|
| ||
|
|
||
Cell Technology (cell + technology)
Kinds of Cell Technology Selected AbstractsBiotech news from industryBIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Article first published online: 20 JAN 200 Three-year $28M drug discovery collaboration: Evotec-Novartis Regenerative medicine: Sigma-Aldrich/D-Finitive Cell Technologies Industrial prizes [source] Simulation of the market penetration of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in KoreaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008Eunju Jun Abstract As fuel cell technologies are developed, hydrogen-powered vehicles are receiving more interest. The hydrogen economy, particularly hydrogen-powered vehicle penetration into the Korean transportation market, is studied in this paper. Vensim, a system dynamic code, was used to simulate the dynamics in the transportation market, assuming various types of vehicles such as gasoline, hybrid electricity, and hydrogen powered. Market share for each vehicle was predicted using the currently available data. The results showed that the hydrogen era will not be as bright as predicted by many people. The main barrier is the fuel cell cost. Thus, in order to expand the fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) market, hydrogen fuel cell cost needs to be dramatically reduced. Hydrogen-powered FCV cost, including operating and capital costs, should reach $0.16 per kilometer in order to seize 50% of the newly created transportation market. However, if strong policies or subsidies are implemented, the results predicted here will be affected. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Micro-fuel cell power sourcesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 6-7 2007Jeffrey D. Morse Abstract This paper presents a review and discussion of micro-fuel cell technologies, providing insight into the innovations that have been made to date. Discussion of concepts and results leading towards increased levels of integration and performance for micro-fuel cell systems will elucidate the potential of thin film and microfabrication methods in meeting the challenges and requirements necessary for consumer applications. While the amount of literature in this area is substantial, a representative sampling of key developments will be presented in this paper, in order to gain a sense of the design methodologies being implemented for micro-fuel cell power sources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modeling solar cell degradation in space: A comparison of the NRL displacement damage dose and the JPL equivalent fluence approaches,PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 2 2001S. R. Messenger The method for predicting solar cell degradation in space radiation environments developed recently at the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is compared in detail with the earlier method developed at the US Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Although both methods are similar, the key difference is that in the NRL approach, the energy dependence of the damage coefficients is determined from a calculation of the nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) and requires relatively few experimental measurements, whereas in the JPL method the damage coefficients have to be determined using an extensive set of experimental measurements. The end result of the NRL approach is a determination of a single characteristic degradation curve for a cell technology, which is measured against displacement damage dose rather than fluence. The end-of-life (EOL) cell performance for a particular mission can be read from the characteristic curve once the displacement damage dose for the mission has been determined. In the JPL method, the end result is a determination of the equivalent 1,MeV electron fluence, which would cause the same level of degradation as the actual space environment. The two approaches give similar results for GaAs/Ge solar cells, for which a large database exists. Because the NRL method requires far less experimental data than the JPL method, it is more readily applied to emerging cell technologies for which extensive radiation measurements are not available. The NRL approach is being incorporated into a code named SAVANT by researchers at NASA Glenn Research Center. The predictions of SAVANT are shown to agree closely with actual space data for GaAs/Ge and CuInSe2 cells flown on the Equator-S mission. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Trust, coordination and knowledge flows in R&D projects: the case of fuel cell technologiesBUSINESS ETHICS: A EUROPEAN REVIEW, Issue 1 2008Stian Nygaard This paper explores influential factors for research and development project success as a result of knowledge flows rising from a trust-based mechanism within and outside the project. Project success is herein defined in terms of results obtained and partner commitment. A sample of 85 organizations involved in 17 European research and development projects under the fifth Framework Programme focused on fuel cell technology projects is used to test the hypotheses. Results provide several insights. First, organizations should take care of trust as the mechanism supporting internal knowledge flows arising from projects in which they are directly involved; second, external R&D ties arise from a kind of interlocking partner mechanism, but the latter does not contribute to the focal project success. [source] Targeted replacement of rodent CCR2 with the human orthologue CCR2B: A mouse model for in vivo analysis of human target-selective small molecule MCP-1 receptor antagonistsDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 4 2002Haydn