|
| ||
|
|
||
Acetic
Terms modified by Acetic Selected AbstractsGrowth and pectate-lyase activity of the ruminal bacterium Lachnospira multiparus in the presence of short-chain organic acidsLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005R.A. Paggi Abstract Aims:, Acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids are end products of feed fermentation by rumen microbes. The effects of these short chain acids on growth and pectate-lyase (PL) activity of Lachnospira multiparus were studied. Methods and Results:, The bacterial strain used was L. multiparus D32. Acids were tested between 50 and 300 mmol l,1. Growth and PL activity were measured by the increase in total protein content and by the increase in absorbance at 235 nm in the reaction medium respectively. With the exception of lactic acid, all acids decreased bacterial growth rates; generally, these effects were more pronounced at higher concentrations and with acids of longer chains. PL activity was inhibited by all the acids except by butyric acid at 50 and 100 mmol l,1. Enzyme inhibition increased with the concentrations of the acids and lactic acid was the most inhibitory. Conclusions:, High concentrations of short chain acids can differentially inhibit the growth rate and the PL activity of L. multiparus. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Products of fermentation generated by the ruminal microbiota could modify the degradation of pectic substances by this bacterium. [source] Low molecular weight organic acids and fatty acids in root exudates of two Lupinus cultivars at flowering and fruiting stagesPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 5 2001J. A. Lucas García Abstract Low molecular weight organic acids (LOAs) and fatty acids in root exudates of two lupin cultivars, Lupinus albus cv. Multolupa and L. luteus cv. Tremosilla, were determined at flowering and fruiting stages. LOAs were analysed by capillary electrophoresis. Acetic and citric acids were the most abundant, especially the latter in L. luteus at the flowering stage (5922.79,µg/g dry root). The significant decrease in acid content of both cultivars from flowering to fruiting stages was also striking. The highest levels of acetic acid were detected in L. luteus at fruiting stage (1542.03,µg/g dry root). The significant citrate production in L. luteus could be related to the low phosphorus concentration in the studied soils but not to proteoid roots, which were detected only in L. albus. The source of the LOAs detected in these exudates is also discussed, since they may be produced either by the plant or by the associated rhizobacteria. The profile of phospholipid fatty acids was determined by high-resolution GC. A high level of 18:2,6 (a fatty acid specific to fungi) was found in exudates of L. luteus (a mycorrhizal plant) in contrast to L. albus (a non-mycorrhizal plant). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hillaire (Manacá) rootsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 12 2004L. G. Matos Abstract Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, the tail flick test and carrageenan-induced peritonitis were used to study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima roots. Pentobarbital-induced sleeping time was used to study the central depressant effect of the extract. The ethanolic extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and leukocyte migration, and produced a significant, dose-related increase in the duration of sleep. The results suggest that Spiranthera odoratissima roots contain compounds with anti-inflammatory and central depressant actions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Black cumin seed essential oil, as a potent analgesic and antiin,ammatory drugPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2004Valiollah Hajhashemi Abstract The steam-distilled essential oil of Iranian black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) was investigated for its composition and analgesic and antiin,ammatory properties. After oil analysis by GC/MS, 20 compounds were identi,ed in the oil, obtained in 0.4% (v/w) yield. Among them, para -cymene (37.3%) and thymoquinone (13.7%) were the major components. Acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and light tail ,ick tests were used for assessment of analgesic activity. Antiin,ammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. Black cumin seed essential oil (BCSEO) was found to produce a signi,cant analgesic effect in acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and light tail ,ick tests. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, could not reverse the analgesic effect observed in the formalin test. Although oral administration of BCSEO at doses of 100, 200 and 400 µL/kg did not exert a signi,cant antiin,ammatory effect in the carrageenan test, i.p. injection of the same doses signi,cantly (p < 0.001) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema. BCSEO at doses of 10 and 20 µL/ear could also reduce croton oil-induced oedema. It seems that mechanism(s) other than opioid receptors is (are) involved in the analgesic effect of BCSEO since naloxone could not reverse this effect. Both systemic and local administration of BCSEO showed antiin,ammatory activity. Thymoquinone, as one of the major components of BCSEO, probably has an important role in these pharmacological effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of Different Carbon Sources on the Production of Succinic