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Cell Patterns (cell + pattern)
Selected AbstractsDetection of a subset of CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridizationDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Hyung Ju C. Shin M.D. Abstract T/null-cell anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a morphologically and clinically heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; to date several morphologic variants have been described on histologic specimens. However, the cytologic features of these variants in the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens have not been well evaluated. The t(2;5)(p23;q35) has been identified in a subset of T/null-ALCL and is known to be associated with a favorable prognosis. We reviewed the cytomorphologic characteristics in 24 FNA specimens of ALCL. In all cases, the diagnosis was confirmed on histologic specimens, and immunohistochemical studies for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression were performed on the aspirates. The presence of ALK breakpoints were evaluated in nine cases, using a DNA break-apart probe on chromosome 2 covering the ALK gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Two hundred cells per case were examined. The results were expressed as the percentage of cells containing more than two signals of chromosome 2 to the total number of cells counted. FNA sites included lymph nodes (20), lung (2), breast (1), and soft tissue (1). The median age of the patients was 56 yr (range, 17,75 yr). Twenty cases had systemic involvement; in four cases, skin was the primary site with secondary involvement of the lymph nodes. All cases were CD30+ by immunohistochemistry; 20 were of T-cell phenotype and 4 were null cell type. The cytologic evaluation revealed typical anaplastic morphology (common type) with many "hallmark cells" in 16 (67%) cases. Other morphologic variants identified were small cell pattern in five cases, monomorphic pattern in two cases, and lymphohistiocytic pattern in one case. FISH studies showed that six (66.7%) of nine cases had at least two signals of chromosome 2, consistent with ALK breakpoints. With careful cytomorphologic evaluation in conjunction with appropriate immunohistochemical studies, a diagnosis of ALCL can be confidently made in the FNA specimens in the cellular aspirates and its morphologic variants also can be recognized. Furthermore, the FNA specimen is suitable in detecting ALK breakpoints by FISH study, permitting rapid identification of a subset of patients with ALCL, who may have a favorable prognosis. Using a commercially available probe, detection of ALK breakpoints in the FNA specimens is simple and can be a useful diagnostic adjunct in cases where distinction from other lymphomas or lymphoid lesions is morphologically difficult. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:61,66. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Squamous cell carcinomas with single cell infiltration: a potential diagnostic pitfall and the utility of MNF116 and p63JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Christine J. Ko Numerous variants of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have been described. We recently encountered four examples of SCC composed primarily of single, atypical cells that were cytokeratin (CK) MNF116-positive and p63-positive. One case was particularly difficult to diagnose as the single cells were obscured by a dense inflammatory infiltrate. We have also noted similar single cell infiltration toward the periphery of four additional cases of more typical SCC. These foci resemble the single tumor cells that may infiltrate at the borders of spindle cell and desmoplastic SCCs. CK MNF116 and p63 were useful in identifying each of these neoplasms. This single , cell pattern of SCC can easily be misdiagnosed, and CK MNF116 and/or p63 are diagnostically helpful in recognizing it. [source] Growth of malignant oral epithelial stem cells after seeding into organotypical cultures of normal mucosaJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 2 2004Ian C. Mackenzie Background:, Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated both with the local expansion of clones of malignant cells and with their further migration to regional and distant sites. The interactions that occur between normal and malignant cells during these events are not well modelled by standard culture conditions, but organotypical cultures, in which epithelial cells are grown on a matrix containing fibroblasts, provide a suitable environment for such investigations. Methods:, Cells from five cell lines, each derived from OSCC and marked by retroviral transduction with alkaline phosphatase, were incorporated as small subpopulations (0.1,5%) in uniformly differentiating organotypical cultures constructed from normal oral mucosal cells. The patterns of growth of the malignant cells within the normal epithelium were examined for 3 weeks. Results:, There was variation between the different cell lines in their rates and patterns of growth, but all cell lines produced clusters of malignant cells that had expanded within 3 weeks to replace the normal epithelium. The appearance and spacing of these clusters suggested that each was derived from a single progenitor cell. The number of malignant cells initially present within a given area of organotypical epithelium was much greater than the number of expanding cell