M. Prosser Abstract Rodent models for testing the efficacy of lead compounds are often invalidated by species selectivity of the compounds. The advent of mouse embryonic stem cell technology has allowed the development of genetically engineered mouse strains that incorporate a specific human gene in place of the orthologous mouse gene, a so-called knock-in mouse. This study describes the generation and validation of a mutant mouse line that expresses human CCR2B as a functional substitute for murine CCR2. The human CCR2B knock-in mice are viable and appear normal. In vitro assays indicate that the CCR2B knock-in is functionally expressed, giving a macrophage chemotactic profile in response to JE or MCP-1 that is similar to human peripheral blood monocytes rather than that of a murine macrophage cell line. In addition, the human selective CCR2B antagonist, SB-399721, was a more potent inhibitor of CCR2B knock-in macrophages in response to hMCP-1 than JE. The ability of the human CCR2B gene to functionally substitute for the mouse orthologue in vivo is demonstrated by a normal inflammatory response to intraperitoneal thioglycollate injection. Drug Dev. Res. 55:197,209, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Microbial Fuel Cells in Relation to Conventional Anaerobic Digestion TechnologyENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2006H. Pham Abstract Conventional anaerobic digestion based bioconversion processes produce biogas and have as such been widely applied for the production of renewable energy so far. An innovative technology, based on the use of microbial fuel cells, is considered as a new pathway for bioconversion processes towards electricity. In comparison with conventional anaerobic digestion, the microbial fuel cell technology holds some specific advantages, such as its applicability for the treatment of low concentration substrates at temperatures below 20,°C, where anaerobic digestion generally fails to function. This provides some specific application niches of the microbial fuel cell technology where it does not compete with but complements the anaerobic digestion technology. However, microbial fuel cells still face important limitations in terms of large-scale application. The limitations involve the investment costs, upscale technical issues and the factors limiting the performance, both in terms of anodic and cathodic electron transfer. Research to render the microbial fuel cell technology more economically feasible and applicable should focus on reactor configuration, power density and the material costs. [source] ,Can you regain your youth?', the real potential of stem cell technologyEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010R. K. W. SMITH No abstract is available for this article. [source] Assessment of Fuel-Cell-Based Passenger CarsFUEL CELLS, Issue 3 2004T. Grube Abstract Highly efficient energy conversion systems with fuel cells for vehicles, as well as for stationary and portable applications, are currently being discussed all over the world. Fuel cell technology is expected to help reduce primary energy demand and emissions of limited and climate-relevant pollutants. The high flexibility of fuel cell systems with respect to energy carriers opens up possibilities of modifying the energy sector in the long term. Introducing new fuels based on low-carbon, or in the long term carbon-free, energy carriers can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well as locally and regionally active atmospheric pollutants. The use of hydrogen as feed gas for fuel cells on the basis of it being a non-fossil, renewable energy, leads to special benefits with respect to conserving resources and climate protection, but at present still represents a medium- to long-term prospect. A major milestone on the road to market success for all energy conversion systems with fuel cells is the reduction of costs. The definition of the ,appropriate" fuel represents a serious obstacle to the market introduction of fuel-cell-powered vehicles. Presenting data from a well-to-wheel analysis of various vehicle fuel systems at FZJ this article aims to discuss the potential benefits of future vehicle concepts with fuel cells in terms of primary energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Results from a comparison of international studies on this subject will be used to identify relevant assumptions that lead to different answers in the evaluation process. [source] The status of solid oxide fuel cell technologyIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2009Jin Liu No abstract is available for this article. [source] Status and development of PEM fuel cell technologyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2008F. Barbir Abstract Fuel cells are an emerging technology with applications in transportation, stationary and portable power generation, with outputs ranging from mW to MW. The most promising and most widely researched, developed and demonstrated type of fuel cells is proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. State of the art in PEM fuel cell technology and challenges in their development and widespread applications are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Coprecipitation with calcium hydroxide for determination of iron in fish otoliths by collision cell ICP-MS,JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 5 2007Stephanie L. Daniels Abstract A method has been described for the determination of iron from fish otoliths containing high levels of calcium by collision cell technology (CCT) ICP-MS. Iron (Fe) in otolith solutions was quantitatively coprecipitated with small amounts of calcium hydroxide by adding 