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Cholic Acid (cholic + acid)
Selected AbstractsChemInform Abstract: Substrate Control by Means of the Chiral Cavity of Prolinamide Derivatives of Cholic Acid in the Organocatalyzed Michael Addition of Cyclohexanone to Nitroolefins.CHEMINFORM, Issue 12 2009Gian Luigi Puleo Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Organic Intercalation Material: Reversible Change in Interlayer Distances by Guest Release and Insertion in Sandwich-Type Inclusion Crystals of Cholic AcidCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005Kazunori Nakano Dr. Abstract Cholic acid (CA) forms inclusion crystals that have a sandwich-type lamellar structure constructed by the alternative stacking of host bilayers and guest layers. Five disubstituted benzenes, o -toluidine, m -fluoroaniline, o -chlorotoluene, o -bromotoluene, and indene, are accommodated in the two-dimensional void space between the host bilayers at 1:2 host,guest stoichiometries. Thermal gravimetric analysis of the inclusion crystals revealed that all the guest molecules, except o -toluidine, are released in two separate steps, indicating the formation of intermediate crystals after the first guest release. Adequate heat treatment of the four inclusion crystals induces release of half or three quarters of the guest molecules. X-ray diffraction patterns of the intermediate crystals revealed that the crystals have a bilayer structure the same as those of the common CA inclusion crystals. They have one-dimensional cavities, in which the guest molecules are included at a 1:1 or 2:1 host,guest stoichiometry. These facts indicate that the host bilayers move 1.6,4.5 Å perpendicular to the layer direction by desorption of the guest molecules. Furthermore, a reverse structural change is also achieved by absorption of the guest molecules to regenerate the starting sandwich-type inclusion crystals. This reversible change in the host bilayer by the guest sorption and desorption is a novel example of organic intercalation materials. [source] Simultaneous determination of nine endogenous steroids in human urine by polymeric-mixed micelle capillary electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 19 2010Sabrina Flor Abstract A new CE system based on the use of polymeric-mixed micelles (cholic acid, SDS and the poloxamine Tetronic® 1107) was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine steroids in human urine. This method allows the baseline separation and quantitation of cortisol, androstenedione, estriol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone, progesterone and estradiol in less than 25,min showing to be sensitive enough to detect low concentrations of these steroids in urine samples (5,45,ng/mL). The optimized electrophoretic conditions were performed using a 50,cm×75,,m capillary, 18,kV, 25°C, with 44,mM cholic acid, 10,mM SDS, 0.05%,w/v tetronic® 1107, 2.5%,v/v methanol, 2.5%,v/v tetrahydrofuran in 5,mM borate , 5,mM phosphate buffer (pH=8.0) as a background electrolyte and a dual 210/254 UV-detection. The method can simultaneously determine 0.1,120,,g/mL, which corresponds to 5,6000,ng/mL of steroids in 2,mL urine. The recoveries ranged between 82.4 and 101.5%. Due to its simplicity, speed, accuracy and reliability, the proposed method could be a potential alternative to the traditional methodologies used with clinical purposes. [source] Mechanism of Selective and Unselective Enclathration by a Host Compound Possessing Open, Flexible Host FrameworksEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 13 2003Kazunori Nakano Abstract Molecular recognition of o -, m -, and p -xylenes (oX, mX, and pX) through enclathration of cholic acid (CA) is described. All of the xylenes give lattice inclusion crystals with CA, and crystallographic studies reveal that they are included in different open host frameworks. In particular, oX has two polymorphs, depending on the recrystallization temperatures. Competitive recrystallization from mixtures of xylenes resulted in selective enclathrations and the formation of racemic mixed crystals. In the presence of an equimolar amount of oX, CA selectively includes mX or pX in the host frameworks, which are identical to those obtained from the pure mX or pX, respectively. The low affinity of oX is explained in terms of a lower stability of CA·oX than of the other two complexes, as judged from the low PCcavity, the volume ratio of the guest compound to the host cavity. Meanwhile, mixtures of mX and pX yield inclusion crystals that accommodate both of the guests. These have the same open host framework as obtained from pure mX, and the guest components are disordered statically in the host cavity. The ratios of the xylene mixtures in the single crystals are similar to those in the original recrystallization mixtures, and also in the bulk crystals, indicating that CA forms mixed crystals of mX and pX. This non-selectivity is attributed to the similar stabilities of CA·mX and CA·pX, according to the moderate PCcavity. The inclusion behavior of CA from mixtures of xylenes is quite similar to chiral recognition by diastereomer-salt methods. