardian Conference to rate levels of discussion and concern for water resources implications in the participants' communities. A second survey polled national water resource organizations about the extent climate change has been a focus of their educational, investigative, or advocacy efforts. The paper concludes by describing basic barriers to stimulating public response to climate change, which education about the issue should address, and by offering a model to educate and involve citizens based on the Groundwater Guardian program developed by the The Groundwater Foundation. [source] GENOCIDAL MUTATION AND THE CHALLENGE OF DEFINITIONMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 4 2010HENRY C. THERIAULT Abstract: The optimum definition of the term "genocide" has been hotly contested almost since the term was coined. Definitional boundaries determine which acts are covered and excluded and thus to a great extent which cases will benefit from international attention, intervention, prosecution, and reparation. The extensive legal, political, and scholarly discussions prior to this article have typically (1) assumed "genocide" to be a fixed social object and attempted to define it as precisely as possible or (2) assumed the need for a fixed convention and sought to stipulate the range of events that should be denoted by the term. Even if its meaning is a matter of convention, however, "genocide" is not a fixed object but varies by context and evolves in methods and forms over time. In fact, as relevant laws, legal interpretations, and political commitments develop, so do would-be perpetrators modify what genocide is in order to avoid political and legal consequences. This article advances an approach to a definition of "genocide" that allows even legal definitions to keep pace with this evolutionary process. [source] CHRIST AND HISTORY: HERMENEUTICAL CONVERGENCE IN CALVIN AND ITS CHALLENGE TO BIBLICAL THEOLOGYMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 1 2005STEPHEN EDMONDSON When we grasp Calvin's emphasis on the covenant history in its theological and Christological aspects and the relationship of this emphasis to Calvin's humanistic understanding of history, then we can understand the convergence of the historical and the Christological senses in Calvin's reading of Scripture. This understanding of Calvin's approach questions modernity's narrow historiographical bounds for discerning Scripture's historical sense, opening us to a consideration of a wider array of practices. Brueggemann's historiographical suggestions about the importance of Israel's witness and practice for reading scripture both historically and theologically fall within this broader frame and are congenial to Calvin's work. [source] TAYLORING REFORMED EPISTEMOLOGY: CHARLES TAYLOR, ALVIN PLANTINGA AND THE DE JURE CHALLENGE TO CHRISTIAN BELIEF by Deane-Peter Baker THEOLOGY, PSYCHOANALYSIS AND TRAUMA by Marcus PoundNEW BLACKFRIARS, Issue 1024 2008GRAEME RICHARDSON First page of article [source] INDIA'S APPAREL EXPORTS: THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL MARKETSTHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 2 2000K. V. RAMASWAMY First page of article [source] MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF CONFLICTING RELIGIOUS BELIEF: A NATURALIZED EPISTEMOLOGICAL APPROACH TO INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUETHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 5 2010MARA BRECHTArticle first published online: 2 FEB 2010 First page of article [source] THE CHALLENGE OF ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHOICES'FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE APPROACHES IN ARCHAEOLOGY,ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 1 2000B. SILLAR Recently several anthropological and sociological studies have interpreted technologies as cultural choices that are determined as much by local perceptions and the social context fly any material constraints or purely functional criteria. Using the example of ceramic technology we consider how materials science studies can contribute to and benefit from this understanding of technology as a social construct. Although we acknowledge some potential difficulties, it is our contention that both materials scientists and archaeologists have gained much and have much to gain by cooperating together to study ancient technologies, and that the concept of ,technological choices'can facilitate a wider consideration of the factors shaping technological developments. [source] ANALYSIS OF SHORT-TERM REPRODUCIBILITY OF ARTERIAL VASOREACTIVITY BY PULSE-WAVE ANALYSIS AFTER PHARMACOLOGICAL CHALLENGECLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Biju Paul SUMMARY 1Pulse-wave analysis (PWA) is an established method to assess arterial wave reflections and arterial vasoreactivity in humans. A high short-term reproducibility of baseline augmentation index (AIx) has been reported. However, the short-term reproducibility of AIx changes following pharmacological challenge with either inhaled salbutamol (endothelium-dependent vasodilatation) or sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; endothelium-independent vasodilatation), using appropriate statistical methods, is largely unknown. 