clusters subsequently formed. Cluster-forming cells thus represented only a subpopulation of the tumour cells. Conclusions:, The organotypical model allows examination of interactions occurring between cells derived from OSCC and normal epithelia. The three-dimensional nature of organotypical cultures, together with their more normal patterns of differentiation, provides an environment that more closely mimics the in vivo environment in which tumours develop. The finding that only a subpopulation of tumour cells forms expanding tumour colonies suggests a range of growth potentials within a tumour population and may provide preliminary evidence for some form of stem and amplifying cell pattern. [source] Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 11 casesJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 5 2005E Acebo ABSTRACT Objective, To report our 12-year experience with Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) from a clinical and pathological point of view. Subjects and setting, Eleven MCCs were diagnosed at our institution between 1991 and 2002. Methods, A retrospective clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical study was performed. Age, gender, location, size, stage, treatment and follow-up data were collected. Histopathological pattern and immunohistochemical study with CAM 5.2, cytokeratin 20 (CK20), CK7, Ber EP4, neurofilaments, synaptophysin, chromogranin, S100 protein, p53 protein, CD117, leucocyte common antigen (LCA) and Ki-67 were accomplished. Results, Six females and five males with a mean age of 82 years were identified. Tumours were located on the face (n = 6), extremities (n = 3) and trunk (n = 1). At diagnosis, one patient was in stage Ia, six in stage Ib, three in stage II and one in stage III. All but one patient experienced wide surgical excision of the tumour. Additional treatment consisted of lymph node dissection in two patients, radiotherapy in four patients and systemic chemotherapy in one patient. Local recurrence developed in five patients. Three patients died because of MCC after 14 months of follow-up. Intermediate-size round cell proliferation was found in all cases. Additional small-size cell pattern and trabecular pattern were observed in seven and six cases, respectively. Eccrine and squamous cell differentiation were found in three cases. A dot-like paranuclear pattern was observed in all cases with CAM 5.2 and neurofilaments, and in 89% of cases with CK20. Seventy-five per cent of cases reacted with Ber EP4, chromogranin and synaptophysin, 70% with p53, 22% with S100 protein, 55% with CD117 and none with LCA. Ki-67 was found in 75% of tumoral cells on average. Fifty per cent of MCCs reacted with CK7 and showed eccrine differentiation areas. Conclusions, MCC is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumour of the elderly. Wide surgical excision is the recommended treatment. Lymph node dissection, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy decrease regional recurrences but have not been demonstrated to increase survival. Immunohistochemically, MCC is an epithelial tumour with neuroendocrine features. [source] The Influence of Pre- and Post-ovulatory Insemination and Early Pregnancy on the Infiltration by Cells of the Immune System in the Sow OviductREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 5 2006J Jiwakanon Contents The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of pre- and post-ovulatory insemination and early pregnancy on the distribution of immune cells in the oviduct. Eighteen sows were pre-ovulatory and sixteen sows were post-ovulatory inseminated and slaughtered at different times, 5,6 h after insemination, 20,25 h and approximately 70 h after ovulation, day 11 and day 19. Immediately after slaughter, oviductal samples of three different segments (isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum) were fixed, embedded in plastic resin and stained with toluidine blue or cryofixed and stored in a freezer at ,70°C until analysed by immunohistochemistry (pre-ovulatory inseminated sows) with an avidin,biotin peroxidase method. Quantitative and qualitative examinations of oviductal epithelium and subepithelial connective tissue were performed by light microscopy. After pre- or post-ovulatory insemination, neutrophils were not observed in the oviductal epithelium from any of the segments or groups. The numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes of all sows as well as CD2- and CD3-positive cells of the pre-ovulatory inseminated sows were higher in the infundibulum than in the other segments (p , 0.001). In the subepithelial connective tissue of the pre-ovulatory inseminated sows, significantly higher numbers of lymphocytes (p , 0.001) and plasma cells (p , 0.001) were found in infundibulum than in isthmus. Neutrophils were found mainly in infundibulum, the number approximately 40 h after pre-ovulatory insemination was significantly higher (p , 0.05) than in the other groups and segments. Significantly higher numbers of CD2 than CD3-positive cells were found for all groups and segments. In the subepithelial connective tissue of post-ovulatory inseminated sows, the numbers of lymphocytes was higher (p , 0.001) at day 19 than up to 50 h after insemination and lower (p , 0.001) in isthmus than in ampulla and infundibulum. Neutrophils were found in infundibulum in almost all groups and the number was significantly higher (p , 0.05) in the infundibulum up