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Cerebral Injury (cerebral + injury)
Selected AbstractsEffect of an early intervention programme on low birthweight infants with cerebral injuriesJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 12 2004S Ohgi Objective: To determine the effect of an early intervention programme (EIP) on low birthweight infants with cerebral injuries. Methods: Subjects were 23 high-risk low birthweight infants (periventricular leukomalacia 15, intraventricular haemorrhage 5, both 3) receiving care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Nagasaki University Hospital. Subjects were randomly assigned to the EIP group (n = 12) or the control group (n = 11). Participants in the EIP group received a Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale (NBAS)-based intervention combined with developmental support designed to enhance the infants' development and the quality of the parent,infant relationship. The control group received routine medical nursing care without the EIP. The EIP began prior to discharge from the NICU and lasted until 6 months of corrected age. All children were examined on the NBAS preintervention and again at 44 weeks postconceptional age. Maternal anxiety status (STAI) and maternal feelings of confidence in dealing with her baby (LCC) were measured pre and postintervention. Mental and motor development was assessed postintervention using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development. Results: Orientation and State Regulation of infant behavioural profiles, the STAI and LCC scores significantly improved in the EIP group (mean difference (95% CI): Orientation 0.7 (0.4, 1.1), State Regulation 0.9 (0.3, 1.5), STAI ,5.5 (, 9.1, ,1.9, LCC 5.3 (4.2, 6.5)), but not in the control group. Bayley mental developmental index (MDI) score in the EIP group was higher than in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (mean difference (95% CI): MDI 8.5 (, 0.8, 17.8), PDI 6.7 (, 1.9, 15.4)). Conclusion: The EIP has beneficial effects on neonatal neurobehavioural development and maternal mental health of low birthweight infants with cerebral injuries. This evidence suggests that short-term changes in maternal mental health and infant neurobehaviour promoted by an EIP may serve to initiate a positive interaction between parents and infants. [source] Sex differences in cerebral injury after severe haemorrhage and ventricular fibrillation in pigsACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2010E. SEMENAS Background: Experimental studies of haemorrhagic shock have documented a superior haemodynamic response and a better outcome in female animals as compared with male controls. Such sexual dimorphism has, nevertheless, not been reported after circulatory arrest that follows exsanguination and shock. We aimed to study differences in cerebral injury markers after exsanguination cardiac arrest in pre-pubertal piglets. The hypothesis was that cerebral injury is less extensive in female animals, and that this difference is independent of sexual hormones or choice of resuscitative fluid. Methods: Thirty-two sexually immature piglets (14 males and 18 females) were subjected to 5 min of haemorrhagic shock followed by 2 min of ventricular fibrillation and 8 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, using three resuscitation fluid regimens (whole blood, hypertonic saline and dextran, or acetated Ringers' solution plus whole blood and methylene blue). Haemodynamic values, cellular markers of brain injury and brain histology were studied. Results: After successful resuscitation, female piglets had significantly greater cerebral cortical blood flow, tended to have lower S-100, values and a lower cerebral oxygen extraction ratio. Besides, in female animals, systemic and cerebral venous acidosis were mitigated. Female piglets exhibited a significantly smaller increase in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in their cerebral cortex, smaller blood,brain-barrier (BBB) disruption and significantly smaller neuronal injury. Conclusion: After resuscitation from haemorrhagic circulatory arrest, cerebral reperfusion is greater, and BBB permeability and neuronal injury is smaller in female piglets. An increased cerebral cortical iNOS and nNOS expression in males implies a mechanistic relationship with post-resuscitation neuronal injury and warrants further investigation. [source] Arc de cercle and dysautonomia from anoxic injuryMOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 6 2006T. Scott Diesing MD Abstract Autonomic dysregulation and catatonic posturing are well described following acute cerebral injury. Others have referred to this as diencephalic seizures, sympathetic storms, midbrain dysregulatory syndrome, and, most recently, paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia. Some of these syndromes can evolve into malignant catatonia requiring electroconvulsive therapy. Here we report a case of hanging associated anoxic brain injury resulting in severe dysautonomia and an extreme opisthotonus (arc de cercle). © 2006 Movement Disorder Society [source] The Influence of Cannulation Technique on Blood Flow to the Brain in Rats Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Cautionary "Tail"ARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 6 2010Terence Gourlay Abstract Recently, there has been an increase in the use of rat models of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for research purposes. Much of this work