DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2006
Hideki Toyoda
A 62-year-old woman was referred to Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan, for examination of upper gastrointestinal tract. The conventional endoscopy showed a slightly depressed lesion on the greater curvature at the gastric body. The surface of surrounding non-neoplastic mucosa using magnification endoscopy with acetic acid was gyrus-villous pattern whereas the surface of the lesion was rough. Furthermore, magnification endoscopy using acetic acid and narrow-band imaging system visualized clearer fine surface pattern of carcinoma. The lesion had a rough mucosa with irregularly arranged small pits. The lesion was resected completely by endoscopic mucosal resection with insulated-tip electrosurgical knife. Narrow-band imaging system with acetic acid may be able to visualize not only the capillary pattern but also the fine surface pattern of gastric carcinoma. [source]

EFFECT OF VARIOUS ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF ACID AND ALKALI SOLUBILIZED MUSCLE PROTEIN ISOLATES

JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009
SIVAKUMAR RAGHAVAN
ABSTRACT Protein isolates prepared from cod (Gadus morhua) myofibrillar proteins using acid or alkali solubilization are susceptible to oxidative rancidity. Oxidation could be delayed by the exogenous addition of antioxidants. The objective of this research was to compare the efficacy of antioxidants such as ,-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl gallate, to inhibit oxidation in acid- and alkali- solubilized cod protein isolates. Oxidation was catalyzed using cod hemolysate. Oxidation of lipids was monitored by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and painty odor. Results showed that protein isolates prepared using the acid process was significantly (P < 0.05) more susceptible to lipid oxidation than alkali-solubilized protein isolates. Regardless of pH treatments, the efficacy of various antioxidants decreased in the order propyl gallate > BHA > ,-tocopherol. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Research has shown that seafood available for human consumption is rapidly getting depleted and that many fish species may become extinct in the next half-century or so. Acid and alkali solubilization methods are recent but well-known techniques used for preparing protein isolates from under-utilized aquatic species and the by-products of seafood industry. Although numerous researchers have studied the use of acid and alkali processes on several sources of seafood, almost no research has been done on the use of antioxidants to protect protein isolates from lipid oxidation. In our research, we have studied the effect of various antioxidants on the oxidative stability of acid- and alkali-solubilized fish myofibrillar proteins. The results from this work will enable the seafood industry to properly identify the process and the type of antioxidants required for making muscle food products with increased oxidative stability. [source]

EFFECT OF WATER ACTIVITY ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA) MICROCAPSULES

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2010
MARIBEL JIMENEZ
ABSTRACT The physical properties of spray drying powders must be considered for the design of equipment. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) microcapsules were spray dried by using the following as wall materials: whey protein concentrate (WPC), a blend of whey protein concentrate,maltodextrins (WPC-MD) and gum arabic (GA). These were prepared and their physical properties were studied. The bulk density, packed density, particle density, compressibility and color of the microcapsules were evaluated in a range of water activities from 0.108 to 0.898. No significant differences in the physical properties were found when WPC was used as a wall material in the microcapsules stored at the whole range of water activities tested. Maltodextrins conferred changes in some of the physical properties of the microcapsules (WPC-MD) upon storage at high water activities. GA microcapsules showed drastic changes in all physical properties studied at water activities above 0.628. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This work shows the best conditions for storing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) microcapsules elaborated with different wall materials, which have been reported to have a high potential as a food additive because of the nutraceutical properties of CLA. This research should reveal the behavior of water activity during storage on physical properties, and make it possible to predict what characteristics need to be added to a food, besides being important for the design of equipment, packing and transport. [source]

RECOVERY OF SINAPIC ACID FROM A WASTE STREAM IN THE PROCESSING OF YELLOW MUSTARD PROTEIN ISOLATE

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2008
N. PRAPAKORNWIRIYA
ABSTRACT A large amount of waste permeates generated from the processing of yellow mustard protein was concentrated fivefold using a nanofilter with a molecular weight cut off of 1,000 Da, while approximately 74% of sinapic acid was retained. Sinapic acid was then released from sinapine, its esterified form, by an alkaline hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed solution was acidified to prevent oxidation of the sinapic acid and to precipitate the remaining proteins. Subsequently, sinapic acid and other phenolics were extracted by a two-stage extraction using a mixture of diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (1:1), 165-min extraction time and permeate-to-solvent ratio of 1:2. Approximately 95% of the sinapic acid in the acidified permeate was finally concentrated in the solvent phase. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This development has led to an economical process to recover phenolics and to treat effluent from a process of oilseed protein while reducing the use of water during the extraction of protein. A reduction of water usage makes the processing of oilseed protein isolate more economically attractive, and the recovered phenolics may find a use as a nutraceutical. The developed process is not only limited to the recovery of phenolics from mustard, but also applied for recovering phenolic acids, specifically sinapic acid, from waste water from membrane processing of protein from mustard and similar polyphenol-containing oilseeds. [source]