2Baseline AIx and GTN- and salbutamol-mediated changes in AIx (all corrected for a heart rate of 75 b.p.m.) were measured on two separate occasions, 1 h apart, in 22 healthy controls (mean (±SD) age 52.0 ± 13.4 years) and 11 elderly patients with chronic heart failure (CHF; 73.1 ± 8.7 years). Reproducibility was assessed by measuring intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficients of variation (CV) and Bland,Altman plots. 3Baseline AIx showed good short-term reproducibility with high ICC in both the control and CHF groups (0.90 and 0.87, respectively). In contrast, in the control and CHF groups, the ICC of GTN- (0.58 and 0.17, respectively) and salbutamol-mediated (0.18 and 0.04, respectively) changes in AIx were substantially low. The CV was relatively low for baseline AIx in control and CHF groups (25.0 and 22.5%, respectively), but not for GTN- (22.3 and 59.8%, respectively) or salbutamol-mediated (45.1 and 184.0%, respectively) changes in AIx. Bland,Altman analysis revealed poor reproducibility, with limits of agreement beyond either +15% or ,15% for changes in AIx after GTN and salbutamol for both control and CHF groups. The changes in blood pressure and heart rate following pharmacological challenge were similar between the two measurements. 4The poor reproducibility of changes in AIx following pharmacological challenge questions the use of this method in acute studies. [source] CHALLENGES FACED BY RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEES IN EL SALVADOR: RESULTS FROM A FOCUS GROUP STUDYDEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 1 2009JONATHAN W. CAMP ABSTRACT Objective:, To identify perceived barriers to capacity building for local research ethics oversight in El Salvador, and to set an agenda for international collaborative capacity building. Methods:, Focus groups were formed in El Salvador which included 17 local clinical investigators and members of newly formed research ethics committees. Information about the proposed research was presented to participants during an international bioethics colloquium sponsored and organized by the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in collaboration with the National Ethics Committee of El Salvador and the University of El Salvador. Interviews with the focus group participants were qualitatively analyzed. Results:, Participants expressed the need to tailor the informed consent process and documentation to the local culture; for example, allowing family members to participate in decision-making, and employing shorter consent forms. Participants indicated that economic barriers often impede efforts in local capacity building. Participants valued international collaboration for mutual capacity building in research ethics oversight. Conclusions:, Research ethics committees in El Salvador possess a basic knowledge of locally relevant ethical principles, though they need more training to optimize the application of bioethical principles and models to their particular contexts. Challenges increase the value of collaborative exchanges with ethics committee members in the United States. Further research on facilitating communication between host country and sponsor country ethics committees can maximize local research ethics expertise, and thus raise the standard of protecting human participants involved in international research. [source] MEETING THE CHALLENGES FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE FOR BRIEF ALCOHOL INTERVENTIONADDICTION, Issue 6 2010ANNE MOYER No abstract is available for this article. [source] CHALLENGES FOR FINANCIAL STABILITY POLICY,ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2004Alastair Clark Financial stability issues have attracted increasing attention as the global financial system has become more complex and more integrated. This article discusses some challenges posed by this environment for financial stability policy-makers. The challenges identified are: how to assess the relative merits of different policy measures and calibrate their effects; how to design regulatory capital requirements that are not too prescriptive or detailed; how incentive structures for individuals within firms can be better aligned with a firm's objectives for both return and risk; how,the authorities' should relate to large, complex financial institutions; and how to improve the handling of sovereign debt crises. The article gives a flavour of the official debate in each of these areas. [source] [Commentary] THE CHANGING EVIDENCE-BASE: FURTHER CHALLENGES FOR SMOKING PREVENTIONADDICTION, Issue 4 2009PATRICK WEST No abstract is available for this article. [source] A SHORTAGE OF MEDICAL DOCTORS TO MEET THE CHALLENGES OF A GROWING ADDICTION PROBLEM IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES: THE CASE IN MEXICOADDICTION, Issue 2 2009MARIA ELENA MEDINA-MORA No abstract is available for this