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Certain Nuclei (certain + nucleus)
Selected AbstractsConservation and expression of IQ-domain-containing calpacitin gene products (neuromodulin/GAP-43, neurogranin/RC3) in the adult and developing oscine song control systemDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 2-3 2009David F. Clayton Abstract Songbirds are appreciated for the insights they provide into regulated neural plasticity. Here, we describe the comparative analysis and brain expression of two gene sequences encoding probable regulators of synaptic plasticity in songbirds: neuromodulin (GAP-43) and neurogranin (RC3). Both are members of the calpacitin family and share a distinctive conserved core domain that mediates interactions between calcium, calmodulin, and protein kinase C signaling pathways. Comparative sequence analysis is consistent with known phylogenetic relationships, with songbirds most closely related to chicken and progressively more distant from mammals and fish. The C-terminus of neurogranin is different in birds and mammals, and antibodies to the protein reveal high expression in adult zebra finches in cerebellar Purkinje cells, which has not been observed in other species. RNAs for both proteins are generally abundant in the telencephalon yet markedly reduced in certain nuclei of the song control system in adult canaries and zebra finches: neuromodulin RNA is very low in RA and HVC (relative to the surrounding pallial areas), whereas neurogranin RNA is conspicuously low in Area X (relative to surrounding striatum). In both cases, this selective downregulation develops in the zebra finch during the juvenile song learning period, 25,45 days after hatching. These results suggest molecular parallels to the robust stability of the adult avian song control circuit. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009 [source] Transcriptionally active nuclei are selective in mature multinucleated osteoclastsGENES TO CELLS, Issue 10 2010Min-Young Youn Multinucleation is indispensable for the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. Although multinucleation is evident in mature osteoclasts and certain other cell types, putative regulatory networks among nuclei remain poorly characterized. To address this issue, transcriptional activity of each nucleus in a multinucleated osteoclast was assessed by detecting the distributions of nuclear proteins by immunocytochemistry and primary transcripts by RNA FISH. Patterns of epigenetic histone markers governing transcription as well as localization of tested nuclear receptor proteins appeared indistinguishable among nuclei in differentiated Raw264 cells and mouse mature osteoclasts. However, RNAPII-Ser5P/2P and NFATc1 proteins were selectively distributed in certain nuclei in the same cell. Similarly, the distributions of primary transcripts for osteoclast-specific genes (Nfatc1, Ctsk and Acp5) as well as a housekeeping gene (beta-tubulin) were limited in certain nuclei within individual cells. By fusing two Raw264 cell lines that stably expressed ZsGreen-NLS and DsRed-NLS proteins, transmission of nuclear proteins across all of the nuclei in a cell could be observed, presumably through the shared cytoplasm. Taken together, we conclude that although nuclear proteins are diffusible among nuclei, only certain nuclei within a multinucleated osteoclast are transcriptionally active. [source] Biological dosimetry of magnetic resonance imaging,JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 5 2002Concepción Guisasola MD Abstract Purpose To check the bioeffects of the components of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is based on an assumedly harmless interaction between certain nuclei in the body when placed in a strong magnetic field and radio wave fields. There are three key factors actuating on the examining body: a powerful static magnetic field (SMF), magnetic gradient fields (MGFs), and pulsed radiofrequency (RF) radiation. Materials and Methods In vitro cells (L-132 cells) were used as biosensors, and different cellular compounds were used as biomarkers (heat shock proteins [HSPs] and their messenger ribonucleic acids [mRNAs], calcium, and adenosine-3,,5,-cyclic monophosphate [cAMP]). The biosensors were placed in the bore of a 1.5-T MRI machine and the different electromagnetic fields were operated. Results HSPs and their mRNAs and cAMP did not respond to SMF, MGFs, or RF radiation. RF radiation increased cytosolic calcium concentration (18%, P < 0.05). Conclusion Although MRI procedures do not induce any cellular stress response, it may cause an unfathomable calcium increase in vitro. Although the in vitro experimental conditions are not totally comparable to clinical situations, the usefulness of the in vivo biological dosimetry, circulating leukocytes as biosensors, and HSPs and/or calcium as biomarkers is suggested. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:584,590. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||