CARBON SOURCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON GROWTH, ACETIC ACID AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY BRETTANOMYCES BRUXELLENSIS IN BATCH CULTURE

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2007
M.G. AGUILAR USCANGA
ABSTRACT The influence of available low-cost carbohydrates as carbon sources on Brettanomyces bruxellensis growth, acetic acid and ethanol production was studied in order to ascertain the viability of this yeast to eventually become an industrial acetic acid producer. Six different raw materials were included as carbon sources (glucose, sugarcane molasses, refined cane sugar, pineapple, sugarcane and beet juices). B. bruxellensis develops in a complex culture medium like plant juices and sugarcane molasses better than in a medium with a simple carbohydrate such as glucose. The maximum acid acetic yield (0.24 g/g) and productivity (0.14 g/L/h) were attained in tests carried out with sugarcane molasses containing 60 g/L sucrose. The strain produced low levels of ethanol in a refined sugarcane medium, but was able to produce a substantial quantity of acetic acid (13 g/L). [source]

CORRELATION BETWEEN CITRIC ACID, THYMUS VULGARIS EXTRACT AND NaCl, AND HEAT SENSITIVITY AND CASEINASE PRODUCTION BY AEROMONAS CAVIAE AND A. SOBRIA

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 6 2008
BAYAN M. ABU-GHAZALEH
ABSTRACT The effects of citric acid, Thymus vulgaris extract and NaCl on the heat sensitivity of Aeromonas spp. were examined in three different situations in this study. First, the effects of pretreatment with nutrient broth plus 0.03% citric acid, nutrient broth plus 0.3% T. vulgaris extract, nutrient broth plus 2.5% NaCl or nutrient broth plus 3% NaCl on the survival and caseinase production by heated A. caviae 166 and A. sobria 74 were investigated. Pretreatment of Aeromonas spp. with these preservatives for 1 or 6 days significantly increased their resistance to subsequent heating at 54C. However, pretreatment of Aeromonas strains with nutrient broth plus 2.5% NaCl or nutrient broth plus 3% NaCl before heating at 54C significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the production of caseinase by the heated cells. Second, the effect of post-treatment with preservatives after heating of Aeromonas strains was examined. Post-treatment of Aeromonas strains with the tested preservatives for 7 days after heating at 54C for 20 min prevented a complete recovery of cells and decreased the caseinase production compared with Aeromonas cells that were incubated in nutrient broth alone for 7 days after heating at 54C. Third, the effect of the type of the heating menstruum on the heat sensitivity of Aeromonas strains was investigated in this study. Heating in NaCl (0.85%) containing citric acid (0.03%) was the most effective treatment in killing Aeromonas spp. Heating in NaCl (0.85%) containing T. vulgaris extract (0.3%) or in NaCl (3.85%) slightly increased the resistance of cells to heat. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results obtained in this study can be applied in the food industry, where combination of mild heat treatment and addition of low doses of chemical preservatives to food is nowadays frequently used. This study determined the heat sensitivity and caseinase production by A. caviae and A. sobria at three different conditions that may be encountered during processing of food industrially or at home. Firstly, the effect of pretreatment with some preservatives on the heat sensitivity and caseinase production by the tested Aeromonas. spp. was studied. Secondly, the effect of post-treatment with preservatives on growth and caseinase production by the heated (54C) Aeromonas cells was investigated. Thirdly, effect of presence of preservatives in the heating menstruum on the heat sensitivity of Aeromonas spp. was studied. [source]

USE OF CLARIFYING AGENTS AND ULTRA FILTER TO DECREASE FUMARIC ACID, HMF AND INCREASE CLARITY OF APPLE JUICE

JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 3 2006
YAHYA TULEK
ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of eight different processing treatments of apple juice (AJ) production (Process 1: Ultra filtration [UF], Process 2: Activated charcoal [AC], Process 3: polyvinylpolypyrolidone [PVPP], Process 4: Gelatine [G] + Bentonite [B], Process 5: [G + B] + UF, Process 6: [G + B] + AC, Process 7: [G + B] + PVPP and Process 8: [G + B] + Kieselguhr [K]) on the fumaric acid (FA), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), color and clearness values of AJ were investigated. With the exception of Processes 1 and 5, AC, K, PVPP, G and B were used at various doses in other processes. FA, HMF, color and clearness values of control sample were determined as 3.24 mg/L, 3.84 mg/L, 48.5 (%T) and 94.1 (%T), respectively. The highest proportional decrement in FA and HMF values of the samples were observed with Process 6 at the level of 5. The fifth level of Process 6 resulted in 35.8% (3.24,2.08 mg/L) and 35.9% (3.84 to 2.46 mg/L) reductions in FA and HMF values, respectively. On the other hand, the best improvement in clearness of AJ was obtained with Process 6 at the fourth level and obtained as 98.9 (%T). [source]

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 INHIBITION IN VITRO BY LIPOSOME-ENCAPSULATED NISIN AND ETHYLENE DIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID

JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 2 2008
T. MATTHEW TAYLOR
ABSTRACT Encapsulation technologies that effectively reduce antimicrobial interaction with food components or protect antimicrobial compounds from food processing measures have the potential to improve the microbiological safety of ready-to-eat foods. Recent application of liposomes for the preservation of cheese has spurred research into their utility in other food matrices. To ascertain the feasibility of encapsulated antimicrobial for the control of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth in a model system, nisin (5.0 and 10.0 µg/mL) and the chelator ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid were entrapped in phospholipid liposomes. While phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes did not produce significant inhibition of target pathogens, PC/phosphatidylglycerol 8/2 and 6/4 (mol%) produced significant inhibition of pathogens. Near-complete inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 with liposomal antimicrobials at concentrations below those reported necessary for unencapsulated antimicrobial and chelator suggests that liposomes may represent a powerful technology for the encapsulation of antimicrobials and the control of foodborne pathogens. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The activity of many antimicrobials is abolished in many food products for a variety of reasons. Interference and cross-reactions of the antimicrobial and various food constituents, such as protein and fat, are difficult to overcome and often require large amounts of antimicrobial in order to gain significant reductions in the pathogen load in a product. Loss of solubility of some antimicrobials based on pH or ionic strength will negatively affect the antimicrobial potential of a compound like nisin. Liposome encapsulation technologies, such as that reported here, may allow for the maintenance of antimicrobial activity by protecting the antimicrobial against cross-reactions with food components. Additionally, the liposome core represents a microenvironment which can be manipulated by the manufacturer in order to preserve optimal antimicrobial solubility and stability conditions until the time of release. [source]

EFFECT OF SOLUBLE POLYLACTIC ACID DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE OF GROUND MEATS INOCULATED WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7,

JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2000
ANN ALLANSON
ABSTRACT Ground beef, ground pork, and commercial breakfast sausage were inoculated (6.5 log10 CFU/mL) with a five strain mixture of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and treated either with sterile water, or 1% or 2% solutions of soluble polylactic acid (SPLA) in sterile water and stored at 4C for 1, 24, 72 and 168 h. After 168 h, 2% SPLA was significantly (p0.05) more effective than both 1% SPLA and sterile water in reducing E. coli 0157:H7 and resulted in overall reductions of 1.68, 1.70, and 1.32 log10 CFU/mL for beef, pork, and pork sausage, respectively, when compared to control samples. The meat samples treated with 1% and 2% SPLA maintained significantly (p 0.05) lower pH values throughout refrigerated storage of 168 h with the higher concentration sustaining pH values from 3.83 to 3.92. Although the inhibitory effect of this acid increased with storage time, E. coli 0157:H7 survived these acidic conditions, with water activity levels ranging from 0.972 to 0.991. [source]

PROTEIN PROFILE CHANGES IN ACID ADAPTED LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES EXHIBITING CROSS-PROTECTION AGAINST AN ACTIVATED LACTOPEROXIDASE SYSTEM IN TRYPTIC SOY BROTH

JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2000
SADHANA RAVISHANKAR
ABSTRACT Foodborne pathogens often tolerate and survive environmental stress conditions including extreme acidity to varying degrees. One possible reason for this survival may be the production of protective stress proteins during acid shock (ASR) and/or tolerance (ATR) responses. The ASR and ATR of Listeria monocytogenes strains V7, V37 and CA in tryptic soy broth without dextrose acidified with lactic acid were studied. Possible cross-protection of acid adapted cells against an activated lactoperoxidase system was also determined. The strains were either directly challenged at pH 4.0 and 3.5 to study their ASR or initially adapted at pH 5.5 for the equivalent of 1 generation before challenging at pH 4.0 and 3.5 to study their ATR. Adapted and nonadapted cells were challenged at pH 4.5 with or without an activated lactoperoxidase system. In all cases viability was determined by enumeration over a period of 24 or 48 h after challenge and the production of stress proteins analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. While there were some differences in the survival responses for each strain, the acid adapted cells of each strain survived to a greater degree than nonadapted cells at both pH 4.0 (at least 10 fold at 24 h) and pH 3.5 (at least 1000 fold at 6 h) but not at pH 4.5. The acid adapted cells exposed to the lactoperoxidase system survived better (at least 5-fold) than their nonadapted counterparts for all 3 strains at 24 and 48 h. The 2-dimensional gel analysis for all 3 strains showed that the adapted and nonadapted cells underwent a change in their physiology, (at pH 4.0 compared to the control at pH 7.0; at pH 4.5 with the addition of lactoperoxidase system components) in that there was induction as well as repression of several proteins. [source]

Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID): an integrated system of investigative interviewing and detecting deception

JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND OFFENDER PROFILING, Issue 3 2007
Kevin Colwell
Abstract This study describes the assimilation and validation of Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID). ACID is derived from investigative interviewing, Criteria-Based Content Analysis, Reality Monitoring, and interpersonal deception. Each component has been previously published. Thirty-eight university undergraduates entered a professor's office and either stole an exam or replaced an exam that had been stolen previously. They were interviewed 1 week later with the Reality Interview, which is deliberately challenging and aims to enhance the detection of deception. Half responded honestly and completely; half distorted their responses to avoid incrimination. Incentives were provided. Honest responses were longer, more detailed, and contained more admissions of potential mistakes. Most importantly, honest respondents benefited from attempts to enhance recall, whereas these same attempts caused deceptive respondents to provide shorter, more repetitive statements. This is a promising technique; 33 of 38 cases were classified accurately. Discussion includes characteristics of deception, process of deception during an investigative interview, hypothetical interview strategies to facilitate the detection of deception, strengths and weaknesses of the study, and areas for future research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

ACCUMULATION OF OLEIC ACID IN HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS (CHLOROPHYCEAE) UNDER NITROGEN STARVATION OR HIGH LIGHT IS CORRELATED WITH THAT OF ASTAXANTHIN ESTERS1

JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
Mirash Zhekisheva
The chlorophyte Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large quantities of astaxanthin under stress conditions. Under either nitrogen starvation or high light, the production of each picogram of astaxanthin was accompanied by that of 5 or 3,4 pg of fatty acids, respectively. In both cases, the newly formed fatty acids, consisting mostly of oleic (up to 34% of fatty acids in comparison with 13% in the control), palmitic, and linoleic acids, were deposited mostly in triacylglycerols. Furthermore, the enhanced accumulation of oleic acid was linearily correlated with that of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin, which is mostly monoesterified, is deposited in globules made of triacylglycerols. We suggest that the production of oleic acid-rich triacylglycerols on the one hand and the esterification of astaxanthin on the other hand enable the oil globules to maintain the high content of astaxanthin esters. [source]

EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA TREATMENT ON MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND DYNAMIC RHEOLOGY OF BEEF

JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 3 2007
M. SIGNORINI
ABSTRACT Lactic acid has been used as an efficient decontaminant in meats aimed for direct consumption or product fabrication. However, reports on the functionality of proteins extracted from lactic acid-treated meat are scattered. The objective of this work was to study the degradation and gelling ability of myofibrillar protein extracts obtained from beef treated with lactic acid of chemical and microbial origins, stored at 4 and 20C. The gelling ability was considerably reduced by lactic acid treatment as a result of protein denaturation in acid conditions at both storage temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy showed loose structures resulting in low penetration resistance and storage modulus. Treatments with lactic acid or lactic acid bacteria (LAB) had similar effect on tan,, affecting gel rigidity but not elasticity. Penetration in gels obtained from LAB-treated meat was highly correlated with myosin degradation. Lactobacillus carnis -treated meat produced compact gels with high penetration resistance and storage modulus, although the structure became looser with storage time. LAB treatment, although not as efficient as lactic acid as a meat preservative, is a milder process causing less severe changes in meat structure rheology. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The potential of lactic fermentation by selected strains is somewhat limited as compared to lactic acid preservation of meat substrates, regarding pH reduction and its consequence on pathogens and spoilage microorganism population reduction. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) treatments are milder; therefore, changes in protein structure and rheology are less severe. Lactic acid in its chemical form promotes protein changes, whereas LAB does not. As myofibrillar protein configuration is responsible for most meat functional properties, such as gel and emulsion formation, it is important that protein structure remains unchanged as much as possible. Using nonproteolytic strains, protein degradation can only be altered by endogenous or bacteria-produced enzymes, which can be inhibited by several means. Meat preservation by lactic fermentation with selected strains can be an alternative when keeping meat protein functional properties unaltered. [source]

AMINO ACID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CHANNA STRIATUS (HARUAN) THAT EXHIBITS ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
ZA Zakaria
SUMMARY 1The present study was performed in order to determine the amino acid and fatty acid composition of an aqueous extract of the freshwater fish Channa striatus, obtained by soaking (1 : 2, w/v) fresh fillets overnight in a chloroform : methanol (2 : 1, v/v) solvent, to elucidate the mechanism responsible for its antinociceptive activity and to clarify the relationship between the presence of the amino and fatty acids and the expected activity. 2The aqueous extract was found to contain all amino acids with the major amino acids glycine, alanine, lysine, aspartic acid and proline making up 35.77 ± 0.58, 10.19 ± 1.27, 9.44 ± 0.56, 8.53 ± 1.15 and 6.86 ± 0.78% of the total protein, respectively. 3In addition, the aqueous extract was found to have a high palmitic acid (C16 : 0) content, which contributed approximately 35.93 ± 0.63% to total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids in the aqueous extract were oleic acid (C18 : 1), stearic acid (C18 : 0), linoleic acid (C18 : 2) and arachidonic acid (C20 : 4), contributing 22.96 ± 0.40, 15.31 ± 0.33, 11.45 ± 0.31 and 7.44,±,0.83% of total fatty acids, respectively. 4Furthermore, the aqueous extract was demonstrated to possess concentration-dependent antinociceptive activity, as expected, when assessed using the abdominal constriction test in mice. 5It is concluded that the aqueous extract of C. striatus contains all the important amino acids, but only some of the important fatty acids, which are suggested to play a key role in the observed antinociceptive activity of the extract, as well as in the traditionally claimed wound healing properties of the extract. [source]

