Cholesterol Education Program (cholesterol + education_program)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences92%

Kinds of Cholesterol Education Program

  • national cholesterol education program
    		•

    Selected Abstracts

    Depressive symptoms predispose females to metabolic syndrome: a 7-year follow-up study

    ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2009
    M. Vanhala
    Objective:, To evaluate the risk for developing metabolic syndrome when having depressive symptoms. Method:, The prevalence of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome at baseline, and after a 7-year follow-up as measured with Beck depression inventory (BDI), and using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program , Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were studied in a middle-aged population-based sample (n = 1294). Results:, The logistic regression analysis showed a 2.5-fold risk (95% CI: 1.2,5.2) for the females with depressive symptoms (BDI ,10) at baseline to have MetS at the end of the follow-up. The risk was highest in the subgroup with more melancholic symptoms evaluated with a summary score of the melancholic items in BDI (OR 6.81, 95% CI: 2.09,22.20). In men, there was no risk difference. Conclusion:, The higher risks for MetS in females with depressive symptoms at baseline suggest that depression may be an important predisposing factor for the development of MetS. [source]

    Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the island of Gran Canaria: comparison of three major diagnostic proposals

    DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 12 2005
    M. Boronat
    Abstract Aims The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Canarian population, and to compare its frequency as defined by the most commonly used working definitions. Methods Cross-sectional population-based study. One thousand and thirty adult subjects were randomly selected from the local census of Telde, a city located on the island of Gran Canaria. Participants completed a survey questionnaire and underwent physical examination, fasting blood analyses, and a 75-g standardized oral glucose tolerance test. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was estimated according to the definitions proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the latter with the original (6.1 mmol/l) and the revised criterion (5.6 mmol/l) for abnormal fasting glucose. Results The adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 28.0, 15.9, 23.0 and 28.2%, using the WHO, EGIR, NCEP and revised NCEP criteria, respectively. The measure of agreement (, statistic) was 0.57 between the WHO and the original NCEP definitions, and 0.61 between the WHO and the revised NCEP definitions. After excluding diabetic subjects, the agreement between the EGIR and WHO proposals was fairly good (, = 0.70), whereas concordance of the EGIR with the original and the revised NCEP definitions was moderate (, = 0.47 and 0.46, respectively). Conclusions Whichever the considered diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this area of the Canary Islands is greater than that observed in most other European populations. [source]

    Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among the Inuit in Greenland.

    DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 11 2004
    A comparison between two proposed definitions
    Abstract Aims To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greenland Inuit according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition and the definition suggested by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Methods From 1999 to 2001, 917 adult Inuit participated in a health survey in Greenland. The examination included a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure were measured. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, lipids and urine albumin/creatinine ratio were measured. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria 1999 and to the working definition suggested by the NCEP 2001. Results Using the WHO and the NCEP criteria, 20.7% and 17.9% of the participants had the metabolic syndrome, respectively. There was a moderate agreement between the two definitions, , = 0.56 (95% CI 0.51,0.61). Of those with the WHO metabolic syndrome, 37.9% did not have the NCEP syndrome, and 28.5% of those with the NCEP syndrome were not classified with the metabolic syndrome under the WHO criteria. Compared with the WHO syndrome, men with the NCEP syndrome had higher mean values of waist circumference, BMI and triglycerides, and lower mean values of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; among women, triglycerides were higher with the NCEP syndrome. Conclusion The metabolic syndrome is common among Inuit using either the WHO definition or the proposed NCEP definition. The classification disagreement is considerable and a universally accepted definition is needed. [source]

    Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients over time: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

    HIV MEDICINE, Issue 6 2006
    TR Glass
    Objective Metabolic changes caused by antiretroviral therapy (ART) may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We evaluated changes in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and 10-year risk of CHD in a large cohort of HIV-infected individuals. Methods All individuals from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) who completed at least one CVRF questionnaire and for whom laboratory data were available for the period February 2000 to February 2006 were included in the analysis. The presence of a risk factor was determined using cut-offs based on the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATP III), the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7), the American Diabetes Association, and the Swiss Society for Cardiology. Results Overall, 8033 individuals completed at least one CVRF questionnaire. The most common CVRFs in the first completed questionnaire were smoking (57.0%), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (37.2%), high triglycerides (35.7%), and high blood pressure (26.1%). In total, 2.7 and 13.8% of patients were categorized as being at high (>20%) and moderate (10,20%) 10-year risk for CHD, respectively. Over 6 years the percentage of smokers decreased from 61.4 to 47.6% and the percentage of individuals with total cholesterol >6.2 mmol/L decreased from 21.1 to 12.3%. The prevalence of CVRFs and CHD risk was higher in patients currently on ART than in either pretreated or ART-naive patients. Conclusion During the 6-year observation period, the prevalence of CVRFs remains high in the SHCS. Time trends indicate a decrease in the percentage of smokers and individuals with high cholesterol. [source]