has focused on cerebral injury associated with CPB. Many of these studies employ a peripheral cannulation approach, often utilizing the caudal artery and internal or external jugular vein. The aim of the present study was to establish whether there is any alteration in blood flow to the brain associated with the use of different cannulation routes. Twenty-four adult male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to one of three study groups: Group 1,caudal artery return, Group 2,open-chest aortic return, and Group 3,nonbypass control group. Colored microspheres were injected into all animals at four time points (postinduction, initiation of bypass, midbypass, and end bypass). After the termination of each experiment, the brains were excised, the tissue was digested, the microspheres were harvested, and the global blood flow to the brain was assessed using the reference flow method. There was a significant reduction in blood flow to the brain between both bypass groups and the control group. Additionally, cerebral blood flow was significantly lower in the caudal return group than in the aortic return group. There is a significant drop in blood flow to the brain associated with the initiation and continuation of CPB when compared to non-CPB controls. These results also confirm a considerable cerebral hypoperfusion associated with the peripheral cannulation technique, and suggest that peripheral bypass may exaggerate the influence CPB has on cerebral injury. This technique must therefore be employed with caution. [source] The relationship between the onset of electrographic seizure activity after birth and the time of cerebral injury in uteroBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005P. Filan In the fetal lamb model of hypoxic,ischaemic injury, the insult is followed by EEG depression, after which seizures emerge at 7,13 hours. We explored the relationship between the emergence of electrographic seizures and our estimate of the time of the cerebral injury in nine babies who underwent continuous video-EEG monitoring from soon after birth. Babies with prelabour insults had their first seizures before 12 hours of age, whereas those whose insult was peripartum had seizure onset at 18,20 hours of age. EEG seizure onset time could have important clinical and medico-legal applications, and be related to the time or severity of the insult, or both. [source] Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and alpha-tocopherol on reperfusion injury in rat brainCELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION, Issue 3 2003M. Kemal Irmak Abstract Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral injury after ischaemia,reperfusion. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis extract, exhibits antioxidant properties. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion on rat brain and to investigate the effects of two free radical scavengers, CAPE and alpha-tocopherol, on this in vivo model of cerebral injury. Ischaemia was induced by bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries for 20,min and reperfusion was achieved by releasing the occlusion to restore the circulation for 20,min. Control rats underwent a sham operation. CAPE at 10,,;mol,kg,1 or alpha-tocopherol at 25,,mol,kg,1 was administered intraperitoneally before reperfusion. Reperfusion led to significant increase in the activity of xanthine oxidase and higher malondialdehyde levels in the brain. Acute administration of both CAPE and alpha-tocopherol suppressed ischaemia,reperfusion-induced cerebral lipid peroxidation and injury, but CAPE seems to offer a better therapeutic advantage over alpha-tocopherol. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Protection of Mouse Brain from Aluminum-induced Damage by Caffeic AcidCNS: NEUROSCIENCE AND THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2008Jun-Qing Yang The natural product caffeic acid is a specific inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX); it also possesses antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. The current study was designed to determine whether the neuroprotective properties of caffeic acid are due to inhibition of 5-LOX. Cerebral damage was induced in mice by intracerebroventricular microinjection of aluminum (5.0 ,g aluminum in 2.0 ,L, once a day, for 5 days). Caffeic acid was administered intragastrically at 30 min prior to aluminum and repeated daily for an additional 10 days. The brain injury was determined by observation of behavioral changes in mice, as well as by measuring biochemical and pathological changes in the cerebral tissue. The levels of 5-LOX proteins and 5-LOX mRNA expression were measured in brain tissue. Aluminum impaired learning and memory in mice produced neuronal death in hippocampi, elevated brain malondialdehyde levels, increased protein expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid beta, and 5-LOX. It also increased 5-LOX mRNA expression and decreased choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) protein expression in the brain tissue of mice. Caffeic acid prevented brain damage as well as behavioral and biochemical changes caused by aluminum overload. The results of this study suggest that overexpression of 5-LOX accompanies the cerebral injury induced by aluminum overload in mice, and that selective inhibitors of 5-LOX may have potential value in the treatment of aluminum neurotoxicity and conceivably of diseases associated with neuronal injury. [source] | |||||||||||||