Acid Using Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coliBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2007Christian Andersson Succinic acid (SA) is an important platform molecule in the synthesis of a number of commodity and specialty chemicals. In the present work, dual-phase batch fermentations with the E. coli strain AFP184 were performed using a medium suited for large-scale industrial production of SA. The ability of the strain to ferment different sugars was investigated. The sugars studied were sucrose, glucose, fructose, xylose, and equal mixtures of glucose and fructose and glucose and xylose at a total initial sugar concentration of 100 g L,1. AFP184 was able to utilize all sugars and sugar combinations except sucrose for biomass generation and succinate production. For sucrose as a substrate no succinic acid was produced and none of the sucrose was metabolized. The succinic acid yield from glucose (0.83 g succinic acid per gram glucose consumed anaerobically) was higher than the yield from fructose (0.66 g g,1). When using xylose as a carbon source, a yield of 0.50 g g,1 was obtained. In the mixed-sugar fermentations no catabolite repression was detected. Mixtures of glucose and xylose resulted in higher yields (0.60 g g,1) than use of xylose alone. Fermenting glucose mixed with fructose gave a lower yield (0.58 g g,1) than fructose used as the sole carbon source. The reason is an increased pyruvate production. The pyruvate concentration decreased later in the fermentation. Final succinic acid concentrations were in the range of 25,40 g L,1. Acetic and pyruvic acid were the only other products detected and accumulated to concentrations of 2.7,6.7 and 0,2.7 g L,1. Production of succinic acid decreased when organic acid concentrations reached approximately 30 g L,1. This study demonstrates that E. coli strain AFP184 is able to produce succinic acid in a low cost medium from a variety of sugars with only small amounts of byproducts formed. [source] Interaction of 4,5,7-Trimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridines with Acetic and Trifluoroacetic Anhydrides.CHEMINFORM, Issue 11 2006T. N. Borisova Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Analysis of amphetamine-type substances by capillary zone electrophoresis using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detectionELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 15 2010Rochelle Epple Abstract CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) was employed for the separation and detection of seven amphetamine analogues as well as amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. The separation electrolyte was 30,mM hydroxypropyl-,-cyclodextrin (HP,CD) in a 75,mM acetic acid+25,mM sodium acetate buffer adjusted to pH 4.55. Conductivity detection was compared with UV detection using this same electrolyte. Average detection limits for C4D and UV were 1.3 and 1.0,ppm, respectively. The effects of HP,CD concentration and BGE composition on the selectivity of the separation were also investigated. An illicit, street-grade sample of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) and a prescription dextroamphetamine tablet were also analysed. [source] Silicon-Assisted Direct Covalent Grafting on Metal Oxide Surfaces: Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxylate N,N,-Ligands on TiO2EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2010Henri Arzoumanian Abstract The easy covalent bonding of an OH-bearing molecule onto a metal oxide surface can be done by transesterifying a trimethylsilylated hydroxy function with the surface OH groups. This results in the grafting of the organic molecule directly on the matrix, accompanied by the formation of trimethylsilanol, which can easily be eliminated as volatile hexamethyldisiloxane and water. This was accomplished on a TiO2 matrix with three carboxylic acids: acetic, isonicotinic, and 2,2,-bipyridyl-4,4,-dicarboxylic acids. The N,N,-immobilized ligand was then used for a dioxidomolybdenum entity and tested as such at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure O2 oxidation of ethylbenzene. All intermediates and grafted species were fully characterized by 13CMAS NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric and elemental analysis. [source] Physiological behaviour of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii in aerobic glucose-limited continuous culturesFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003Helena Albergaria Abstract The physiology of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii was studied under aerobic glucose-limited conditions using the accelerostat procedure (continuous acceleration of dilution rate) and classical chemostat cultures. By both cultivation techniques this yeast was found to be Crabtree-positive. Up to a dilution rate of 0.25 h,1, glucose was completely metabolised into biomass, glycerol and carbon dioxide. Above this value, an increase in the dilution rate was accompanied by the production of other metabolites like ethanol, acetic and malic acids. Biomass yield during the purely oxidative growth was 0.49 g g,1 and decreased to 0.26 g g,1 for D=0.34 h,1. A maximal specific ethanol production rate of 1.36 mmol g,1 h,1 and a maximal ethanol yield of 0.05 g g,1 were achieved at D=0.34 h,1. [source] Combined Treatment of Perchlorate and RDX in Ground Water Using a Fluidized Bed ReactorGROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION, Issue 3 2007Mark