PRETREATMENT WITH INTRAVENOUS ASCORBIC ACID PRESERVES ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION DURING ACUTE HYPERGLYCAEMIA (R1)

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5-6 2005
Brian A Mullan
SUMMARY 1.,Acute hyperglycaemia may impair endothelial function. Ascorbic acid (AA), administered intra-arterially, has been reported to improve endothelium-dependent vasodilatation during a forearm hyperglycaemic clamp. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, we investigated the potential for intravenous ascorbic acid to modify the endothelial response to acute systemic hyperglycaemia in humans. 2.,Nine healthy male volunteers were recruited from the hospital staff. Endothelial function was determined by measuring the forearm blood flow responses to intrabrachial infusions of endothelium-dependent (ED) and endothelium-independent (EID) vasodilators. The endothelial function index (EFI) was derived from the ratio of ED and EID vasodilatation. Haemodynamic and endothelial function measurements were performed at baseline and then repeated 2 h after a systemic hyperglycaemic clamp (14 mmol/L). The subjects, studied on two separate occasions, were randomized to placebo or 2 g intravenous ascorbic acid prior to the initiation of hyperglycaemia. 3.,After systemic hyperglycaemia with placebo pretreatment, the EFI fell from 1.08 ± 0.21 to 0.74 ± 0.13 (difference (95% confidence interval): 0.34 (0.20, 0.47); P < 0.001). When subjects were pretreated with ascorbic acid, the EFI was not affected by hyperglycaemia (1.11 ± 0.21 to 1.12 ± 0.17; P = 0.938). This difference between placebo and ascorbic acid was significant (P < 0.001). Plasma ascorbate concentrations decreased during hyperglycaemia and correlated directly with the reduction in the EFI (r = 0.798; P < 0.001). 4.,Pretreatment with an intravenous bolus of ascorbic acid can prevent endothelial dysfunction during acute systemic hyperglycaemia. Therefore, ascorbic acid may have potential therapeutic use in clinical situations where acute hyperglycaemia may be a complication. [source]

Monitoring dyslexics' intelligence and attainments: A follow-up study

DYSLEXIA, Issue 1 2003
Michael Thomson
Abstract Intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children R and III, 1992) and written language attainment (BAS Word Reading, Neale Analysis of Reading, Vernon Graded Word Spelling) data for around 250 children attending a specialist school for dyslexics are presented. The Wechsler scales data show some evidence for ,ACID' and ,SCAD' profile effects on the subtests, with specifically weak Index scores on Freedom from Distractibility and Processing Speed. The relationship between intelligence and reading development is also examined, with evidence for significant correlations between intelligence and written language and a longitudinal study showing that there is no ,Matthew' or drop-off effect in intelligence. The attainments tests demonstrate that the widening gap between a dyslexic's chronological age and his/her attainments can be closed, and how attainments may be monitored within the context of ,growth curves'. The results are discussed in relation to recent reports (e.g. B.P.S. on Dyslexia, Literacy and Psychological Assessment) on the relationship between intelligence and attainments and it is concluded that this report could be seriously misleading for practising educational psychologists. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

ROLE OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN LIPASE PRODUCTION , USING PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2007
A.N. SARAVANAN
ABSTRACT Complex substrates always induce substantial amount of enzyme production during hydrolysis by microorganisms. In this study, ghee was taken for its saturated fatty acid content and analyzed as an inducer for the production of lipase. With ghee emulsion, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa at optimal condition produced 60 units/min/L at 72 h. With olive oil emulsion, this organism produced only 41 units/min/L as maximum at 96 h. The saturated fatty acids present in ghee make it a hard substance for hydrolysis, which is the reason for the increased enzyme production. This was evaluated by the iodine number experiment. Ghee can also reduce the production cost whereas the costlier olive oil constitutes 25,50% of the total production cost for a commercial scale. The experimental results showed that the saturated fatty acids play an important role in lipase enzyme induction by P. aeruginosa. The use of ghee is cost-effective; hence, it can be used as a potential inducer for lipase production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Lipases are industrially very important enzymes. They are used in pharmaceutical, food, soap and other industries. In lipase production, olive oil is the main constituent. Comparatively, olive oil is costlier; hence, it increases the production cost of lipase. So, this study was done to replace olive oil with a much cheaper ghee using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ghee-containing medium gave a very good result because of the presence of complex saturated fatty acids. The ghee-containing medium produced 60 units/min/L at 72 h. The olive oil medium, which contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids, produced only 41 units/min/L as maximum at 96 h. Hence, in the commercial scale, ghee can reduce raw material cost as well as operation time cost significantly when it is used as substrate. [source]

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS, NISIN, LYZOZYME AND EDTA ON THE SURVIVAL OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA POPULATION IN INOCULATED ORANGE BEVERAGES

JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2010
CECILIA S.M. LUCERO ESTRADA
ABSTRACT Inactivation of a Yersinia enterocolitica strain by 3.4% ascorbic acid (AA), 0.5% citric acid (CA), 0.2% lactic acid, 100 IU/mL nisin, 2,400 IU/mL lysozyme and 20 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA ), alone and combined, was studied at different temperatures (4 and 25C) in commercial and laboratory-prepared orange beverages. In laboratory-prepared juice, highest reductions (between 3.06 and 4.07 log units) were obtained with acid mixtures at 25C after 20 min of incubation. At 24 h of incubation, EDTA was bactericidal and the mixtures with nisin or lysozyme resulted in count reductions of 6.03 and 5.98 log units, respectively. In commercial orange beverage, AA and CA gave reductions of 5.43 and 4.26 log units, respectively. The three acid mixtures were bactericidal within the first 10 min. EDTA alone or mixed completely inhibited Y. enterocolitica strain at 6 and 24 h of incubation. At 4C, all the results were significantly lower than at 25C. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Yersinia enterocolitica is a common cause of gastrointestinal disorders and may lead to sequelae. This pathogen can maintain its virulence in a wide temperature range and under adverse conditions such as pH lower than 4. There are reports describing the isolation of Y. enterocolitica from water and ice in Brazil and Latin America. The sale of unpasteurized drinks is a common practice in our region and their consumption has increased over the past years. In the present work, chemical compounds and biological inhibitors were studied. Some of these compounds showed to be efficient for reducing Y. enterocolitica populations. Furthermore, they did not modify the organoleptic characteristics of the beverages and they are not toxic for human beings. [source]

FATTY ACIDS IN PHOTOTROPHIC AND MIXOTROPHIC GYRODINIUM GALATHE-ANUM (DINOPHYCEAE)

JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2000
J.E. Adolf
Fatty acids were measured in G. galatheanum grown either phototrophically, or mixotrophically with Storeatula major (Cryptophyceae) as prey. G. galatheanum, like many photosynthetic dinoflagellates, contains high amounts of n-3 long-chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and the hemolytic toxic fatty acid 18:5n-3. We hypothesize that a benefit of phagotrophy in G. galatheanum is the acquisition of precursor linolenic acid (18:3n-3) that fuels LC-PUFA synthesis. Phototrophs grew at 0.37 d,1, while mixotrophs grew at 0.40 d,1 with a feeding rate of 0.62 d,1. Photosynthesis was lower in mixotrophs (3.7 pg C cell,1 h,1) than phototrophs (4.9 pg C cell,1 h,1). DHA levels were higher in mixotrophs [3.7 (+/, 0.11) pg cell,1] than phototrophs [3.0 (+/, 0.16) pg cell,1] and prey [0.4 (+/, 0.01) pg cell,1]. 18:5n,3 levels [1.7 (+/, 0.03) pg cell,1] were similar in phototrophs and mixotrophs. An intermediate in n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis, 20:4n-3, accumulated in mixotrophs [0.6 (+/, 0.27) pg cell,1] relative to phototrophs (not detected) and prey [0.03 (+/, 0.002) pg cell,1]. Low ratios of linolenic acid to DHA in phototrophic G. galatheanum (0.14) relative to mixotrophic G. galatheanum (0.29) and prey (2.14) are consistent with substrate limitation of LC-PUFA synthesis in phototrophs. Accumulation of 20:4n-3 suggests incomplete conversion of linolenic acid to DHA, possibly due to conditions in batch culture. We conclude that precursors for n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis in G. galatheanum may be acquired through ingestion of S. major, and may partially control feeding/photosynthesis in mixotrophic populations. [source]

MODULATION OF VERY-LONG CHAIN (C28) HIGHLY UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN PROROCENTRUM MININUM (DINOPHYCEAE) BY SELENIUM

JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2000
A. Place
Recently, very-long-chain (C28) highly unsaturated fatty acids (VLC-HUFA) were identified in seven marine dinoflagellate species (Manour et al., Phytochemistry, 1999, 50: 541,548). In general, the proportion of these fatty acids accounted for less than 2.3% of the total fatty acids in these species. As part of a study investigating the modulation of the hemolytic fatty acid 18:5n3, cultures of Prorocentrum mininum were grown in artificial seawater with varying molarities of sodium selenite (0, 1, 10, and 100 nM). Optimal growth was observed at 1 nM with this media. As expected, the level of 18:5n3 was modulated by the selenium in the culture medium (7.0 ± 0.2, 14.5 ± 0.6, 7.4 ± 0.8, and 3.9 ± 0.8% of total fatty acid, respectively), with the highest percentage found at 1 nM. Unexpectedly the level of VLC-HUFA (28:8n3) increased to 7.3 ± 2.8% at 0 nM sodium selenite, while at all other selenite concentrations the VLC-HUFA was less than 1%. A possible biochemical basis for this finding will be discussed. [source]