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solution. The performance of CCT-ICP-MS pressurized with He/H2 cell gas was investigated on the elimination of Ca-based spectral interferences at m/z 54, 56 and 57. Molecular ion interferences at m/z 54 and 56 were reduced by 2 orders of magnitude. However, the interferences at m/z 57 increased by the same amount in the presence of Ca in solutions owing to the formation of 40Ca16 OH+ through reactions with H2 in collision cell, indicating that 57Fe was not suitable for the determination of Fe from otoliths. Results for 56Fe suffered significantly from interferences of Ca-based molecular ions when the Ca concentration in solution exceeded 100 µg ml,1, for which matrix-matched calibration was required for accurate determination. CCT with the aid of He/H2 cell gas proved to be very effective in eliminating the interferences (40Ar14N+ and 40Ca14N+) at m/z 54. Presence of Ca up to 300 µg ml,1 had virtually no effect on the ion signals of 54Fe, which with low background signals, afforded accurate determination of Fe from otoliths by using aqueous external standards. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A concept for simultaneous wasteland reclamation, fuel production, and socio-economic development in degraded areas in India: Need, potential and perspectives of Jatropha plantationsNATURAL RESOURCES FORUM, Issue 1 2005George Francis Abstract The concept of substituting bio-diesel produced from plantations on eroded soils for conventional diesel fuel has gained wide-spread attention in India. In recent months, the Indian central Government as well as some state governments have expressed their support for bringing marginal lands, which cannot be used for food production, under cultivation for this purpose. Jatropha curcas is a well established plant in India. It produces oil-rich seeds, is known to thrive on eroded lands, and to require only limited amounts of water, nutrients and capital inputs. This plant offers the option both to cultivate wastelands and to produce vegetable oil suitable for conversion to bio-diesel. More versatile than hydrogen and new propulsion systems such as fuel cell technology, bio-diesel can be used in today's vehicle fleets worldwide and may also offer a viable path to sustainable transportation, i.e., lower greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced mobility, even in remote areas. Mitigation of global warming and the creation of new regional employment opportunities can be important cornerstones of any forward looking transportation system for emerging economies. [source] Spatially resolved evaluation of power losses in industrial solar cells by illuminated lock-in thermographyPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 5 2004Joerg Isenberg Abstract The principles of a recently introduced measurement technique for power losses in solar cells, illuminated lock-in thermography (ILT), are reviewed. The main advantage of ILT over dark lock-in Thermography (DLT) is measurement under realistic operational conditions of solar cells. The main focus of this paper is to demonstrate the wide range of applications of ILT in identifying the causes of power losses in solar cells. For this purpose different evaluation methods are presented. A method for the evaluation of improvement potentials within a given cell technology is demonstrated. It is shown that different types of series resistance may be localized. Small areas of recombination losses (e.g., grain boundaries) can routinely be detected, which is not possible in dark lock-in thermography. Good correspondence with light-beam-induced current images is found. A realistic evaluation of the impact of recombination losses on solar cell performance is demonstrated on two examples. Finally, process- or treatment-induced recombination losses are investigated. In summary ILT is shown to be an extremely powerful tool in localizing, identifying and quantifying power losses of solar cells under realistic illumination conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Thin-film silicon solar cell technologyPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 2-3 2004A. V. Shah Abstract This paper describes the use, within p,i,n - and n,i,p -type solar cells, of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (,c-Si:H) thin films (layers), both deposited at low temperatures (200°C) by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), from a mixture of silane and hydrogen. Optical and electrical properties of the i -layers are described. These properties are linked to the microstructure and hence to the i -layer deposition rate, that in turn, affects throughput in production. The importance of contact and reflection layers in achieving low electrical and optical losses is explained, particularly for the superstrate case. Especially the required properties for the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) need to be well balanced in order to provide, at the same time, for high electrical conductivity (preferably by high electron mobility), low optical absorption and surface texture (for low optical losses and pronounced light trapping). Single-junction amorphous and microcrystalline p,i,n -type solar cells, as fabricated so far, are compared in their key parameters (Jsc, FF, Voc) with the [theoretical] limiting values. Tandem and multijunction cells are introduced; the ,c-Si: H/a-Si: H or [micromorph] tandem solar cell concept is explained in detail, and recent results obtained here are listed and commented. Factors governing the mass-production of thin-film silicon modules are determined both by inherent technical reasons, described in detail, and by economic considerations. The