E. Fuller A bench-scale study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of biological treatment of comingled perchlorate and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in ground water using fluidized bed reactors (FBRs). In addition, the ability of FBRs to treat low concentrations of perchlorate was examined. Pilot-scale FBRs were fed either acetic acid or molasses as an electron donor to facilitate simultaneous perchlorate and RDX reduction. The acetic acid-fed FBR consistently removed perchlorate from an influent level of 100 ,g/L to below 6 ,g/L, and values below the method detection limit of 1 ,g/L occurred approximately 70% of the time. RDX breakthrough from all FBRs was minimal due to sorption of the explosive on the granulated activated carbon media, but mass balance calculations indicated that more than 99.5% of the total RDX entering the acetic acid-fed FBR was biologically degraded. Approximately 80% of the RDX fed to the control FBR (i.e., no substrate addition) was accounted for at the end of the study; the remainder was assumed to have been degraded. Molasses was much less effective than acetic acid as an electron donor for treatment of perchlorate and RDX. This work demonstrates that combined treatment of perchlorate and RDX is feasible using FBR technology, and that very low levels of perchlorate (less than 100 ,g/L) can be effectively treated in an FBR. [source] Effect of an organic acid blend and phytase added to a rapeseed cake-containing diet on performance, intestinal morphology, caecal microflora activity and thyroid status of broiler chickensJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1 2010S. Smulikowska Summary The experiment was carried out on 96 female broilers, allocated to eight groups of 12 birds kept in individual cages. Two basal wheat- and soyabean meal-based diets containing 150 g/kg of rapeseed expeller cake were formulated, differing in the level of P: 7.1 g/kg in diet H or 5.9 g/kg in diet L. Rapeseed cake supplied 3.15 ,mol alkenyl glucosinolates per gram of diet. The eight treatments were: basal diets only, basal diets + phytase (1000 U/kg), basal diets + organic acid blend (OA, 6 g/kg), or basal diets + both additives. Diets were fed from day 8 to 28 of life. The results showed that the lower dietary P content and OA supplementation did not significantly affect feed intake or BWG, while both increased (p < 0.001) after phytase supplementation. Tibia ash content as well as tibia ultimate strength were lower (p < 0.001) in birds fed diets L compared with diets H, and increased (p < 0.01) with phytase supplementation of diet L, while OA had no influence on either parameter. Dietary P levels and OA supplementation had no influence on the pH of gut digesta, but the pH of jejunal digesta increased following phytase supplementation (p < 0.01). Morphological measurements of the small intestinal mucosa of chicks indicated that OA added to diet L depressed villi height (p < 0.001) and crypt depth (p < 0.001); both parameters increased after phytase supplementation (p < 0.01). The lower total SCFA as well as acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations in caecal digesta indicated lower activity of caecal microflora in birds fed diets L compared with H. OA supplementation had no influence, while phytase supplementation increased the concentration of acetic acid in caecal digesta. Supplementation of diets with either phytase or OA increased thyroid weight by 16% (p < 0.01) and 11% (p < 0.05) respectively. The increase in thyroid weight because of phytase supplementation was greater at the lower dietary P level, and the greatest when both phytase and OA were added to the diet. [source] Bacteriological and chemical changes occurring in Bunker-stored silage covered with biodegradable coatingJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007P. Denoncourt Abstract Aims:, To evaluate the efficacy of a biodegradable silage coating for the ability to protect timothy (Phleum pratensa) type silage against spoilage and its quality under natural conditions. Methods and Results:, Triplicate mini-silos of silage were prepared for three treatments (1: uncoated; 2: coated with biodegradable coating and 3: sealed with plastic), two types of storage (unprotected or protected from rain) and 10 sampling times (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 63 and 70 days postensiling). Triplicate mini-silos were opened at each sampling time for microbiological (total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, moulds and yeasts) and biochemical analyses [pH, dry matter (DM), water-soluble sugars (WSC), lactic (LA), acetic, propionic and butyric acids content]. The study showed that at day 70, counts of moulds and yeasts in silages protected against rain and coated with biodegradable coating were 5·98 log CFU g,1 when compared with 5·92 and 3·62 log CFU g,1 in samples from plastic-sealed silage and uncoated silage, respectively. The pH was low and stable pH (4·34) when compared with uncoated (7·17) and plastic sealed (8·34) silages (P 0·05). A DM, WSC and LA content of 421·7, 13·4 and 20·9 g kg,1 was, respectively, observed. For silage stored outdoors, a level of moulds and yeasts of 3·77 log CFU g,1 of silage was also observed in silages coated with biodegradable coating after 28 days of storage. A stable pH showing a mean value of 4 was also observed. The pH, DM, WSC and LA content were, respectively, 4·18, 341·1, 13·34 and 31·8 g kg,1 in these samples. After 70 days of storage, the level of moulds and yeasts on silage sealed with biodegradable coating was 7·73 log CFU g,1. A DM, WSC and LA content of 291·9, 5·56 and 10·0 g kg,1 was, respectively, observed. Conclusions:, When compared with uncoated silage, the application of biodegradable coating can preserve the quality of silage for up to a month when exposed to rain and up to 70 days when protected from rain. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Results emphasize the possibility of the use of a biodegradable coating as an alternative to plastic film for sealing horizontal bunker silos. [source] Characterization of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated from an artisanal Italian ewe's cheese (Pecorino Abruzzese)JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006C. Chaves-López Abstract Aims:, To evaluate some physiological characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Pecorino cheese. Methods and Results:, The production of organic acids, secondary volatile compounds, biogenic amines (BA) and the lipolytic and proteolytic activities of Citrobacter braakii, Enterobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Kluyvera spp., Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae and Serratia odorifera strains were determined in skim milk after 48 h of fermentation at 30°C. The proteolytic activity observed only in Ser. odorifera and Kluyvera spp. was confirmed by the peptide profiles of the pH 4·6-insoluble fraction using RP-HPLC; however, the lipase activity was evidenced in all the isolates of E. coli, Kluyvera spp. and Salm. enterica ssp. arizonae. During fermentation, all the strains utilized citric acid and produced significant quantities of putrescine followed by histamine, spermine and spermidine as well as acetic and lactic acid. Moreover, the major volatile compounds produced were ethanol, 2,3-butanedione, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-heptanone and acetone. Conclusions:, The Enterobacteriaceae of dairy origin possess many metabolic activities that could affect the sensory quality of the cheese in which they grow during ripening. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The important physiological characteristics possessed by Enterobacteriaceae confirm the complexity of the microbiota of Pecorino Abruzzese cheese, which influences the typical sensory properties of this product. [source] Storage of biodegradable polymers by an enriched microbial community in a sequencing batch reactor operated at high organic load rateJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 11 2005Davide Dionisi Abstract The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from organic acids by mixed bacterial cultures using a process based on aerobic enrichment of activated sludge, that selects for mixed microbial cultures able to store PHAs at high rates and yields, is described. Enrichment resulted from the selective pressure established by periodic feeding the carbon source in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR); a mixture of acetic, lactic and propionic acids was fed at high frequency (2 hourly), high dilution rate (1 d,1), and at high organic load rate (12.75 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) L,1 d,1). The performance of the SBR was assessed by microbial biomass and PHA production as well as the composition and polymer content of the biomass. A final batch stage was used to increase the polymer concentration of the excess sludge produced in the SBR and in which the behaviour of the biomass was investigated by determining PHA production rates and yields. The microbial biomass selected in the SBR produced PHAs at high rate [278 mg PHAs (as COD) g biomass (as COD),1 h,1, with a yield of 0.39 mg PHAs (as COD) mg removed substrates (as COD),1], reaching a polymer content higher than 50% (on a COD basis). The stored polymer was the copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate/3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB/HV)], with an HV fraction of 18% mol mol,1. The microbial community selected in the SBR was analysed by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). The operating conditions of the SBR were shown to select for a restricted microbial population which appeared quite different in terms of composition with respect to the initial microbial cenosis in the activated sludge used as inoculum. On the basis of the sequencing of the major bands in the DGGE profiles, four main genera were identified: a Methylobacteriaceae bacterium, Flavobacterium sp, Candidatus Meganema perideroedes, and Thauera sp. The effects of nitrogen depletion (ie absence of growth) and pH variation were also investigated in the batch stage and compared with the SBR operative mode. Absence of growth did not stimulate higher PHA production, so indicating that the periodic feed regime fully exploited the storage potential of the enriched culture. Polymer production rates remained high between pH 6.5 and 9.5, whereas the HV content in the stored polymer strongly increased as the pH value increased. This study shows that polymer composition in the final batch stage can readily be controlled independently from the feed composition in the SBR. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Volatile fatty acid production during anaerobic mesophilic digestion of solid potato wasteJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2004Wilson Parawira Abstract The production of volatile fatty acids by anaerobic digestion of solid potato waste was investigated using a batch solid waste reactor with a working capacity of 2 dm,3 at 37°C. Solid potato waste was packed into the digester and the organic content of the waste was released by microbial activity by circulating water over the bed, using batch loads of 500 g or 1000 g potato waste. The sequence of appearance of the volatile fatty acids was (acetic, propionic); (n -butyric); (n -valeric, iso-valeric, caproic); (iso-butyric). After 300 h digestion of potato waste on a small scale, the fermentation products were chiefly (mg g,1 total VFAs): acetic acid (420), butyric acid (310), propionic acid (140) and caproic acid (90), with insignificant amounts of iso-butyric acid, n -valeric and iso-valeric acids. When the load of potato solids was increased, the volatile fatty acid content was similar, but butyric acid constituted 110 mg g,1 and lactic acid 400 mg g,1 of the total volatile fatty acids. The maximum soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) achieved under the experimental conditions used was 27 and 37 g COD dm,3 at low and high loadings of potato solids, respectively. The total volatile fatty acids reached 19 g dm,3 of leachate at both loads of potato solid waste. Gas production was negligible, indicating that methanogenic activity was effectively inhibited. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Efficacy of Pressure-Assisted Thermal Processing, in Combination with Organic Acids, against,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Spores Suspended in Deionized Water and Carrot PureeJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Wannasawat Ratphitagsanti ABSTRACT:, Effect of organic acids (acetic, citric, and lactic; 100 mM, pH 5) on spore inactivation by pressure-assisted thermal processing (PATP; 700 MPa and 105 °C), high pressure processing (HPP; 700 MPa, 35 °C), and thermal processing (TP; 105 °C, 0.1 MPa) was investigated.,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,spores were inoculated into sterile organic acid solutions to obtain a final concentration of approximately 1.3 × 108 CFU/mL.,B. amyloliquefaciens,spores were inactivated to undetectable levels with or without organic acids after 3 min PATP holding time. At a shorter PATP treatment time (approximately 2 min), the inactivation was greater when spores were suspended in citric and acetic acids than in lactic acid or deionized water. Presence of organic acids during PATP resulted in 33% to 80% germination in the population of spores that survived the treatment. In contrast to PATP, neither HPP nor TP, for up to 5 min holding time with or without addition of organic acids, was sporicidal. In a separate set of experiments, carrot puree was tested, as a low-acid food matrix, to study spore recovery during extended storage following PATP. Results showed that organic acids were effective in inhibiting spore recovery in treated carrot puree during extended storage (up to 28 d) at 32 °C. In conclusion, addition of some organic acids provided significant lethality enhancement (P,< 0.05) during PATP treatments and suppressed spore recovery in the treated carrot puree. [source] Effect of Plasticizer Concentration and Solvent Types on Shelf-life of Eggs Coated with ChitosanJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006Su Hyun Kim ABSTRACT:, Effects of plasticizer concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% glycerol) and solvent types (1% acetic and 1% lactic acid) on internal quality of eggs coated with 2% chitosan solution were evaluated during 5 wk of storage at 25 °C. In comparison of plasticizer concentrations, eggs coated with chitosan dissolved in acetic acid containing 2% glycerol showed significant reduction in weight loss compared with the noncoated eggs during 5 wk of storage. At 2% glycerol, the Haugh unit and yolk index values suggested that chitosan-coated eggs can be preserved for at least 3 wk longer than the control noncoated eggs during 5 wk of storage at 25 °C. Use of acetic acid rather than lactic acid as a chitosan solvent was more advantageous in view of shelf-life extension of eggs. [source] Effect of Combined Ozone and Organic Acid Treatment for Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on LettuceJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006Hyun-Gyun Yuk ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the effects of ozonated water (1, 3, and 5 ppm) alone with different exposure times (0.5,1,3, or5min), and combinations of 3 ppm ozone with 1% organic acids (acetic, citric, or lactic acids) during 1-min exposure for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce and to observe the regrowth of these pathogenic bacteria on treated lettuce during storage for 10 d at 15°C. Results showed that 5 ppm ozone treatment for 5 min gave 1.09-log and 0.94-log reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes, respectively, indicating insignificant reductions compared with 3 ppm ozone treatment for 5 min. Treatment with 3 ppm ozone combined with 1 % citric acid for 1 min immersing resulted in 2.31 - and 1.84-log reductions (P < 0.05), respectively. During storage at 15°C for 10 d after combined treatment and packaging, populations of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes increased to approximately 9.0-log colony forming unit (CFU) /g, indicating that this treatment did not have a residual antimicrobial effect during storage. Although the storage