article. [source] [Commentary] FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR HEROIN AND OTHER OPIOID SUBSTITUTION TREATMENTADDICTION, Issue 6 2008NICHOLAS LINTZERIS No abstract is available for this article. [source] CHALLENGES OF NEW GENERATION SEISMIC TESTING FACILITIESEXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 2 2001G. Benzoni First page of article [source] FINDING THE BALANCE: ETHICAL CHALLENGES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR LAWYERS REPRESENTING PARENTS WHEN THE INTERESTS OF CHILDREN ARE AT STAKEFAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 1 2008William J. Howe This article explores ethical and practical issues facing attorneys in representing parents in a contested custody matter. The article traces the history of the way this matter has been handled historically and presents the latest thinking reflected by the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers in their most recent publication of ethical guidelines for attorneys. The article also presents perspectives from several jurisdictions including Australia and Oregon. [source] SIX CHALLENGES IN DESIGNING EQUITY-BASED PAYJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 3 2003Brian J. Hall The past two decades have seen a dramatic increase in the equitybased pay of U.S. corporate executives, an increase that has been driven almost entirely by the explosion of stock option grants. When properly designed, equity-based pay can raise corporate productivity and shareholder value by helping companies attract, motivate, and retain talented managers. But there are good reasons to question whether the current forms of U.S. equity pay are optimal. In many cases, substantial stock and option payoffs to top executives,particularly those who cashed out much of their holdings near the top of the market,appear to have come at the expense of their shareholders, generating considerable skepticism about not just executive pay practices, but the overall quality of U.S. corporate governance. At the same time, many companies that have experienced sharp stock price declines are now struggling with the problem of retaining employees holding lots of deep-underwater options. This article discusses the design of equity-based pay plans that aim to motivate sustainable, or long-run, value creation. As a first step, the author recommends the use of longer vesting periods and other requirements on executive stock and option holdings, both to limit managers' ability to "time" the market and to reduce their incentives to take shortsighted actions that increase near-term earnings at the expense of longer-term cash flow. Besides requiring "more permanent" holdings, the author also proposes a change in how stock options are issued. In place of popular "fixed value" plans that adjust the number of options awarded each year to reflect changes in the share price (and that effectively reward management for poor performance by granting more options when the price falls, and fewer when it rises), the author recommends the use of "fixed number" plans that avoid this unintended distortion of incentives. As the author also notes, there is considerable confusion about the real economic cost of options relative to stock. Part of the confusion stems, of course, from current GAAP accounting, which allows companies to report the issuance of at-the-money options as costless and so creates a bias against stock and other forms of compensation. But, coming on top of the "opportunity cost" of executive stock options to the company's shareholders, there is another, potentially significant cost of options (and, to a lesser extent, stock) that arises from the propensity of executives and employees to place a lower value on company stock and options than well-diversified outside investors. The author's conclusion is that grants of (slow-vesting) stock are likely to have at least three significant advantages over employee stock options: ,they are more highly valued by executives and employees (per dollar of cost to shareholders); ,they continue to provide reasonably strong ownership incentives and retention power, regardless of whether the stock price rises or falls, because they don't go underwater; and ,the value of such grants is much more transparent to stockholders, employees, and the press. [source] CONDUCTING RESEARCH WITH COMMUNITY AGENCIES: MEETING RECRUITMENT AND COLLABORATION CHALLENGESJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 1 2002Volker Thomas Family therapy outcome research with community agencies has been challenging for various reasons. In two recent research projects, it was found that providing active feedback to agencies about their clinical services via a clinical report and a research-asgency liaison were sucessful strategies to develop a collaborative atmosphere with agencies. Specifically, the two starategies improved agency and therapist recruitment, client and therapist motivation, and reduced therapist and client attrition. [source] CHALLENGES IN MODELING HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY PROCESSES IN RIPARIAN