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Certain Parts (certain + part)
Selected AbstractsA new type of migrating zone boundary in electrophoresis: 1.ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 2 2005General description of boundary behavior based on electromigration dispersion velocity profiles Abstract Till now two principal types of electrophoretic boundaries have been recognized: a steady-state one showing self-sharpening properties and an unsteady-state one showing electromigration dispersion (EMD). In this contribution, the existence of a third (hybrid) type of electrophoretic boundary is revealed, that shows simultaneously: (i) steady-state character with self-sharpening properties in a certain part of the boundary, demarcated by a certain range of its composition; (ii) unsteady-state character with EMD in the resting part. A new theoretical approach to the study of the structure and properties of electrophoretic boundaries is presented, based on EMD velocity profiles representing the dependence of the EMD velocity on the composition in any point of the transition region across the boundary. According to this approach, the linearity or nonlinearity of the EMD velocity profile is recommended as the criterion for distinguishing the actual type of the boundary in question. It is shown that the new type of electrophoretic boundary is not an exotic case but may be observed even in simple systems as, e.g., formed by adjacent zones containing mixtures of current species such as picrate and acetate. Computer simulations are presented which confirm the theoretical conclusions and illustrate the three types of electrophoretic boundaries. [source] Energy decay for the wave equation with boundary and localized dissipations in exterior domainsMATHEMATISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 7-8 2005Jeong Ja Bae Abstract We study a decay property of solutions for the wave equation with a localized dissipation and a boundary dissipation in an exterior domain , with the boundary ,, = ,0 , ,1, ,0 , ,1 = ,. We impose the homogeneous Dirichlet condition on ,0 and a dissipative Neumann condition on ,1. Further, we assume that a localized dissipation a(x)ut is effective near infinity and in a neighborhood of a certain part of the boundary ,0. Under these assumptions we derive an energy decay like E(t) , C(1 + t),1 and some related estimates. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] How Many Traditional Chinese Medicine Components Have Been Recognized by Modern Western Medicine?CHEMMEDCHEM, Issue 2 2008A Chemoinformatic Analysis, Implications for Finding Multicomponent Drugs Merging east and west. Through a global structural comparison between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) components and modern Western drugs, it is revealed that a certain part of TCM components have been recognized by modern Western medicine, which suggests that TCM, at least in part, has a scientific basis. [source] Automatic Light Source Placement for Maximum Visual Information RecoveryCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 2 2007P.-P. Vázquez Abstract The automatic selection of good viewing parameters is a very complex problem. In most cases, the notion of good strongly depends on the concrete application. Moreover, when an intuitive definition of good view is available, it is often difficult to establish a measure that brings it to the practice. Commonly, two kinds of viewing parameters must be set: camera parameters (position and orientation) and lighting parameters (number of light sources, its position and eventually the orientation of the spot). The first parameters will determine how much of the geometry can be captured and the latter will influence on how much of it is revealed (i.e., illuminated) to the user. Unfortunately, ensuring that certain parts of a scene are lit does not make sure that the details will be communicated to the user, as the amount of illumination might be too small or too high. In this paper we define a metric to calculate the amount of information relative to an object that is effectively communicated to the user given a fixed camera position. This measure is based on an information-based concept, the Shannon entropy, and will be applied to the problem of automatic selection of light positions in order to adequately illuminate an object. In order to validate the results, we have carried out an experiment on users, this experiment helped us to explore other related measures. [source] The epidemiology of diabetic limb sepsis: an African perspectiveDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 11 2002Z. G. Abbas Abstract We review the epidemiology of foot and hand sepsis in adult diabetes patients in Africa. Limb sepsis in these patients is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of diabetic foot infections in these patient populations appears to be similar to that for patients in industrialized countries ,ulcers and underlying peripheral neuropathy being the most important risk factors. Prevention of peripheral neuropathy through aggressive glycaemic control may be the most important primary control measure for foot infections. The tropical diabetic hand syndrome (TDHS) is being increasingly seen in diabetes patients in certain parts of Africa. The syndrome is acute, usually follows minor trauma to the hand, and is associated with a progressive synergistic form of gangrene. The major risk factors for TDHS are unknown but recent data suggest poor glycaemic control is associated with poor outcome. Treatment of TDHS requires aggressive surgery. Hence, preventive efforts for both foot and hand sepsis include aggressive glucose control, and education on hand and foot care and the importance of seeking medical attention promptly at the earliest onset of symptoms. Diabet. Med. 19, 895,899 (2002) [source] GLOBALISATION AND THE FUTURE OF INDIGENOUS FOOTBALL CODESECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2004LIONEL FROST Much of the debate about the future of indigenous football