study did not show control of these pathogens, the combined ozone-organic acid treatment was more effective in reducing population levels of these pathogens on lettuce than individual treatments. [source] Survival and Activity of Probiotic Lactobacilli in Skim Milk Containing PrebioticsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004A. R. DESAI ABSTRACT: Seven strains were cultured anaerobically at 37 °C for 48 h in 12% (w/v) reconstituted skim milk containing 5% (w/v) Hi-maize, lactulose, inulin, or raftilose. Their viability was determined before and after 4 wk of storage at 4 °C. Doubling time (Td) was also determined. Concentrations of acetic and lactic acids produced during fermentation and storage were determined. The Td ranged from 301 to 751 min. In general, the viability of lactobacilli after storage was greatest with inulin. The pH after storage in skim milk ranged from 4.34 (for ASCC 1520 with raftilose) to 4.10 (for ATCC 15820 with inulin). Survival of lactobacilli in prebiotic was strainspecific but in general their survival was enhanced. [source] Growth, Viability and Activity of Bifidobacterium spp. in Skim Milk Containing PrebioticsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 7 2002F.A. Bruno ABSTRACT: Growth, activity and mean doubling time (Td) of five Bifidobacterium species in the presence of four types of prebiotics, and concentrations of acetic and lactic acids were determinted during fermentation and after 4 weeks of refrigerated storage. The Td was lowest for B. animalis with raftilose and inulin. Retention of viability of bifidobacteria was greatest with hi-amylose corn starch (hi-maize). The average pH of skim milk at the end of 4 wks storage averaged 4.34 (for B. animalis with raftilose) to 4.07 (for B. longum with inulin). The highest levels of acetic acid and lactic acid were produced by B. pseudolongum with lactulose and B. infantis with lactulose, respectively. [source] The effect of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, on acetic acid-induced colonic inflammation in the ratJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Sevgin Ozlem Iseri Abstract Background and Aim:, Sildenafil, a selective and potent inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)5, has a relaxant effect on the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles supplying the human corpus cavernosum acting via nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of sildenafil citrate on the extent of tissue integrity, oxidant-antioxidant status and neutrophil infiltration to the inflamed organ in a rat model of acetic acid-induced colitis. Methods:, Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 1 mL of 5% acetic acid to Sprague-Dawley rats (200,250 g; n = 7,8/group). Control rats received an equal volume of saline intrarectally. In treatment groups, the rats were treated with either sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg/day; subcutaneously) or saline for 3 days. After decapitation, distal colon was weighed and scored macroscopically and microscopically. Tissue samples were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and oxidant production. Trunk blood was collected for the assessment of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and interleukin (IL)-1, levels. Results:, In the colitis group, the colonic tissue was characterized by lesions, increased lipid peroxidation with a concomitant reduction in GSH content, increased MPO activity and oxidant production. Serum TNF-, and IL-1, levels were higher in the colitis group compared to control values. Sildenafil reversed these inflammatory parameters nearly back to control values. Conclusions:, Sildenafil citrate administration to rats with acetic acid-induced colitis seems to be beneficial via prevention of lipid peroxidation, oxidant generation, cytokine production and neutrophil accumulation. [source] Anti-angiogenic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Lonicera japonica extractJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 6 2008Hye-Jung Yoo This study aimed to elucidate some novel pharmacological activities of Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae), which is widely used in Oriental folk medicine. The ethanolic extract of L. japonica (LJ) dose dependently inhibited chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis. The antinociceptive activity of LJ was assessed using the acetic acid-induced constriction model in mice. LJ showed anti-inflammatory activity in two in-vivo models: the vascular permeability and air pouch models. LJ suppressed the production of nitric oxide via down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. However, LJ was unable to suppress induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in the stimulated macrophage cells. LJ decreased the reactive oxygen species level in the stimulated macrophage cells. In brief, the flowers of L. japonica possess potent anti-angiogenic and antinociceptive activities, in addition to anti-inflammatory activity, which partly supports its therapeutic efficacy. [source] Antinociceptive properties of coumarins, steroid and dihydrostyryl-2-pyrones from Polygala sabulosa (Polygalaceae) in miceJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006Juliana V. Ardenghi We have investigated the possible antinociceptive action of the extract, fractions and pure compounds obtained from the whole plant Polygala sabulosa A. W. Bennett (Polygalaceae) in acetic acid-induced visceral