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] Endogenous ursodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid in liver disease due to cystic fibrosisHEPATOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Jeffery L. Smith Focal biliary cirrhosis causes significant morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Although the mechanisms of pathogenesis remain unclear, bile acids have been proposed as potential mediators of liver injury. This study examined bile acid composition in CF and assessed altered bile acid profiles to determine if they are associated with incidence and progression of liver injury in CF-associated liver disease (CFLD). Bile acid composition was determined by gas,liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in bile, urine, and serum samples from 30 children with CFLD, 15 children with CF but without liver disease (CFnoLD), and 43 controls. Liver biopsies from 29 CFLD subjects were assessed histologically by grading for fibrosis stage, inflammation, and disruption of the limiting plate. A significantly greater proportion of endogenous biliary ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was demonstrated in CFnoLD subjects vs. both CFLD subjects and controls (2.4- and 2.2-fold, respectively; ANOVA, P = .04), and a 3-4 fold elevation in endogenous serum UDCA concentration was observed in both CFLD subjects and CFnoLD subjects vs. controls (ANOVA, P < .05). In CFLD, there were significant correlations between serum cholic acid and hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, and limiting plate disruption as well as the ratio of serum cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid to hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, and limiting plate disruption. In conclusion, elevated endogenous UDCA in CFnoLD suggests a possible protective role against liver injury in these patients. The correlation between both cholic acid and cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid levels with histological liver injury and fibrosis progression suggests a potential monitoring role for these bile acids in CFLD. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;39:1673,1682.) [source] One-Pot Multienzymatic Synthesis of 12-Ketoursodeoxycholic Acid: Subtle Cofactor Specificities Rule the Reaction Equilibria of Five Biocatalysts Working in a RowADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2009Daniela Monti Abstract The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs)-catalyzed one-pot enzymatic synthesis of 12-ketoursodeoxycholic acid (3,,7,-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5,-cholanoic acid), a key intermediate for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid, from cholic acid has been investigated. This goal has been achieved by alternating oxidative and reductive steps in a one-pot system employing HSDHs with different cofactor specificity, namely NADH-dependent HSDHs in the oxidative step and an NADPH-dependent 7,-HSDH in the reductive one. Coupled in situ regeneration systems have been exploited not only to allow the use of catalytic amounts of the cofactors, but also to provide the necessary driving force to opposite reactions (i.e., oxidation and reduction) acting on different sites of the substrate molecule. Biocatalysts suitable for the set-up of this process have been selected and their kinetic behaviour in respect of the reactions of interest has been evaluated. Finally, the process has been studied employing the enzymes both in free and compartmentalized form. [source] Determination of multicomponent contents in Calculus bovis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography,evaporative light scattering detection and its application for quality controlJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 10 2010Weijun Kong Abstract A fast ultra-performance liquid chromatography,evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC-ELSD) method was established for simultaneous quantification of seven components in natural Calculus bovis (C. bovis) and its substitutes or spurious breeds. On a Waters Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column, seven analytes were efficiently separated using 0.2% aqueous formic acid,acetonitrile as the mobile phase in a gradient program. The evaporator tube temperature of ELSD was set at 100°C with the nebulizing gas flow-rate of 1.9,L/min. The results showed that this established UPLC-ELSD method was validated to be sensitive, precise and accurate with the LODs of seven analytes at 2,11,ng, and the overall intra-day and inter-day variations less than 3.0%. The recovery of the method was in the range of 97.8,101.6%, with RSD less than 3.0%. Further results of PCA on the contents of seven investigated analytes suggested that compounds of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid or cholesterol should be added as chemical markers to UPLC analysis of C. bovis samples for quality control and to discriminate natural C. bovis sample and its substitutes or some spurious breeds, then normalize the use of natural C. bovis and ensure its clinical efficacy. [source] Absence of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) in human bile is an indication of cholestasis: A 1H MRS studyNMR IN BIOMEDICINE, Issue 5 2009Omkar B. Ijare Abstract The utility of 1H MR spectroscopy in detecting chronic cholestasis has been investigated. The amide proton region of the 1H MR spectrum of human bile plays a major role in differentiating cholestatic (Ch) patterns from the normal ones. Bile obtained from normal bile ducts contains both taurine and glycine conjugates of bile acids , cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA). Absence of a glycine-conjugated bile acid glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) has been observed in bile samples obtained from primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients. A total of 32 patients with various hepatobiliary diseases were included in the study. Twenty-one patients had PSC and 11 had normal cholangiograms. One PSC patient was excluded from the study because of a bad spectrum. Seventeen out of the 20 PSC patients showed an absence of GCDCA in their 1H MR spectrum of bile. Six of the 11 reference patients with normal cholangiogram also showed spectra similar to those of