    Prevalence of abdominal obesity in primary care: the IDEA UK study

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 9 2009
    J. Morrell
    Summary Background:, Abdominal obesity is known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, despite the importance of abdominal obesity as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease, there are currently no UK-specific data on its prevalence in patients attending primary care. Aim:, The aim of the International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal obesity (IDEA)-UK observational study was to determine the distribution of waist circumference , a marker of abdominal obesity , and its relationship with cardiovascular risk markers in a UK-based primary care population. Methods:, Patients underwent measurements of height, weight and waist circumference and provided data on reported cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Results:, A total of 1731 patients were assessed within the study, of which 719 were male and 1012 were female. Of these 1731 patients, 1718 had complete datasets for the presence of reported cardiovascular risk factors. Median waist circumference in the male and female populations respectively was 99.0 cm [interquartile range (IQR) 91.0,108.0 cm] and 89.0 cm (IQR 79.0,100 cm). In all, 38.8% of men and 51.2% of women were abdominally obese (waist circumference > 102 cm and > 88 cm respectively) according to the US National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Within both male and female populations, the incidence of reported CVD, lipid disorders, hypertension and diabetes increased with increasing quartiles for waist circumference. Conclusion:, Increased waist circumference is widespread in patients attending primary care in the UK and is associated with elevated levels of reported diabetes, hypertension, lipid disorders and CVD. [source]

    Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 4 2006
    TEVFIK DEMIR
    Aim:, We wished to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction (ED). Materials and methods:, A total of 268 patients were included in this study. All of the patients were asked to fill in an International Index for Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined when any three or more of the five risk factors were present according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)-III. The relationship between risk factor for metabolic syndrome and ED status was determined according to logistic regression analysis. Results:, Eighty-nine patients (33%) constituted the metabolic syndrome group. IIEF-EF domain scores of patients with and without metabolic syndrome were 17.7 ± 7.9 and 21.7 ± 7.5, respectively (P < 0.001). Seventy-four percent of patients with metabolic syndrome and 50% of patients without metabolic syndrome had ED (P < 0.001; odds ratio 2.9; 95% CI 1.7,5.0). Erectile function domain scores significantly decreased as the number of metabolic risk factors increased (P < 0.001). Patients with the risk factor of fasting blood glucose (FBG), waist circumference (WC), or hypertension (HT) had lower erectile function domain scores than the patients with other metabolic risk factors. Logistic regression analysis revealed that FBG and WC were the most important criteria for ED. Conclusions:, Metabolic syndrome seems to be a potential risk factor for ED. We recommend patients with metabolic syndrome should be questioned about ED, and WC measurement might take part in the evaluation of ED. [source]

    Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease in Older People: The Cardiovascular Health Study

    JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 9 2006
    Ann Marie McNeill PhD
    OBJECTIVES: To assess the prospective association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older people and to evaluate the effect of lowering the threshold for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) on the prevalence of IFG and MetS and the risk of CVD. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four field centers in U.S. communities. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand five hundred eighty-five subjects in the Cardiovascular Health Study free of diabetes mellitus and CVD at baseline (mean age 72, 62% female, 14% black). MEASUREMENTS: Baseline measures of MetS components and adjudicated incident CVD events. MetS (2001) was defined first using the original criteria from the Third Adult Treatment Panel Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (,3 of the following: large waist circumference (women >88 cm, men >102 cm), elevated triglycerides (,1.70 mmol/L), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (men <1.04 mmol/L, women <1.30 mmol/L), elevated fasting glucose (6.1,6.9 mmol/L), and high blood pressure (,130/85 mmHg or self-reported use of medications for hypertension). Subjects were also classified according to the revised definition of the MetS (2005) that applies the lower threshold for fasting glucose (5.6,6.9 mmol/L). RESULTS: During follow-up (median 11 years), 818 coronary heart disease (CHD), 401 stroke, and 554 congestive heart failure (CHF) events occurred. Age- and race-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD, stroke, and CHF were 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07,1.57), 0.94 (95% CI=0.73,1.21), and 1.40 (95% CI=1.12,1.76) for women and 1.35 (95% CI=1.10,1.66), 1.51 (95% CI=1.08,2.12), and 1.47 (95% CI=1.14,1.90) for men, respectively. Overall, women and men with MetS (2005) were 20% to 30% more likely to experience any CVD event than subjects without MetS (2005). Using the lower cut-point for IFG resulted in a near tripling in IFG prevalence (16% to 46%) and an additional 9% classified with MetS (2005) but HRs similar to those estimated from the original MetS (2001) criteria. High blood pressure was the component most strongly associated with incident CHD. CONCLUSION: Results from this study of an elderly, population-based cohort provide support for earlier investigations in primarily middle-aged populations that link the presence of MetS with the development of CVD and further underscore the importance of recognizing and treating its individual components, particularly high blood pressure. [source]

    A nutrition and health perspective on almonds

    JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2006
    Chung-Yen Chen
    Almonds provide a nutrient-dense source of vitamin E, manganese, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, fibre, riboflavin, monounsaturated fatty acids and protein. Although almost 50% of almond weight is fat, incremental intakes of 7 g day,1 of this tree nut reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration by 1%, especially within the context of diets recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Habitual almond consumption does not lead to weight gain, and their inclusion in low-calorie diets appears to promote more weight loss than a comparable carbohydrate-based low-calorie diet. Also, almonds have a low glycemic index and do not adversely impact insulin sensitivity. Almonds are an excellent source of bioavailable ,-tocopherol, and increasing their intake enhances the resistance of LDL against oxidation. In addition, the polyphenolic constituents of almonds have been characterised recently and found to possess antioxidant actions. While benefits of almonds for cardiovascular health and obesity-related diseases appear promising, the potential allergenic reaction among susceptible individuals can present a risk. Further research is required to achieve a better understanding of the role that the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of almond constituents and the synergy between them play in their associated health outcomes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

    Metabolic syndrome in youth: a cross-sectional school-based survey

    ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 12 2007
    Dirk Vissers
    Abstract Aim: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among students attending vocational secondary school (VSE). VSE provides practice-oriented education in which young people learn a specific occupation. Previously we reported VSE to be the type of education with the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity. Methods: All data were collected in a cross-sectional school-based survey. Subjects were recruited from a community sample of 869 adolescents in 14 secondary schools. In this total sample all components of the metabolic syndrome were assessed in a subgroup of 506 students. MetS was defined analogous to National Cholesterol Education Program: Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, with modifications for students under 19 years of age. Results: In the subsample (n = 506) 4.1% of the students had metabolic syndrome. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among BMI categories (p < 0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in obese students (39.1%) than in overweight students (2.8%) and normal weight students (0.3%). Conclusion: Being overweight or obese substantially increases the risk for metabolic syndrome, even in an adolescent school population. [source]

    How do we achieve optimal cardiovascular risk reduction?

    CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue S3 2001
    Antonio M. Gotto Jr. M.D., D.PHIL
    Abstract Summary: Optimizing coronary heart disease (CHD) risk reduction requires the application of clinical evidence to patient care, as well as the refinement of risk assessment. Clinical evidence indicates that most patients are not treated to optimal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goals. Despite the efficacy of statin therapy in reducing the incidence of CHD, many treated patients still experience CHD events. Targeting other lipid factors such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides may augment the risk reduction achieved by lowering LDL cholesterol. Refined global risk assessment can lead to more accurate determinations of absolute risk and to the identification both of high-risk patients needing aggressive intervention and intermediate-risk patients who appear to be at low risk. Previous global risk assessment measures failed to identify a substantial proportion of primary prevention patients who would benefit from therapy. However, revised guidelines issued by the National Cholesterol Education Program introduce new criteria for more precise risk assessment and advocate use of the Framingham scoring system to calculate absolute risk. Although intensified treatment is recommended for high-risk patients, cost considerations may limit drug therapy for some lower-risk individuals. [source]

    Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Cerivastatin 0.8 mg in Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia

    CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue S4 2001
    Jonathan Isaacsohn M.D.
    Abstract Background: Statins are the agents of choice in reducing elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Hypothesis: Cerivastatin 0.8 mg has greater long-term efficacy in reducing LDL-C than pravastatin 40 mg in primary hypercholesterolemia. Methods: In this double-blind, parallel-group, 52-week study, patients (n = 1,170) were randomized (4:1:1) to cerivastatin 0.8 mg, cerivastatin 0.4 mg, or placebo daily. After 8 weeks, placebo was switched to pravastatin 40 mg. Patients with insufficient LDL-C lowering after 24 weeks were allowed open-labeled resin therapy. Results: Cerivastatin 0.8 mg reduced LDL-C versus cerivastatin 0.4 mg (40.8 vs. 33.6%, p<0.0001) or pravastatin 40 mg (31.5%, p<0.0001), and brought 81.8% of all patients, and 54.1% of patients with atherosclerotic disease, to National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) goals. Cerivastatin 0.8 mg improved mean total C (-29.0%), triglycerides (-18.3%), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (+9.7%) (all , 0.013 vs. pravastatin 40 mg). Higher baseline triglycerides were associated with greater reductions in triglycerides and elevations in HDL-C with cerivastatin. Cerivastatin was well tolerated; the most commonly reported adverse events were arthralgia, headache, pharyngitis, and rhinitis. Symptomatic creatine kinase > 10 × the upper limit of normal (ULN) occurred in 1,1.5, and 0% of patients receiving cerivastatin 0.8 mg, cerivastatin 0.4 mg, and pravastatin 40 mg, respectively. Repeat hepatic transaminases >3 × ULN occurred in 0.3,0.5,0.5, and 0% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: In long-term use, cerivastatin 0.8 mg effectively and safely brings the majority of patients to NCEP goal. [source]

    Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in obese French children

    CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 6 2006
    Céline Druet
    Summary Objective, To estimate the frequency of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) in overweight or obese French children and to determine the risk factors. Design, patients and methods, A total of 308 overweight and obese children [166 girls, 142 boys, aged 7,17 years; median body mass index (BMI) 4·7 standard deviation (SD) (Q1,Q3: 3·9,5·8) adjusted for age and sex] were included. The frequency of the MS was assessed with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria and the frequency of the IRS with World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Results, The overall frequency of MS and IRS was 15·9% and 42·5%, respectively. The most common component, after abdominal obesity (95·8%) and IR (71·8%), was elevated systolic blood pressure (28·6%). The frequency of glucose tolerance disorders was low (3·6%). The frequency of MS was independently influenced by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) (P = 0·06) and waist-to-hip ratio (P = 0·09), whereas the frequency of IRS was influenced by adiposity (degree of obesity: P = 0·02; waist-to-hip ratio: P = 0·05), puberty (P = 0·05) and mother's BMI (P = 0·01). Ethnicity had no effect on either MS or IRS. Conclusions, Metabolic complications and IR are frequent in overweight and obese children whereas the frequency of glucose tolerance disorders is very low. IRS is more prevalent than MS, indicating a major role of IR, which could precede the other metabolic complications in obese children. IRS is a relevant marker for the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular complications in obese European children. [source]

    Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in secondary school adolescents in Beijing, China

    ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 3 2008
    XU Yi-Qun
    Abstract Aim: To estimate the prevalence and distribution of the metabolic syndrome and to determine the risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in secondary school adolescents. Methods: In 2006, we conducted a school-based survey in Beijing, China. Questionnaire data, anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements were available for 2020 adolescents aged 14,16 years. The metabolic syndrome was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) criteria modified for age. Results: The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among adolescents was 3.3%. In Beijing, 4.2% of boys and 2.5% of girls were affected (p < 0.05). The syndrome was present in 28.1% of obese adolescents compared with 6.0% of overweight and 0.2% of normal status (p < 0.001). Abdominal obesity and elevated blood pressure were the most common components of the metabolic syndrome in boys, and elevated triglyceride (TG) and abdominal obesity were the most common in girls. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was influenced by body mass index (BMI) status, father's educational degree and pubertal development. Conclusion: The metabolic syndrome and its components are frequent in overweight and obese adolescents in Beijing. Early identification and treatment of these risk factors may help target intervention to improve future cardiovascular health. [source]