pain in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of animals with the hydroalcoholic extract and fractions (CH2Cl2, EtOAc, n -BuOH, aqueous fraction) (1,100 mg kg,1) caused a dose-related and significant inhibition of the acetic acid-induced visceral nociceptive response. The CH2Cl2, EtOAc and n -BuOH fractions were more potent than the hydroalcoholic extract and aqueous fraction. The isolated compounds dihydrostyryl-2-pyrones (1, 2, 3), styryl-2-pyrone (7), ,-spinasterol (9), scopoletin (10) and two esters of the coumarin (scopoletin) obtained semisynthetically, acetylscopoletin (10a) and benzoylscopoletin (10b) (0.001,10 mg kg,1), exhibited significant and dose-related antinociceptive effects against acetic acid-induced visceral pain. The results distinguished, for the first time, the extract, fractions and pure compounds obtained from P. sabulosa that produced marked antinociception against the acetic acid-induced visceral nociceptive response, supporting the ethnomedical use of P. sabulosa. [source] Free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Acaena magellanicaJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 6 2002Gabriela Egly Feresin Extracts of the whole plant Acaena magellanica (Rosaceae) were assessed for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity in animal models. At 600 mg kg,1, the global ethanolic extract (GEE), dichloromethane (DCM) and defatted methanol (MeOH) fractions showed a mild anti-inflammatory effect in the carrageenan-induced guinea-pig paw oedema. The GEE, DCM and defatted MeOH fractions significantly reduced inflammation by 43.2, 40.5 and 42.1%, respectively. The GEE did not showed any significant antipyretic activity in doses up to 600 mg kg,1. A 20% w/v infusion administered orally at 16 mL kg,1 presented analgesic effect in the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test in mice. The GEE and MeOH extract of A. magellanica showed free radical scavenging activity in the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl decolouration assay. Assay-guided isolation led to quercetin, Q-3- O -,-D-glucoside, Q-3- O -,-D-galactoside, ellagic acid and catechin as the free radical scavengers. The saponins tormentic acid 28- O -,-D-galactopyranoside and 28- O -,-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the polar extract. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. [source] Effect of hyperprolactinaemia as induced by pituitary homografts under kidney capsule on gastric and duodenal ulcers in ratsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 11 2001Mohammed Asad The effect of hyperprolactinaemia, induced by two or four pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule, on gastric and duodenal ulcers has been studied. The acute gastric ulcer models used were pylorus ligation, indometacin-induced and ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Chronic gastric ulcers were induced using acetic acid and duodenal ulcers by mercaptamine hydrochloride. After pylorus ligation, there was an approximate 30,40% increase in gastric secretion, a significant increase in total acidity (P < 0.01) and in the ulcer index (P < 0.01) in rats bearing pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule when compared with the sham-operated control. Hyperprolactinaemia did not affect the formation of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers but showed a 40% reduction in the development of indometacin-induced gastric ulcers. It also produced a 20% increase in the ulcer index in acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers and a 30% increase in ulcer area in mercaptamine-induced duodenal ulcers. Our results showed that hyperprolactinaemia induced gastric acid secretion and thereby aggravated gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. Hyperprolactinaemia did not affect gastric cytoprotection. [source] Comparison of Analgesic Effects of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) Extract, D-Amphetamine and Ibuprofen in MiceJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2000JOHN CONNOR We have compared the analgesic properties of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) extract, amphetamine and ibuprofen in mice. After intragastric administration of the drugs analgesia was measured relative to water-injected controls using the hot-plate, the tail-flick, and abdominal-constriction tests. At the highest doses examined (amphetamine 1.8 mg kg,1, ibuprofen 90 mg kg,1, khat extract 1800 mg kg,1), all three substances produced analgesia, but the order of efficacy varied with the test. Khat and ibuprofen were significantly different from the control in the hot-plate assay at three or more time points post-injection. In the tail-flick test, khat and amphetamine were efficacious; ibuprofen means were somewhat lower but still significantly different from control. Higher doses of the drugs decreased the number of responses in the acetic acid-induced abdominal-constriction assay. We conclude that khat, like amphetamine and ibuprofen, can relieve pain. Differences in assay results may reflect differences in modes and sites of action, as well as in the type of pain generated by the chemical and thermal stimuli for nociception. [source] Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline doped with organic acidsJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 8 2004Milind V. Kulkarni Abstract Spectroscopic [UV,visible and Fourier transform IR (FTIR)] and