PSC, indicating the possibility of cholestasis. DQF-COSY and TOCSY experiments performed on bile samples from PSC patients also revealed absence of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in some of the bile samples, suggesting possible damage to the cholangiocytes by the toxic bile. These observations suggest that analysis of human bile by 1H MRS could be of value in the diagnosis of chronic Ch liver disorders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Abnormally low ratio of cholic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid due to a deficiency of 3-oxo-,4 -steroid 5,-reductasePEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2000Akihiko Kimura No abstract is available for this article. [source] Artichoke leaf extract reduces oxidative stress and lipoprotein dyshomeostasis in rats fed on high cholesterol dietPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2010Z. Küskü-Kiraz Abstract Hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation play complementary role in atherosclerosis. Artichoke leaf extract (ALE) is rich in natural antioxidants and has a cholesterol-reducing effect. However, there is no study investigating the effect of ALE on lipid levels and lipid peroxidation in experimental hypercholesterolemic conditions. Rats were fed on 4% (w/w) cholesterol and 1% (w/w) cholic acid supplemented diet for 1 month. ALE (1.5,g/kg/day) was given by gavage during the last 2 weeks. Serum lipid composition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels and plasma antioxidant activity (AOA) were measured. In addition, endogenous DC and copper-induced MDA levels were determined in apo B-containing lipoproteins (LDL+VLDL fraction). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the ratio of cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol decreased due to ALE treatment in rats fed on HC diet. Significant decreases in serum MDA and DC levels and increases in plasma AOA were detected in serum in ALE-treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Endogenous DC and copper-induced MDA levels were also lower in LDL+VLDL fraction due to ALE-treatment in hypercholesterolemic rats. Our results indicate that ALE may be useful for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia-induced pro-oxidant state in LDL+VLDL fraction and the reduction of increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Antioxidant effect of squeezed juice from black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var niger) in alimentary hyperlipidaemia in ratsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2005Andrea Lugasi Abstract Black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) root has been used in folk medicine since antiquity as a natural drug for the stimulation of bile function. According to in vitro studies the squeezed juice from black radish root exhibited significant antioxidant properties. In the present study, the beneficial effect of the black radish juice on some free radical reactions in rats fed with a diet rich in lipids (20% sunflower oil, 2% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid in normal chow) was examined. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated diene concentrations were significantly higher, while the antioxidant enzyme activities and the free radical scavenging capacity were lower in hyperlipidaemic rats compared with normal controls. Supplementation of the lipid-rich diet with black radish juice resulted in a significant improvement of the parameters mentioned above. Although the exact mechanism of the biologically active compounds in black radish on the lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation is not clear yet, a beneficial effect of the drug was evident in alimentary hyperlipidaemia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Efficient Gene Expression System Using the RTP801 Promoter in the Corpus Cavernosum of High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Erectile Dysfunction Rats for Gene TherapyTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2008Minhyung Lee PhD ABSTRACT Introduction., The application of gene therapy for a nonlife-threatening disease, such as erectile dysfunction (ED), requires a higher safety level and more efficacious systems for gene transfer. Aim., To establish a novel technique for gene expression in a rat model of hypercholesterolemic ED that uses the RTP801 promoter, a hypoxia-inducible promoter. Methods., Two-month-old male Sprague,Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 4% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid, and age-matched control animals were fed a normal diet, for 3 months. Main Outcome Measures., Cavernous expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, was evaluated by Western blot. After intracavernous injection of pSV-Luc or pRTP801-Luc, gene expression was evaluated by luciferase assay, and the gene expression area was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results., HIF-1, was up-regulated in the corpus cavernosum of hypercholesterolemic rats. Although pSV-Luc did not induce gene expression in either the control or the cholesterol group, pRTP801-Luc significantly induced gene expression in the cholesterol group and resulted in higher luciferase activity than did pSV-Luc up to 14 days after injection. Immunohistochemistry showed that the gene expression area was also greater in the pRTP801-Luc group than in the pSV-Luc group, but the difference was not as great as that in luciferase activity. This suggests that pRTP801-Luc exerts its effect mainly by inducing promoter activity under hypoxia, not by increasing the number of transfected cells. Conclusion., The RTP801 promoter-driven gene expression system increased