STUDYING TROPHIC ECOLOGY IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS USING FATTY ACIDS: A PRIMER ON ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006
Suzanne M. Budge
First page of article [source]

Cover Picture , Mol.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 9 2009
Nutr.
Regular issues provide a wide range of research and review articles covering all aspects of Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. Selected topics of issue 9 are: Efficacy of isoflavones in relieving vasomotor menopausal symptoms , a systematic review. Aromatic hydroxylation is a major metabolic pathway of the mycotoxin zearalenone in vitro HOP BITTER ACIDS EFFICIENTLY BLOCK INFLAMMATION INDEPENDENT OF GR,, PPAR, OR PPAR, EGCG inhibits protein synthesis, lipogenesis and cell cycle progression through activation of AMPK in p53 positive and negative human hepatoma cells [source]

DO PLASMA NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS AND INSULIN RESISTANCE CONTRIBUTE TO IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME?

NEPHROLOGY, Issue 1 2002
G. Dogra
[source]

A NEW METHOD FOR EXTRACTION, ISOLATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTTERY

ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 5 2010
M. W. GREGG
This paper presents evidence for increased recovery of organic residues from archaeological pottery through use of a microwave-assisted liquid chromatography protocol. C16:0 and C18:0 saturated fatty acids were obtained from archaeological potsherds recovered from nine Neolithic settlements in the Middle East dating between 4700 and 7300 cal bc, including materials that had not produced evidence for the survival of any lipid species through use of ,conventional' solvent extraction techniques. Compound-specific isotopic analyses of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids in potsherd extracts subsequently revealed ,13C/,12C compositions consistent with modern subcutaneous fats of wild boar and goats pastured on lands adjacent to the Jordan Valley, and residues from a modern pottery vessel used in the manufacturing of butter, cheese and yogurt in central Turkey. These results are presented as an illustration of capabilities of the microwave-assisted recovery protocol. The reclamation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from archaeological pottery fragments recovered from a number of the earliest ceramic horizons in the Middle East is herewith reported, and the extraction methods and instrumental analytical techniques are described. [source]

UPREGULATED ENDOTHELIN SYSTEM IN DIABETIC VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND EARLY RETINOPATHY IS REVERSED BY CPU0213 AND TOTAL TRITERPENE ACIDS FROM FRUCTUS CORNI

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 12 2007
Wei Su
SUMMARY 1The aims of the present study were to examine whether: (i) upregulation of the endothelin (ET) pathway is involved in impairment of vascular relaxation and early retinopathy in diabetic rats; and (ii) vascular and retinal abnormalities respond to the total triterpene acid (TTA) isolated from Fructus Corni compared with responses to the novel endothelin receptor antagonist CPU0213 and aminoguanidine (AMG), a special antagonist for advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). 2Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups, namely a normal control and four diabetic groups, which included an untreated diabetic group and groups treated with AMG (100 mg/kg, i.g.), CPU0213 (30 mg/kg, s.c.) or TTA (50 mg/kg, i.g.). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) on the 1st day. The mRNA expression of prepro-endothelin-1 (ppET-1), endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) and iNOS in the thoracic aorta and mRNA for ETA receptors and iNOS in the retina were detected by reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction. Vasorelaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) and functional assessment of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was determined in the thoracic aorta. 3We observed upregulated mRNA expression of iNOS, ppET-1 and ECE in the thoracic aorta and upregulated mRNA for the ETA receptor and iNOS in the retina in the untreated diabetic group. Vasodilatation mediated by ACh and NO bioavailability were markedly reduced in the thoracic aorta compared with the normal control group. These abnormalities were essentially reversed by TTA, CPU0213 or AMG, with the exception with that AMG did not modify vasodilatation to ACh. 4These data suggest that upregulation of gene transcription of the ET system mediates depressed vasorelaxation, NO bioavailability and changes in iNOS and ETA receptors that reflect early retinopathy in diabetic rats. Total triterpene acid, in terms of pharmacological properties resembling the endothelin receptor antagonist CPU0213, is effective in normalizing expression of the ET system and iNOS in early diabetic retinopathy and vasculaopathy. [source]

State transitions of Vibrio parahaemolyticus VBNC cells evaluated by flow cytometry,

CYTOMETRY, Issue 5 2008
Tania Falcioni
Abstract Background Vibrio parahaemolyticus, in response to environmental conditions, may be present in a viable but nonculturable state (VBNC), which can still be responsible for cases of infectious diseases in humans. Methods The characterization of the cellular states of V. parahaemolyticus during entry into, persistence in, and resuscitation from the VBNC state, was assessed through plate culture method and epifluorescence microscope evaluation of actively respiring cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) in combination with SYBR Green I (SG) and propidium iodide allowed us to distinguish between viable, dead, and damaged-cells. Immunofluorescence labeling detected by FCM was used to study changes in antibody affinity. Results Two groups of bacteria, one with High Nucleic Acid (HNA) and one having Low Nucleic Acid (LNA) content, were differentiated using SG and FCM and each was correlated with cell viability. With the aging of the microcosm, the LNA bacteria population increased while the HNA population gradually disappeared. Cytofluorimetric immunofluorescence analyses showed that the bacterial cell levels dropped from 95% at day 0 to 40% at day 26 and by day 29, antibody affinity was virtually lost. FCM analyses of light scatter signals expressed by cell population highlighted morphological changes indicating a reduction in cell size, as also shown by scanning electron microscopy images and variations in cell structure. Conclusions The methodology used has provided useful data in relation to the state transitions of V. parahaemolyticus regarding cell viability, antigenic surface components, and the quantification of morphological variations during its entry into the VBNC state. © 2008 Clinical Cytometry Society [source]