ZONES,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 1 2006Shreeram Inamdar ABSTRACT: This paper presents key challenges in modeling water quality processes of riparian ecosystems: How can the spatial and temporal extent of water and solute mixing in the riparian zone be modeled? What level of model complexity is justified? How can processes at the riparian scale be quantified? How can the impact of riparian ecosystems be determined at the watershed scale? Flexible models need to be introduced that can simulate varying levels of hillslope-riparian mixing dictated by topography, upland and riparian depths, and moisture conditions. Model simulations need to account for storm event peak flow conditions when upland solute loadings may either bypass or overwhelm the riparian zone. Model complexity should be dictated by the level of detail in measured data. Model algorithms need to be developed using new macro-scale and meso-scale experiments that capture process dynamics at the hillslope or landscape scales. Monte Carlo simulations should be an integral part of model simulations and rigorous tests that go beyond simple time series, and point-output comparisons need to be introduced. The impact of riparian zones on watershed-scale water quality can be assessed by performing simulations for representative hillsloperiparian scenarios. [source] CONTEMPLATING "ENTERPRISE": THE BUSINESS AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIPAMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2003Gail A. Lasprogata [source] CHALLENGES POSED TO OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT BY THE "NEW ECONOMY"PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2002ROBERT H. HAYES A growing number of sophisticated observers are coming to believe that the forces driving the so-called New Economy are fundamentally reshaping world industry. Moreover, the combination of fast growth and the excitement associated with leading edge technologies has made New Economy companies magnets for management talent,and particularly for the ambitious young people who attend our management programs. Are we providing these potential managers with a good foundation for managing operations in such companies? Are the principles that we traditionally have taught in operations management (om) courses sufficiently robust that they can still be applied to New Economy operations? In this paper we argue that, although some of our familiar concepts and techniques continue to be applicable to information-intensive operations, many are not. We sketch out a way to think conceptually about the important differences between the Old and the New Economies, and their implications for operations management teaching and research. [source] MICROFINANCE REVOLUTION: ITS EFFECTS, INNOVATIONS, AND CHALLENGESTHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 1 2010Hisaki KONO F35; O19 "Microfinance revolution" is the term often applied to the successful expansion of small-scale financial services to the poor with high repayment records in developing countries. The present paper investigates the extent to which the microfinance revolution is truly revolutionary. More specifically, it explores the impact of microfinance institutions on the poor, the mechanisms underlying high repayment rates and their innovations, and the new challenges microfinance institutions are currently facing. Different from the existing published survey literature, we focus on current topics and attempt to show recent theoretical developments in a comprehensive manner using simplified models with very similar settings. We contend that microfinance is developing in a promising direction but has yet to reach its full potential. [source] FROM CRISIS TO CUMULATIVE EFFECTS: FOOD SECURITY CHALLENGES IN ALASKAANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2009David V. Fazzino Recent increases in the price of fuel in rural Alaska, coupled with high prices of grocery store foods and decreased efficacy of hunting and fishing have led to a food crisis in many regions of rural Alaska. In the summer of 2008 it was predicted that these events would lead to an upswing in the number of individuals migrating to urban areas of Alaska, putting additional stress on the already dwindling resources of food assistance providers. Through discussions with food assistance providers in Fairbanks, Alaska, a research program was designed to assess how well recent migrants were able to meet their food needs. In total 39 individuals were interviewed in November and December 2008, using face-to-face, semistructured interviews. This article discusses a smaller subset of the overall interviews, namely the responses of Natives who currently live in Fairbanks, Alaska. Further, this article informs understandings of "crisis" in the global sense, highlighting the importance of placing "crises" into the larger context of cumulative effects which are long-term and differentially distributed, rather than treating them as discrete and individually mitigatable events. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||