to 50 h after insemination than in other segments. In the oviductal epithelium, no influence of insemination was found on the presence of phagocytes, i.e. neutrophils and macrophages, but on lymphocytes. In the infundibular connective tissue, pre-ovulatory insemination had an effect on neutrophil distribution, indicating an active immune response to insemination in the upper segment. Post-ovulatory insemination changed the oviductal immune cell pattern. [source] Secondary neurogenesis and telencephalic organization in zebrafish and mice: a brief reviewINTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009Mario F. WULLIMANN Abstract Most zebrafish neurodevelopmental studies have focused on the embryo, which is characterized by primary neurogenesis of mostly transient neurons. Secondary neurogenesis becomes dominant in the hatching larva, when major brain parts are established and begin to differentiate. This developmental period allows for a comparative analysis of zebrafish brain organization with amniotes at equivalent stages of neurogenesis. Within a particular time window, the early forebrains of mice (Embyronic stage [E] 12.5/13.5 days [d]) and zebrafish (3 d) reveal highly comparable expression patterns of genes involved in neurogenesis, for example proneural and other transcription factors (Neurogenin1, NeuroD, Mash1/Zashla and Pax6). Further topological correspondences are seen in the expression of LIM and homeobox genes, such as Lhx6/7, Tbr2 and Dlx2a. When this analysis is extended to gamma-aminobutyric acid/glutamic acid decarboxylase (GABA/GAD) cell patterns during this critical time window, an astonishing degree of similarity between the two species is again seen, for example regarding the presence of GABA/GAD cells in the subpallium, with the pallium only starting to be invaded by such cells from the subpallium. Furthermore, the expression of proneural and other genes correlates with GABA cell patterns (e.g. Mash1/Zash1a gene expression in GABA-positive and Neurogenin1/NeuroD in GABA-negative telencephalic regions) in mice and zebrafish. Data from additional vertebrates, such as Xenopus, are also highly consistent with this analysis. Therefore, the vertebrate forebrain appears to undergo a phylotypic stage of secondary neurogenesis, characterized by regionally separated GABAergic (inhibitory) versus glutamatergic (excitatory) cell production sites, which are obscured later in development by tangential migration. This period is highly advantageous for molecular neuroanatomical cross-species comparisons. [source] Electric field controlled electrospray deposition for precise particle pattern and cell pattern formationAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 10 2010Jingwei Xie Abstract Photolithography, soft lithography, and ink jetting have been used for automated micropattern fabrication. However, most of the methods for microfabrication of surface pattern are limited to the investigation of material properties of substrates with high-cost and complex procedures. In the present study, we show a simple (single-step) yet versatile and robust approach to generate biodegradable polymeric particle patterns on a substrate using electrospray deposition through a mask. Various particle patterns including patterned dots, circles, squares, and bands can be easily formed and the features of particle patterns could also be tailored using different masks and electrostatic focusing effects. Furthermore, cell patterns can be achieved on the surface of particle patterns by blocking the areas without particle deposition on the substrate and culturing cells on the substrate. Polymeric particle patterns and cell patterns developed in this study could be used in the high throughput screening of sustained release formulations, cell-based sensing, and drug discovery. In addition to experimental results, an analysis of the associated electric field is used to investigate quantitatively the nature of focusing effect. Scaling analysis is also applied to obtain the dominate terms in electrospray deposition process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 [source] Embryonic inner ear cells use migratory mechanisms to establish cell patterns in vitroJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006Lynne M. Bianchi Abstract The hair cells of the sensory epithelium in the inner ear are among the most precisely organized cells in vertebrates. The mechanisms that lead to this orderly arrangement are only beginning to be understood. It has been suggested that hair cells use migratory mechanisms to help achieve their final position in the organ of Corti. The small size and complex organization of the intact inner ear have made it difficult to monitor changes in hair cell location over time in vivo. In the present study, an established in vitro assay of dissociated, embryonic inner ear cells was used to monitor how hair cells reorganize over time. The hair cell specific marker myosin-VI demonstrated that hair cell precursors from both cochlear and vestibular regions reorganized into specific patterns between 3,24 hr in vitro. In contrast to the unlabeled cells, the myosin-VI-positive cells extended processes while establishing the hair cell patterning within an aggregate. These studies support the hypothesis that hair cell precursors actively migrate to help achieve final patterning within the inner ear sensory epithelium. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Nonparametric One-way Analysis of Variance of Replicated Bivariate Spatial Point PatternsBIOMETRICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Sabine Landau Abstract A common problem in neuropathological studies is to assess the spatial patterning of cells on tissue sections and to compare spatial patterning between disorder groups. For a single cell type, the cell positions constitute a univariate point process and interest focuses on the degree of spatial aggregation. For two different cell types, the cell positions constitute a bivariate point process and the degree of spatial interaction between the cell types is of interest. We discuss the problem of analysing univariate and bivariate spatial point patterns in the one-way design where cell patterns have been obtained for groups of subjects. A bootstrapping procedure to perform a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance of the spatial aggregation of a univariate point process has been suggested by Diggle, Lange and Bene, (1991). We extend their replication-based approach to allow the comparison of the spatial interaction of two cell types between groups, to include planned comparisons (contrasts) and to assess whole groups against complete spatial randomness and spatial independence. We also accommodate several replicate tissue sections per subject. An advantage of our approach is that it can be applied when processes are not stationary, a common problem in brain tissue sections since neurons are arranged in cortical layers. We illustrate our methods by applying them to a neuropathological study to investigate abnormalities in the functional relationship between neurons and astrocytes in HIV associated dementia. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Retention of stem cell patterns in malignant cell linesCELL PROLIFERATION, Issue 6 2005I. C. Mackenzie First page of article [source] 3136: Donor and recipient endothelial cell populations in transplanted corneas: new insights from endothelial imagingACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010N LAGALI Purpose To elucidate the pattern of donor and recipient endothelial cell population in transplanted human corneas and investigate factors impacting this mosaic. Methods 36 corneal grafts were collected from recipients of opposite sex to the donor, at the time of re-transplantation. An endothelial sheet was harvested from each graft, and labeled by fluorescent in situ hybridization of the sex chromosomes, to identify cells as donor or recipient-derived. Images of the graft endothelium were assembled to depict the pattern of cell population of the graft, and the proportion of donor cells present was estimated. Results Endothelial cells of donor origin were found in 26 of 36 grafts, persisting up to 26 years after transplantation. The proportion of donor endothelial cells in the graft was not significantly correlated with postoperative time (P = 0.19). Endothelial images indicated a highly variable pattern of recipient cell repopulation of the graft. A tendency towards donor cell retention in transparent, successful grafts was noted; however, this feature alone was not a reliable indicator of long-term graft transparency. Recent in-vivo optical coherence tomography studies of transplanted corneas indicate a possible mechanism impacting the donor and recipient cell patterns observed on the endothelial surface. Conclusion Two-dimensional imaging of the corneal graft endothelium revealed a variable pattern and extent of donor and recipient cell population, indicating the highly dynamic nature of the corneal endothelium after transplantation. [source] Image analysis and quantification in lung tissueCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 3 2001W.I. De Boer On 9,10 September 1999, an international workshop on image analysis and quantification in lung tissue was held at the Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Participants with expertise in pulmonary and/or pathology research discussed the validity and applicability of techniques used for quantitative examination of inflammatory cell patterns and gene expression in bronchial or parenchymal tissue in studies focusing on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Differences in techniques for tissue sampling and processing, immunohistochemistry, cell counting and densitometry are hampering the comparison of data between various laboratories. The main goals of the workshop were to make an inventory of the techniques that are currently available for each of these aspects, and in particular to address the validity and unresolved problems of using digital image analysis (DIA) as opposed to manual scoring methods for cell counting and assessment of gene and protein expression. Obviously, tissue sampling and handling, fixation and (immunohistochemical) staining, and microscope settings, are having a large impact on any quantitative analysis. In addition, careful choices will have to be made of the commercially available optical and recording systems as well as the application software in order to optimize quantitative DIA. Finally, it appears to be of equal importance to reach consensus on which histological areas are to be analysed. The current proceedings highlight recent advances and state of the art knowledge on digital image analysis for lung tissue, and summarize the established issues and remaining questions raised during the course of the workshop. [source] | |||||||||||||