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Certain Disorders (certain + disorders)
Selected AbstractsShould an obsessive,compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V?,DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 6 2010Katharine A. Phillips M.D. Abstract The obsessive,compulsive (OC) spectrum has been discussed in the literature for two decades. Proponents of this concept propose that certain disorders characterized by repetitive thoughts and/or behaviors are related to obsessive,compulsive disorder (OCD), and suggest that such disorders be grouped together in the same category (i.e. grouping, or "chapter") in DSM. This article addresses this topic and presents options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. The article builds upon and extends prior reviews of this topic that were prepared for and discussed at a DSM-V Research Planning Conference on Obsessive,Compulsive Spectrum Disorders held in 2006. Our preliminary recommendation is that an OC-spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V. Furthermore, we preliminarily recommend that consideration be given to including this group of disorders within a larger supraordinate category of "Anxiety and Obsessive,Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." These preliminary recommendations must be evaluated in light of recommendations for, and constraints upon, the overall structure of DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] REVIEW FOR SPECIAL ISSUE ON CANNABINOIDS: Ligands that target cannabinoid receptors in the brain: from THC to anandamide and beyondADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Roger G. Pertwee ABSTRACT A major finding,that (,)- trans -,9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (,9 -THC) is largely responsible for the psychotropic effects of cannabis,prompted research in the 1970s and 1980s that led to the discovery that this plant cannabinoid acts through at least two types of cannabinoid receptor, CB1 and CB2, and that ,9 -THC and other compounds that target either or both of these receptors as agonists or antagonists have important therapeutic applications. It also led to the discovery that mammalian tissues can themselves synthesize and release agonists for cannabinoid receptors, the first of these to be discovered being arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. These ,endocannabinoids' are released onto their receptors in a manner that appears to maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system and sometimes either to oppose or to mediate or exacerbate the unwanted effects of certain disorders. This review provides an overview of the pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands. It also describes actual and potential clinical uses both for cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists and for compounds that affect the activation of cannabinoid receptors less directly, for example by inhibiting the enzymatic hydrolysis of endocannabinoids following their release. [source] Gender-Related Influences of Parental Alcoholism on the Prevalence of Psychiatric Illnesses: Analysis of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related ConditionsALCOHOLISM, Issue 10 2010Peter T. Morgan Background:, Offspring of individuals with alcoholism are at increased risk for psychiatric illness, but the effects of gender on this risk are not well known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the gender of the parent with alcoholism and the gender of offspring affect the association between parental alcoholism and offspring psychiatric illness. Method:, We analyzed the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) data to examine the gender-specific prevalence of axis I and axis II disorders in 23,006 male and 17,368 female respondents with and without a history of paternal or maternal alcoholism. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for the disorders based on gender and presence of maternal or paternal alcoholism. Results:, Maternal or paternal alcoholism was associated with a higher prevalence of every disorder examined, regardless of the gender of offspring. Gender-related differences in prevalences were present in nearly all examined disorders, and the association between parental alcoholism and offspring psychiatric disorders was significantly different in men and women. These differences included stronger associations in female offspring of men with alcoholism (alcohol abuse without dependence); in female offspring of women with alcoholism (mania, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse, and schizoid personality disorder); in male offspring of men with alcoholism (mania); and in male offspring of women with alcoholism (panic disorder). Conclusions:, Interactions between gender and parental alcoholism were specific to certain disorders but varied in their effects, and in general female children of women with alcoholism appear at greatest risk for adult psychopathology. [source] REVIEW ARTICLE: Toll-Like Receptors at the Maternal,Fetal Interface in Normal Pregnancy and Pregnancy DisordersAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 6 2010Kaori Koga Citation Koga K, Mor G. Toll-like receptors at the maternal,fetal interface in normal pregnancy and pregnancy disorders. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010 Toll-like receptors (TLR) form the major family of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that are involved in innate immunity. Innate immune responses against microorganisms at the maternal,fetal interface may have a significant impact on the success of pregnancy, as intrauterine infections have been shown to be strongly associated with certain disorders of pregnancy. At the maternal,fetal interface, TLRs are expressed not only in the immune cells but also in non-immune cells such as trophoblasts and decidual cells; moreover, their expression patterns vary according to the stage of pregnancy. Here, we will describe potential functions of TLRs in these cells, their recognition and response to microorganisms, and their involvement in the innate immunity. The impact of TLR-mediated innate immune response will be discussed via animal model studies, as well as clinical observations. [source] Requirement of transforming growth factor ,,activated kinase 1 for transforming growth factor ,,induced ,-smooth muscle actin expression and extracellular matrix contraction in fibroblastsARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 1 2009Xu Shi-Wen Objective Fibrosis is believed to occur through normal tissue remodeling failing to terminate. Tissue repair intimately involves the ability of fibroblasts to contract extracellular matrix (ECM), and enhanced ECM contraction is a hallmark of fibrotic cells in various conditions, including scleroderma. Some fibrogenic transcriptional responses to transforming growth factor , (TGF,), including ,-smooth muscle actin (,-SMA) expression and ECM contraction, require focal adhesion kinase/Src (FAK/Src). The present study was undertaken to assess whether TGF,-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) acts downstream of FAK/Src to mediate fibrogenic responses in fibroblasts. Methods We used microarray, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and collagen gel contraction assays to assess the ability of wild-type and TAK1-knockout fibroblasts to respond to TGF,1. Results The ability of TGF to induce TAK1 was blocked by the FAK/Src inhibitor PP2. JNK phosphorylation in response to TGF,1 was impaired in the absence of TAK1. TGF, could not induce matrix contraction or expression of a group of fibrotic genes, including ,-SMA, in the absence of TAK1. Conclusion These results suggest that TAK1 operates downstream of FAK/Src in mediating fibrogenic responses and that targeting of TAK1 may be a viable antifibrotic strategy in the treatment of certain disorders, including scleroderma. [source] | ||||||||||