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Certain Event (certain + event)
Selected AbstractsToward a general theory of conditional beliefsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 3 2006Giulianella Coletti We consider a class of general decomposable measures of uncertainty, which encompasses (as its most specific elements, with respect to the properties of the rules of composition) probabilities, and (as its most general elements) belief functions. The aim, using this general context, is to introduce (in a direct way) the concept of conditional belief function as a conditional generalized decomposable measure ,(·|·), defined on a set of conditional events. Our main tool will be the following result, that we prove in the first part of the article and which is a sort of converse of a well-known result (i.e., a belief function is a lower probability): a coherent conditional lower probability P(·|K) extending a coherent probability P(Hi),where the events His are a partition of the certain event , and K is the union of some (possibly all) of them,is a belief function. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 21: 229,259, 2006. [source] Risks and responses among the urban poor in IndiaJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2003Paula Kantor This paper describes the events faced by urban poor households in Lucknow, India and household responses in the face of these events. Using household and individual data collected in 2002 from 12 slum settlements, the authors found that certain events, such as illness and social and religious spending, are more frequent than others and that some groups, characterized by gender of head of household, community and economic status, experience certain event types more than others. It also found that some less frequent events may be very burdensome due to their high severity. Responses to common event types exhibited a pattern. Households reduced consumption, used savings and took loans much more frequently than other options, across event types. Variations in responses were identified by event type and severity and economic status. The results illustrate the need for both protective and promotive interventions to improve livelihood security among the urban poor. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Perspectives on the Past: A Study of the Spatial Perspectival Characteristics of Recollective MemoriesMIND & LANGUAGE, Issue 2 2007DOROTHEA DEBUS I begin by considering the ,Past-Dependency-Claim', which states that every recollective memory (or ,R-memory') has its spatial perspectival characteristics in virtue of the subject's present awareness of the spatial perspectival characteristics of a relevant past perceptual experience. Although the Past-Dependency-Claim might for various reasons seem particularly attractive, I show that it is false. I then proceed to develop and defend the ,Present-Dependency-Claim', namely the claim that the spatial perspectival characteristics of an R-memory depend on the spatial perspectival characteristics of perceptual experiences that the subject has at the time at which the R-memory occurs. Lastly, I discuss the phenomenon of so-called ,observer-memories', which presents a special challenge for any attempt to account for the spatial perspectival characteristics of R-memories. I argue that we have no good reason to deny that the relevant experiences should count as memories, and I show that we can account for the spatial perspectival characteristics of observer-memories with the help of the ,Present-Dependency-Claim'. More generally, the paper shows that certain events that occur in a subject's mental life (namely, a subject's R-memories) are necessarily dependent on other events that occur in the relevant subject's mental life (namely, on certain perceptual experiences). This more general conclusion in turn should be relevant for any attempt to develop an appropriate account of a subject's mental life as a whole. [source] | ||||||||||