cumulative effect of these factors results in distinct efficiency reductions from values of record laboratory cells to statistical averages of production modules. Finally, applications of thin-film silicon PV modules, especially in building-integrated PV (BIPV) are shown. In this context, the energy yields of thin-film silicon modules emerge as a valuable gauge for module performance, and compare very favourably with those of other PV technologies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modeling solar cell degradation in space: A comparison of the NRL displacement damage dose and the JPL equivalent fluence approaches,PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 2 2001S. R. Messenger The method for predicting solar cell degradation in space radiation environments developed recently at the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is compared in detail with the earlier method developed at the US Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Although both methods are similar, the key difference is that in the NRL approach, the energy dependence of the damage coefficients is determined from a calculation of the nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) and requires relatively few experimental measurements, whereas in the JPL method the damage coefficients have to be determined using an extensive set of experimental measurements. The end result of the NRL approach is a determination of a single characteristic degradation curve for a cell technology, which is measured against displacement damage dose rather than fluence. The end-of-life (EOL) cell performance for a particular mission can be read from the characteristic curve once the displacement damage dose for the mission has been determined. In the JPL method, the end result is a determination of the equivalent 1,MeV electron fluence, which would cause the same level of degradation as the actual space environment. The two approaches give similar results for GaAs/Ge solar cells, for which a large database exists. Because the NRL method requires far less experimental data than the JPL method, it is more readily applied to emerging cell technologies for which extensive radiation measurements are not available. The NRL approach is being incorporated into a code named SAVANT by researchers at NASA Glenn Research Center. The predictions of SAVANT are shown to agree closely with actual space data for GaAs/Ge and CuInSe2 cells flown on the Equator-S mission. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Third generation photovoltaics: Ultra-high conversion efficiency at low costPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 2 2001Martin A. GreenArticle first published online: 5 APR 200 Since the early days of terrestrial photovoltaics, a common perception has been that ,first generation' silicon wafer-based solar cells eventually would be replaced by a ,second generation' of lower cost thin-film technology, probably also involving a different semiconductor. Historically, cadmium sulphide, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride and now thin-film polycrystalline silicon have been regarded as key thin-film candidates. Any mature solar cell technology seems likely to evolve to the stage where costs are dominated by those of the constituent materials, be they silicon wafers or glass sheet. It is argued, therefore, that photovoltaics is likely to evolve, in its most mature form, to a ,third generation' of high-efficiency thin-film technology. By high efficiency, what is meant is energy conversion values double or triple the 15,20% range presently targeted, closer to the thermodynamic limit of 93%. Tandem cells are the best known of such high-efficiency approaches, where efficiency can be increased merely by adding more cells of different bandgap to a cell stack, at the expense of increased complexity and spectral sensitivity. However, a range of other more ,paralleled' approaches offer similar efficiency to an infinite stack of tandem cells. These options are reviewed together with possible approaches for practical implementation, likely to become more feasible with the evolution of materials technology over the next two decades. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Continuous Beer Fermentation Using Immobilized Yeast Cell Bioreactor SystemsBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2005Brányik Traditional beer fermentation and maturation processes use open fermentation and lager tanks. Although these vessels had previously been considered indispensable, during the past decades they were in many breweries replaced by large production units (cylindroconical tanks). These have proved to be successful, both providing operating advantages and ensuring the quality of the final beer. Another promising contemporary technology, namely, continuous beer fermentation using immobilized brewing yeast, by contrast, has found only a limited number of industrial applications. Continuous fermentation systems based on immobilized cell technology, albeit initially successful, were condemned to failure for several reasons. These include engineering problems (excess biomass and problems with CO2 removal, optimization of operating conditions, clogging and channeling of the reactor), unbalanced beer flavor (altered cell physiology, cell aging), and unrealized cost advantages (carrier price, complex and unstable operation). However, recent development in reactor design and understanding of immobilized cell physiology, together with application of novel carrier materials, could provide a new stimulus to both research and application of this promising technology. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||