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Cell Heterogeneity (cell + heterogeneity)
Selected AbstractsFine-tuning CD4+ central memory T cell heterogeneity by strength of stimulationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Vandana Kalia Abstract The memory T cell pool serves as a relatively long-lived heterogeneous repository of antigen-experienced T cells that "remember" previous encounters with antigen. While heterogeneity in the memory T cell pool is now well established, signals regulating the generation of this memory T cell heterogeneity are not fully understood. Two articles in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology highlight the importance of the strength of antigenic stimulation in regulating the generation of phenotypically and functionally distinct CD4+ T cell memory subsets. New insights are also provided into key molecular players that likely mediate differences in homeostatic and secondary expansion between the memory subsets. See accompanying articles: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji200737611 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji200737852 [source] Cancer stem cells: Cell culture, markers, and targets for new therapiesJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2009Candace A. Gilbert Abstract A cancer stem cell (CSC) is defined as an undifferentiated cell with the ability to self-renew, differentiate to multiple lineages and initiate tumors that mimic the parent tumor. In this review, we focus on glioblastomas, describing recent progress and problems in characterizing these cells. There have been advances in CSC culture, but tumor cell heterogeneity has made purification of CSCs difficult. Indeed, it may be that CSCs significantly vary from tumor to tumor. We also discuss the proposal that CSCs are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and play a major role in repopulating tumors following treatment. To overcome their resistance to conventional therapies, we may be able to use our extensive knowledge of the signaling pathways essential for stem cells during development. These pathways have potential as targets for new glioblastoma therapies. Hence, although there is an ongoing debate on the nature of CSCs, the theory continues to suggest new ideas for both the lab and the clinic. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1031,1038, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Stem cell markers (cytokeratin 15, CD34 and nestin) in primary scarring and nonscarring alopeciaBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009M.P. Hoang Summary Background, Although the pathogenesis of most primary scarring alopecias is poorly understood, recent studies implicate the bulge region as a possible target. Objectives, To corroborate these results, we ascertained involvement of follicular bulge stem cells using a panel of antibodies that putatively targeted the same. Methods, Antibodies used included anticytokeratin (CK) 15, CD34 and nestin on vertical and horizontal tissue sections of 50 cases of scarring and 34 cases of nonscarring alopecia. Results, Comparing expression of these markers in scarring vs. nonscarring alopecia, CK15 was noted in the follicular bulge region in 23 of 43 (53%) vs. 27 of 27 (100%) cases and in the peripheral layer of the outer root sheath (ORS) (upper two-thirds of the follicle) in 50 of 50 (100%) vs. 34 of 34 (100%) cases; CD34 was noted in the peripheral layer of the ORS (below pilar muscle attachment) in 24 of 35 (69%) vs. 18 of 18 (100%) cases; and nestin was noted in the infundibular region in 18 of 46 (39%) vs. seven of 32 (22%) cases and in the inner aspect of the ORS (below pilar muscle attachment) in eight of 31 (26%) vs. 23 of 23 (100%) cases. Conclusions, Our findings of differential follicular localization of stem cells underscore follicular progenitor cell heterogeneity and suggest the target in scarring alopecia is not merely follicular bulge stem cells but involves stem cells in the inner and outer aspect of the ORS. Enhanced expression of nestin in the infundibular region in scarring alopecia indicates availability of an accessible, in vivo niche of potential utility as an autologous source of stem cells for therapeutic application. [source] Cytomics, the human cytome project and systems biology: top-down resolution of the molecular biocomplexity of organisms by single cell analysisCELL PROLIFERATION, Issue 4 2005G. ValetArticle first published online: 11 AUG 200 In addition, differential molecular cell phenotypes between diseased and healthy cells provide molecular data patterns for (i) predictive medicine by cytomics or for (ii) drug discovery purposes using reverse engineering of the data patterns by biomedical cell systems biology. Molecular pathways can be explored in this way including the detection of suitable target molecules, without detailed a priori knowledge of specific disease mechanisms. This is useful during the analysis of complex diseases such as infections, allergies, rheumatoid diseases, diabetes or malignancies. The top-down approach reaching from single cell heterogeneity in cell systems and tissues down to the molecular level seems suitable for a human cytome project to systematically explore the molecular biocomplexity of human organisms. The analysis of already existing data from scientific studies or routine diagnostic procedures will be of immediate value in clinical medicine, for example as personalized therapy by cytomics. [source] |