codes such as Australian Rules and Gaelic football has centred on the possibility that in the future their popularity will be eroded by the increasing power of soccer. Several commentators have envisaged a future in which sports that operate in a global marketplace will ,crowd out' sports that have been traditionally popular in certain parts of the world. This article will examine these predictions critically, and will suggest several reasons why in the future, the range of sports that is played, watched, and followed with passion, is likely to continue to vary from nation to nation, and even from region to region. The article will argue that the success of any particular football code is most likely to be affected by the effectiveness of its own organisation and management, rather than whether or not there are ,global' competitors to it. [source] Saturday opening of alcohol retail shops in Sweden: an experiment in two phasesADDICTION, Issue 6 2005Thor Norström ABSTRACT Aim In February 2000, a trial started with Saturday opening of alcohol retail shops in certain parts of Sweden (phase I), and in July 2001, Saturday opening was extended to the whole country (phase II). The aim of this study is to assess the impact of phase II, and to probe previous results regarding phase I. Design Prior to February 2000, all alcohol monopoly outlets were closed on Saturdays. After this date, stores in an experimental area (six counties) were open on Saturdays. In the control area (seven counties) the shops remained closed. To prevent biases due to trade leakage, the experimental and control areas were separated by a buffer area (seven counties). Because continuous evaluations of the trial did not reveal any negative consequences, the Saturday opening was implemented in the whole of Sweden after 17 months. Data and methods The outcome measures included alcohol sales and indicators of assaults and drunk driving. The pre-intervention period covered the time period January 1995-January 2000, phase I of the post-intervention period February 2000,June 2001 (17 months), and phase II July 2001,July 2002 (13 months). The effects of the two phases were estimated through analyses of monthly data (auto-regressive integrated moving-average (ARIMA) modelling) depicting how sales and harm rates evolved in the experimental area compared to the control area during phase I as well as during phase II. Results The analysis uncovered a statistically significant increase in alcohol sales of 3.7% during phase I, and about the same increase during phase II (3.6%). There were no significant changes in any of the assault indicators, neither during phase I nor during phase II. There was a statistically significant increase in drunk driving (12%) during phase I, but no change during phase II. The analyses suggested that the increase during phase I was mainly due to a change in the surveillance strategy of the police. Conclusions The results lend support to the public health perspective in that the increased accessibility to alcohol rendered by Saturday opening also seems to have increased consumption. On the other hand, we could not detect any increase in alcohol-related harm. The question of whether this may be due to insufficient statistical power is discussed, together with some other methodological complications that were highlighted by the study. [source] 5.3 Global challenges in research and strategic planningEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 2002Bruce J. Baum Health sciences research is experiencing dramatic progress. How can dental schools throughout the world best make these research advances relevant for dental students, as well as providing them with the means to assess and utilize the research advances that will occur in the future? This complex question presents a critical challenge to the dental educational community. Research is clearly integral to the mission of dental education. By providing dental students with active learning strategies, dental educators can inculcate the ability for independent scientific thinking and thereby develop reflective as well as technically competent practitioners. However, there is a shortage of well-trained individuals to fill faculty and research positions in certain parts of the world. Global networks for mutual information exchange are imperative to overcome resource limitations in individual institutions, as is dedicated funding for research in the dental educational setting. [source] Seasonality only works in certain parts of the year: the reconstruction of fishing seasons through otolith analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 6 2004W. van Neer Abstract Seasonality estimations using incremental data usually suffer from small sample sizes and from the lack of comparison with sufficiently large modern samples. The present contribution reports on incremental studies carried out on large assemblages of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from a late medieval fishing village (Raversijde, Belgium) on the North Sea coast. In an attempt to refine previous seasonality estimates made for this site, and to expand conclusions concerning general methodology, extensive monthly samples of modern otoliths of these species, caught within the North Sea, have also been investigated. The modern material shows that the timing of the seasonal changes in the edge type (hyaline or opaque) of the otoliths is extremely variable and that it is dependent on the fishing ground, the year considered, and the age of the fish. It also appears that the increase of the marginal increment thickness is highly variable, to such an extent that the thickness of the last increment of a single otolith is mostly useless for seasonality estimation. Where large archaeological otolith assemblages can be studied, preferably from single depositional events, seasonality determination becomes possible on the condition, however, that the archaeological assemblage corresponds to fish that were captured during their period of fast growth. The growth ring study on the otoliths from Raversijde shows that plaice fishing took place in spring and that it was preceded by a haddock fishing season, probably in late winter/early spring. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Richness and diversity of helminth communities in tropical freshwater fishes: empirical evidenceJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2000Anindo Choudhury Abstract Aim Published information on the richness and diversity of helminth parasite communities in tropical freshwater fishes is reviewed in response to expectations of species-rich parasite communities in tropical regions. Location Areas covered include the tropics and some subtropical areas. In addition, the north temperate area of the nearctic zone is included for comparison. Methods Data from 159 communities in 118 species of tropical freshwater fish, summarized from 46 published studies, were used for this review. Parasite community descriptors used in the analyses included component community richness and calculated mean species richness. Data from 130 communities in 47 species of nearctic north temperate freshwater fish were summarized from 31 studies and used for comparison. Results The component helminth communities of many tropical freshwater fish are species-poor, and considerable proportions of fish from certain parts of the tropics, e.g. West African drainages, are uninfected or lightly infected. Mean helminth species richness was low and equaled or exceeded 2.0 in only 22 of 114 communities. No single group of helminths was identified as a dominant component of the fauna and species composition was variable among and within broader geographical areas. The richest enteric helminth assemblages were found in mochokid and clariid catfish with a mixed carnivorous diet, whereas algal feeders, herbivores and detritivores generally had species-poor gut helminth communities. Comparisons indicated that certain areas in the north temperate region had higher helminth species richness in fishes than areas in the tropics. Main conclusions Expectations of high species richness in helminth communities of tropical freshwater fishes are not fulfilled by the data. Direct comparisons of infracommunities and component communities in host species across widely separated phylogenetic and geographical lines are inappropriate. Examination of latitudinal differences in richness of monophyletic parasite groups or of compound communities may uncover patterns different from those found in this study. Richness of helminth communities may be ultimately determined not by the number of host species present but by the degree of divergence of host lineages and by their diversification modes. A phylogenetic framework for hosts and parasites will reveal if increased host species richness within host clades, when host speciation is accompanied by habitat or diet specialization, or both, leads to lower helminth diversity in host species by fragmentation of a core helminth fauna characteristic or specific of the larger host clade. This pattern may be analysed in the context of cospeciation and acquisition from other unrelated hosts (host-sharing or host-switching). [source] The behaviour of the periodontal ligament is influencing the use of new treatment toolsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 9 2006CH. SANDER summary, Orthodontic treatment can cause resorptions on teeth. Factors causing resorptions are forces and moments. Other factors that cause resorptions are less influenced by an orthodontic treatment. By carrying out experiments and finite element calculations, it was possible to demonstrate that forces and moments will produce stress in certain parts of the periodontal ligament and the root. This stress reaches or exceeds the blood pressure in some areas. To avoid high pressure in those areas, new treatment devices were constructed consisting of NiTi wires or a combination of NiTi and stainless steel. In the levelling phase, the acting forces remained below 0·5 N using NiTi wire with a diameter of 0·012, (using elastic ligatures). With a NiTi stainless steel spring molars can be uprighted. The orthodontist can easily choose between an intrusive force, a very low intrusive force and an extrusive force. Because of the use of NiTi elements, there was acting an almost constant moment. [source] Retinal and Optic Nerve DiseasesARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 11 2003Eyal Margalit Abstract:, A variety of disease processes can affect the retina and/or the optic nerve, including vascular or ischemic disease, inflammatory or infectious disease, and degenerative disease. These disease processes may selectively damage certain parts of the retina or optic nerve, and the specific areas that are damaged may have implications for the design of potential therapeutic visual prosthetic devices. Outer retinal diseases include age-related macular degeneration, pathologic myopia, and retinitis pigmentosa. Although the retinal photoreceptors may be lost, the inner retina is relatively well-preserved in these diseases and may be a target for retinal prosthetic devices. Inner retinal diseases include retinal vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal venous occlusive disease, and retinopathy of prematurity. Other retinal diseases such as ocular infections (retinitis, endophthalmitis) may affect all retinal layers. Because the inner retinal cells, including the retinal ganglion cells, may be destroyed in these diseases (inner retinal or whole retinal), prosthetic devices that stimulate the inner retina may not be effective. Common optic nerve diseases include glaucoma, optic neuritis, and ischemic optic neuropathy. Because the ganglion cell nerve fibers themselves are damaged, visual prosthetics for these diseases will need to target more distal portions of the visual pathway, such as the visual cortex. Clearly, a sound understanding of retinal and optic nerve disease pathophysiology is critical for designing and choosing the optimal visual prosthetic device. [source] | |||||||||||||