Census Metropolitan Area (census + metropolitan_area)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences50%

Selected Abstracts

A Spatial Analysis of Residential Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area

JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2007
Jared R. VandeWeghe
Residential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area are spatially analyzed to determine the impact of urban form on emission-causing activities. The key finding is that over the entire region, emissions from private auto use are on par with those from fuel use for building heating. Once beyond the transit-intensive central core, private auto emissions surpass the emissions from building operations. Variation in total auto- and building-related emissions is quite significant between census tracts, ranging from 3.1 to 13.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year. Of all tracts, the top ten in terms of GHG emission are located in the lower-density suburbs, and their high emissions were largely due to private auto use. [source]

Earning Disparities between Immigrants and Native-born Canadians,

CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 3 2000
Peter S. Li
La contribution économique des immigrants est mesurée par l'am-pleur de leurs salaires. Plus on diminue l'écart des salaires, plus les immigrants sont sensés se doter du capital humain. En utilisant les données du recensement de 1996, cet article compare des groupes d'immigrants avec des Canadiens de naissance de même sexe et de même origine raciale à quatre niveaux de la région métropolitaine de recensement, définie par la taille de la population. Les résultats indiquent que les immigrants de même sexe et de même origine raciale gagnent soit le même salaire sinon plus que leurs homologues canadiens. Cependant, en prenant en considération les variations dans le capital humain, l'expérience, les différences dans l'échelle urbaine, la taille de la population immigrante et le taux de chômage, tout groupe d'immigrants gagne moins que son homologue canadien. L'ampleur des salaires nets entre les immigrants et les Canadiens de naissance varie selon le sexe, l'origine raciale et moins ainsi selon le niveau de la région metropolitaine de recensement. Plusieurs fac-teurs, dont les possibilités d'emploi inégales, touchent le salaire des immigrants. II n'est pas du tout évident de supposer que la teneur du capital humain des immigrants est inférieure alors qu'elle est déduite de la disparité de salaires. The economic contribution of immigrants is often measured by their earnings in that the closer they are to the earnings of native-born Canadians and the more quickly immigrants can bridge the income gap, the more immigrants are assumed to be endowed with human capital. Using microdata of the 1996 census, this paper compares immigrant groups with native-born Canadians of the same gender and racial origin at four levels of Census Metropolitan Area defined by population size. The findings indicate that immigrants of the same gender and racial origin earned either the same or more than their native-born counterparts. However, when variations in human capital, experience, and other individual differences in work-related characteristics and immigrant experience are taken into account, along with differences in urban scale, immigrant population size and unemployment rate, all immigrant groups earned less than their native-born counterparts. The magnitude of net earning disparities between immigrants and native-born Canadians varies, depending on gender, racial origin and less so on CMA level. The study suggests that many factors, including unequal opportunities, affect the earnings of immigrants, and that the assumption of immigrants' inferior human capital content inferred from earning disparities is tenuous at best. [source]

Is gateway city clustering behind Canada's declining immigrant home-ownership rates?

POPULATION, SPACE AND PLACE (PREVIOUSLY:-INT JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY), Issue 5 2009
Michael Haan
Abstract Recently, home-ownership rates have been dropping for Canadian immigrants. These declines, although substantial in their own right, are particularly striking when read alongside the trends of the Canadian-born, who've experienced a comparative surge in recent years. Given that immigrants overwhelmingly cluster in Canada's ,gateway' census metropolitan areas (CMAs) of Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver, this paper uses 2-stage least squares regression techniques and the 2001 Census of Canada to identify whether a shift out of Canada's gateway CMAs would improve immigrant home-ownership rates. The results show that although home-ownership propensities are higher for those who live outside of gateway cities, these differences dissolve once the endogeneity of location choice is considered. This suggests that relocation policies are unlikely to yield dramatic national gains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]