thermal properties of chemically synthesized polyanilines are found to be affected by varying the protonation media (acetic, citric, oxalic, and tartaric acid). The optical spectra show the presence of a greater fraction of fully oxidized insulating pernigraniline phase in polyaniline doped with acetic acid. In contrast, the selectivity in the formation of the conducting phase is higher in oxalic acid as a protonic acid media. The FTIR spectra of these polymers reveal a higher ratio of the relative intensities of the quinoid to benzenoid ring modes in acetic acid doped polyaniline. Scanning electron micrographs revealed a sponge-like structure derived from the aggregation of the small granules in acetic acid and oxalic acid doped polyaniline. A three-step decomposition pattern is observed in all the polymers, regardless of the protonic acid used for the doping. The second step loss related to the loss of dopant is found to be higher in the oxalic acid doped polymer. In accordance with these results the conductivity is also found to be higher in oxalic acid doped material. The temperature dependent conductivity measurements show the thermal activated behavior in all the polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2043,2049, 2004 [source] Raman spectra of organic acids obtained using a portable instrument at ,5 °C in a mountain area at 2000 m above sea levelJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 4 2010J. Jehli Abstract Well-resolved Raman spectra of organic acids were obtained with 785 nm excitation using a portable Raman instrument (Ahura First Defender XL) under low temperature ,5 °C atmospheric conditions at an altitude of 2000 m (Axamer Lizum, Innental, Austria). The portable Raman spectrometer tested in this setting permits fast and unambiguous detection of solid forms of these organic acids (formic, acetic, valeric, hexanoic, heptanoic, isophthalic, ascorbic and mellitic) under field conditions. This demonstrates the possibility to use a miniaturized Raman spectrometer as a key instrument for investigating the presence of organic compounds and biomolecules under low temperature conditions. These results are important for future missions focusing not only on Mars, where Raman spectroscopy will be a key non-destructive analytical tool for the in situ identification of organic compounds relevant to life detection on planetary surfaces or near sub-surfaces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Extraction of favism-inducing agents from whole seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L var major)JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2005Jalal Jamalian Abstract The objective of the present study was to establish a suitable procedure by which favism-inducing glycosides vicine and convicine could be completely removed from whole seeds of faba beans without distorting their shape or reducing their nutritive value. Detoxification procedures carried out were extraction by water or, 10 g l,1 acid solutions (acetic, citric and phosphoric acid) using stepwise or continuous soaking procedures. Three cultivars of the beans were used in the study. In the stepwise soaking procedures, the seeds were soaked in either water or acid solution at 40 °C for different periods while in the continuous flow techniques, the solutions were constantly passed through a seed reservoir under different time,temperature,flow rate conditions. Extraction of vicine and convicine increased with increasing temperature and period of soaking and/or continuous flow of soaking solutions. Neither stepwise soaking nor autoclaving could effectively remove the favism factors from the whole seeds. The best results were obtained with continuous flow soaking in tap water, giving vicine- and convicine-free seeds. The protein contents of treated seeds were only slightly affected and their physical structure remained intact. Thus, it was concluded that the latter procedure was the method of choice for detoxification of dry whole seeds. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Sherry wine vinegar: physicochemical changes during the acetification processJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 7 2001L Morales Abstract The quality of a wine vinegar is determined by the raw wine substrate and the acetification process employed in its production. Attempts to characterise vinegars have been based on these two features, along with variables such as total extract, glycerol, organic acids, volatile compounds and phenolic composition. When the final products are analysed, it is difficult to evaluate to what extent quality differences are due to the raw material or to differences in production methods, so it is necessary to determine the influence of each feature separately. The present work focuses on monitoring physicochemical changes during the acetification of sherry wine by submerged culture. ANOVA showed significant differences for ethanol, acetic and lactic acids and some volatile compounds (methanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetoin, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate). However, no statistical changes were found for phenolic compounds during acetification. The phenolic composition of the final product was determined by the substrate employed. In addition, the influence of cycle duration on the chemical composition was studied; the only compound affected by this factor was 2-methyl-1-butanol. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||