Certain Temperature (certain + temperature)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Polymers and Materials Science50%

Selected Abstracts

The Influence of the Parameter "Temperature" on the Abrasiveness of Rock

GEOMECHANICS AND TUNNELLING, Issue 1 2008
Stefan Eberl cand.rer.mont.
The article deals with the influence of temperature produced in the cutting process on rock abrasiveness and tool wear. Basically it was to clarify which effects take place when quartz or rock with significant quartz content is heated up to a certain temperature. Does the quartz jump from low into high quartz happening at 573 °C cause an increase in abrasiveness of mineral and rock or not? To find out, a certain number of Cerchar abrasiveness index tests were done for a detailed investigation of this topic. Additionally, to get a better understanding what really happens inside rock structure additionally other rock parameters like unconfined compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, ultrasonic wave velocity and density were determined on untreated and heated and subsequently cooled down rock samples. The final output of the research work showed that rocks show a very specific and significant reaction to thermal stresses induced into their structure resulting in a different behaviour regarding abrasiveness and fracturing. Einfluss des Parameters "Temperatur" auf die Abrasivität von Fels Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss der während des Schneidprozesses entstehenden Temperatur auf die Abrasivität von Gestein und auf den Verschleiß des Schneidwerkzeugs. Es sollte geklärt werden, welche Effekte auftreten, wenn Quarz und Gestein mit erheblichem Quarzgehalt bis zu einer bestimmten Temperatur erhitzt werden. Erzeugt der Quarzsprung, der bei 573 °C stattfindet, von Tiefquarz zu Hochquarz einen Anstieg in der Abrasivität von Mineralen und Gesteinen oder nicht? Um dies herauszufinden, sind eine bestimmte Anzahl von Cerchar Abrasivitätstests durchgeführt worden. Um ein besseres Verständnis zu erhalten, was wirklich in der Struktur des Gesteins passiert, sind weitere Parameter wie einachsiale Druckfestigkeit, Spaltzugfestigkeit, Ultraschallwellengeschwindigkeit und Dichte an unbehandelten und aufgeheizten und wieder abgekühlten Gesteinsproben bestimmt worden. Die Forschungsarbeit hat gezeigt, dass Gesteine eine sehr spezifische und signifikante Reaktion auf thermische Beanspruchungen ihres Gefüges zeigen, was letztlich in einem verschiedenartigen Verhalten hinsichtlich Abrasivität und Bruchverhalten zum Ausdruck kommt. [source]

Martensitic Phase Transformation of Isolated HfO2, ZrO2, and HfxZr1,,,xO2 (0,<,x,<,1) Nanocrystals,

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 10 2005
J. Tang
Abstract We previously reported that, during the reactions to make nanocrystals of HfO2 and Hf-rich HfxZr1,,,xO2, a tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation occurs that is accompanied by a shape change of the particles (faceted spherical to nanorods) when the temperature at which the reaction is conducted is changed from 340,to 400,°C. We now conclude that this concomitant phase and shape change is a result of the martensitic transformation of isolated nanocrystals in a hot liquid, where twinning plays a crucial role in accommodating the shape-change-induced strain. That such change was not observed during the reactions forming ZrO2 and Zr-rich HfxZr1,,,xO2 nanocrystals is attributed to the higher driving force needed in those instances compared to that needed for producing HfO2 and Hf-rich HfxZr1,,,xO2 nanocrystals. We also report here the post-synthesis, heat-induced phase transformation of HfxZr1,,,xO2 (0,<,x,<,1) nanocrystals. As temperature increases, all the tetragonal nanocrystals transform to the monoclinic phase accompanied by an increase in particle size (as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy), which confirms that there is a critical size for the phase transformation to occur. When the monoclinic nanorods are heated above a certain temperature the grains grow considerably; under certain conditions a small amount of tetragonal phase appears. [source]

Transmission electron microscopy and theoretical analysis of AuCu nanoparticles: Atomic distribution and dynamic behavior

MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 7 2006
J.A. Ascencio
Abstract Though the application of bimetallic nanoparticles is becoming increasingly important, the local atomistic structure of such alloyed particles, which is critical for tailoring their properties, is not yet very clearly understood. In this work, we present detailed study on the atomistic structure of Au,Cu nanoparticles so as to determine their most stable configurations and the conditions for obtaining clusters of different structural variants. The dynamic behavior of these nanoparticles upon local heating is investigated. AuCu nanoparticles are characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy filtering elemental composition mapping (EFECM), which allowed us to study the internal structure and the elemental distribution in the particles. Quantum mechanical approaches and classic molecular dynamics methods are applied to model the structure and to determine the lowest energy configurations, the corresponding electronic structures, and understand structural transition of clusters upon heating, supported by experimental evidences. Our theoretical results demonstrate only the core/shell bimetallic structure have negative heat of formation, both for decahedra and octahedral, and energetically favoring core/shell structure is with Au covering the core of Cu, whose reverse core/shell structure is not stable and may transform back at a certain temperature. Experimental evidences corroborate these structures and their structural changes upon heating, demonstrating the possibility to manipulate the structure of such bimetallic nanoparticles using extra stimulating energy, which is in accordance with the calculated coherence energy proportions between the different configurations. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Model of a superconducting singular Fermi liquid with a first-order phase transition

PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 2 2004
Ryszard Gonczarek
Abstract Model of s -wave and d -wave superconductivity in a singular Fermi liquid with a divergent scattering amplitude for particles with the same quasi-momenta and opposite spins is formulated and presented with regard to a narrow, nearly half-filled conduction band. The ground state and other eigenstates for the superconducting phase are found. Thermodynamic functions are obtained by the use of the Bogolubov method. The gap equation along with the equation for the chemical potential is derived in a general form and solved in a self-consistent manner for s -wave pairing. Above a certain temperature there are two solutions of the gap equation, however only for the greater one the superconducting phase remains stable. It is shown that the system undergoes a first-order phase transition between the superconducting and the normal phase. The critical temperature and the heat of the transition are found. The temperature dependence of the entropy and the specific heat of the system is also presented. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source]

Thermal behaviors of polystyrene plasticized with compressed carbon dioxide in a sealed system

POLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 9 2009
Long Yu
The thermal behavior of polystyrene (PS) plasticized with compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) was studied using differential scanning calorimetry with a high-pressure stainless steel pan in a sealed system. The technique proved to be a simple and convenient way to study the thermal behavior of a polymer plasticized with compressed CO2 at pressures up to 100 atm, which covers both the gas and supercritical states. A sharp fall in the decrease rate of the glass transition temperature (Tg) under conditions near the critical point of compressed CO2 was firstly observed, which corresponded with the solubility of CO2 in PS. Since the system is scaled, which results in a stable pressure at a certain temperature, it is more suitable to study the effect of annealing. An endotherm was detected after the PS was annealed at a temperature below its Tg under compressed CO2. The enthalpy of this endotherm increased linearly with increasing logarithm of annealing time under a certain pressure. The endotherm was affected by two thermodynamic equilibrations at a temperature below its Tg: (i) enthalpy relaxation of the PS; and (ii) the absorption/desorption of CO2. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers [source]

An Electro- and Thermochromic Hydrogel as a Full-Color Indicator,

ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 19 2007
K. Ueno
Electric-field-triggered "two-state switching" between two arbitrary structural colors (see figure) in the entire visible region at certain temperatures is shown by a stimuli-responsive chromic hydrogel. The external rapid tuning in the structural color of this hydrogel is successfully achieved by introducing a periodically ordered interconnecting porous structure. [source]