gene expression in the corpus cavernosum tissue of rats with cholesterol-induced ED. This may be a useful system for the development of gene therapy in vasculogenic ED. Lee M, Ryu J-K, Piao S, Choi MJ, Kim HA, Zhang L-W, Shin H-Y, Jung HI, Kim I-H, Kim SW, and Suh J-K. Efficient gene expression system using the RTP801 promoter in the corpus cavernosum of high-cholesterol diet-induced erectile dysfunction rats for gene therapy. J Sex Med 2008;5:1355,1364. [source] Study on bioactive compounds of in vitro cultured Calculus Suis and natural Calculus Bovis1ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Tien-Chun WAN ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to investigate bioactive compounds of in vitro cultured Calculus Suis and natural Calculus Bovis obtained as valuable by-products from animals used for meat production. The results showed that the components of natural Calculus Bovis were rich in bilirubin and biliverdin and had higher content of essential amino acids. The major amino acids of in vitro cultured Calculus Suis were identified as glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, and those for natural Calculus Bovis were found to be glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, and arginine. The methionine and cysteine contents of precursors for glutathione in natural Calculus Bovis were significantly higher than those of in vitro cultured Calculus Suis. The mineral contents of zinc, iron and manganese of natural Calculus Bovis were significantly higher than those of in vitro cultured Calculus Suis. The major bile acids in both products were cholic acid and dehydrocholic acid, respectively. The chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid content of in vitro cultured Calculus Suis was significantly higher than that of natural Calculus Bovis. [source] Overexpression of human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in mice offers no protection against diet-induced atherosclerosis,APMIS, Issue 5 2000ANJA MEHLUM Human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of cholesterol. We have used homozygous transgenic mice overexpressing the human LCAT transgene to study the effect of a "Western-type" atherogenic diet (30% fat, 5% cholesterol and 2% cholic acid) on their LCAT expression, activity, lipoprotein profile and tendency to develop atherosclerosis. The LCAT activity was 35-fold higher in serum of the homozygous transgenic mice than in murine control serum, and decreased 11,20% in the transgenic mice when fed the atherogenic diet. The total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were approximately doubled in the transgenic mice compared with the controls when both groups were fed a regular chow diet. In mice on the atherogenic diet, the triglyceride concentration decreased about 50% to the same level in transgenic and control mice. Total cholesterol and HDL-C concentrations increased and were 60,80% higher in the transgenic mice. The expression of LCAT mRNA in the liver was decreased by 49,60% in the transgenic mice when fed the atherogenic diet. The development of atherosclerosis was similar in transgenic and control mice. Thus, the 14- to 27-fold higher LCAT activity and the higher HDL-C concentrations in the homozygous LCAT transgenic mice had no significant protective influence on the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis. [source] Synthesis and Characterization of New Liver Targeting 5-Fluorouracil-Cholic Acid ConjugatesARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE, Issue 9 2009Shan Qian Abstract The objective of this work was to develop a liver-specific antihepato carcinoma agent. A series of 5-fluorouracil / cholic acid conjugates (5-FU-cholic acid conjugates) were prepared and tested for their chemical characteristics and bio-distribution properties. The in-vitro stability trial showed 5-FU-cholic acid conjugates could be completely hydrolyzed by heating at 70°C in an acidic solution, pH = 1, for 5 min. The fast and complete hydrolysis of these compounds could be compatible with a fast separation and analysis method to shorten the analysis time. The decomposition speeds of the 5-FU-cholic acid conjugates in different organs of mice at several time points after oral administration were evaluated by measuring the concentrations of regenerated 5-FU in organ tissue. The results were compared with those of the controls, which was a group of mice orally taking 5-FU. The concentrations of 5-FU in mice liver tissue were remarkably increased after oral administration of the prodrugs, and were much larger than if only orally administered 5-FU. The results suggested the feasibility to improve therapeutic efficiency of liver targeting treatments by using cholic acid as the vector of drugs. [source] The role of triterpenoid on reactive oxygen scavenging system: Approach from the new chemiluminescence system (XYZ system)BIOFACTORS, Issue 1-4 2000Kazuyoshi Okubo Abstract We propose that the reactive oxygen species/hydrogen donor/mediator system (XYZ system) is a new chemiluminescence system for the measurement of reactive oxygen scavenging activity. By using this method, we demonstrated the role of triterpenoid on a reactive oxygen scavenging system. DDMP (2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) conjugated saponin from soybean, produced a low level light emission in the presence of H_2O_2 (X) and gallic acid (Y). The soybean saponin acted as a mediator (Z) on the reactive oxygen scavenging system. When comparing the data of photon emission properties of saponin with that of cholic acids, it concludes that DDMP moiety of soybean saponin plays an important role rather than the aglycon moiety in the radical scavenging system. [source] | ||||||||||||||||