Cosmetic Use of Poly- l -Lactic Acid: A Retrospective Study of 130 Patients

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2010
MELANIE D. PALM MD
BACKGROUND Poly- l -lactic acid (PLLA) is an effective treatment for patients seeking to correct volume loss due to aging. Although the Food and Drug Administration has approved PLLA for use in people with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it is well-suited for patients seeking cosmetic treatment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and incidence of adverse events of HIV-negative patients treated with PLLA for volume restoration. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective, single-center study of 130 HIV-negative patients treated with PLLA from 2003 to 2008. Patient satisfaction and incidence of adverse reactions were evaluated. RESULTS The most common reaction to PLLA treatment was the formation of nodules (8.5%). Almost all of the nodules were palpable; only one was visible. Treatment areas with the highest incidence of post-treatment nodules were the hands (12.5%) and cheeks (7.2%). Overall, patients were satisfied, with 55% having good to excellent correction; 75% of patients with five or more treatments rated their correction as good to excellent. Sixty-eight percent of all patients would repeat the procedure again. CONCLUSION PLLA is a safe, biodegradable volumizer used to reverse the signs of aging by gradually correcting volume loss. Patients should be aware of possible adverse reactions during the course of treatment. Nodule formation is low, with most patients having good to excellent correction. Drs. Butterwick and Goldman are consultants for Sanofi-Aventis. [source]

Persistence and Improvement of Nasolabial Fold Correction with Nonanimal-Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid 100,000 Gel Particles/mL Filler on Two Retreatment Schedules: Results up to 18 Months on Two Retreatment Schedules

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2008
RHODA S. NARINS MD
BACKGROUND Nonanimal-stabilized hyaluronic acid (NASHA) fillers are frequently used for facial soft tissue augmentation. Their long-term efficacy and the effects of different retreatment schedules are not well established. OBJECTIVE This is an 18-month interim analysis of a 30-month study to evaluate the efficacy and persistence of NASHA 100,000 gel particles/mL filler with two different retreatment schedules. METHODS This multicenter, randomized, evaluator-blinded study enrolled 75 patients with moderate to severe nasolabial folds. Patients were randomized to retreatment of one nasolabial fold at 4.5 months and the contralateral fold at 9 months after correction of both folds at the initial visit. RESULTS Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale scores improved significantly (p<.001) from baseline, with mean improvements ranging from 1.1 to 1.7 grades. Almost all patients (97%) responded satisfactorily, and the efficacy of the retreatment schedules did not differ significantly. Adverse events, primarily swelling and bruising, occurred in 33% of patients; none were serious. CONCLUSION The improvements seen after initial treatment with NASHA 100,000 gel particles/mL filler persisted for up to 18 months with one retreatment. The response was equivalent for retreatment at 4.5 and 9 months. [source]

Treatment of Fordyce Spots with Bichloracetic Acid

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 3 2008
ALISHA N. PLOTNER BS
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Histologic Study of Depressed Acne Scars Treated with Serial High-Concentration (95%) Trichloroacetic Acid

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2006
ANTHONY YUG MD
BACKGROUND Acne scarring is a common manifestation that remains a therapeutic challenge to dermatologists, dermatologic surgeons, and plastic surgeons. Although multiple therapeutic modalities exist, treatment often remains inadequate. The use of high-concentration (95%) trichloroacetic acid (TCA) applied focally to atrophic acne scars has been described. OBJECTIVE The current study confirms the utility of focal application of 95% TCA to acne scars in addition to a histologic examination of this technique. METHODS Acne scars in three patients were treated with focal 95% TCA by serial application. Wooden applicators were used to apply TCA focally and repeated at 6-week intervals for a total of six treatments. Punch biopsies were performed at baseline and at 1 year postoperatively. Histologic examination was performed with routine hematoxylin/eosin, Masson trichrome, and Verhoeff-van Gieson staining. RESULTS Clinical examination revealed apparent cosmetic improvement in both depth and appearance of acne scars. Patient satisfaction was high. Histologic examination demonstrated a decrease in the depth of acne scars. In addition, increased collagen fibers and fragmentation of elastic fibers were noted. There were no complications from the procedure. CONCLUSION Focal application of high-concentration TCA to atrophic and "ice-pick" acne scars appears to produce clinical improvement. Histologic changes of this technique are described. [source]