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Categorical Scale (categorical + scale)
Selected AbstractsPatient versus informant reported quality of life in the earliest phases of Alzheimer's diseaseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 12 2006Asmus Vogel Abstract Objectives The study investigated if patient and informant reported Quality of Life (QoL) differed in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, we examined whether anosognosia had an impact on the agreement between patient and informant ratings of QoL and whether anosognosia, dementia severity, depression and behavioural symptoms were significantly correlated to QoL in early AD. Methods From a prospective research program including newly referred patients (age >60 years and MMSE,,,20), 48 patients with very early AD were included. QoL was assessed using the QoL-AD and EQ-5D scales. Anosognosia was rated on a categorical scale by an examiner. MMSE, Geriatric Depression Scale, Danish Adult Reading Test and Frontal Behavioural Inventory were also administered. Results On most QoL measures patients rated their QoL higher than their informants. Anosognosia was not associated with QoL but significantly with an inverse impact on the agreement between patient and informant ratings of QoL. Self-reported QoL was significantly correlated to depression but not to age, dementia severity, behavioural symptoms or memory impairment. Informant ratings of QoL were significantly correlated to behavioural symptoms and informant ratings on the EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale were significantly correlated to patient reported depression. Conclusion Patients with early AD generally reported higher QoL than their informants. This disagreement was associated with the presence of anosognosia. Self-reported QoL did not correlate with the MMSE score. Behavioural changes and depressive symptoms may be associated with low QoL. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pharmacodynamic differentiation of lorazepam sleepiness and dizziness using an ordered categorical measureJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 8 2010Mohamed A. Kamal Abstract Categorical measures of lorazepam sleepiness and dizziness were modeled to identify differences in pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters between these adverse events (AEs). Differences in data-derived PD parameters were compared with relative incidence rates in the drug label (15.7% and 6.9%, respectively). Healthy volunteers (n,=,20) received single oral doses of 2,mg lorazepam or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over fashion. A seven-point categorical scale measuring the intensity of AEs was serially administered over 24,h. The maximum score (MaxS), and area under the effect curve (AUEC) were determined by noncompartmental methods and compared using a paired t -test. Individual scores were modeled using a logistic function implemented in NONMEM. AUEC and MaxS for sleepiness were significantly higher than dizziness (20.35 vs. 9.76, p,<,0.01) and (2.35 vs. 1.45, p,<,0.01). Model slope estimates were similar for sleepiness and dizziness (0.21,logits,×,mL/ng vs. 0.19,logits,×,mL/ng), but baseline logits were significantly higher for sleepiness (,2.81 vs. ,4.34,logits). Data-derived PD parameters were in concordance with label incidence rates. The higher intensity of sleepiness may be directly related to baseline (no drug present) while the increase in intensity as a result of drug was relatively similar for both AEs. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:3628,3641, 2010 [source] Dental Caries Status and Need for Dental Treatment of Pennsylvania Public School Children in Grades 1,3, 9, and 11JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2004Robert J. Weyant DMD ABSTRACT Objectives: This cross-sectional study was designed to determine the caries status and provide a general evaluation of the level of dental treatment need of Pennsylvania public school children in grades 1, 3, 9, and 11 on a statewide and regional basis. Methods: Between September 1998 and May 2000, caries status and treatment need were assessed using a school-based dental examination, performed on a representative sample (n=6,040) of public school children in grades 1, 3, 9, and 11 (age range=6 to 21 years). Children's caries status in the primary and permanent dentition was assessed. Need for treatment was scored on a three-level categorical scale,no treatment need identified, routine treatment need, and urgent treatment need,and was based on the presence and severity of caries and other oral conditions. Population estimates of the prevalence of untreated dental caries, DMFT and dft scores, and treatment need were calculated by grade and geographically, using the six Pennsylvania health districts and the cities of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. The inequality of caries distribution in the population was assessed for both permanent and primary caries using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. Results: Dental caries has remained highly prevalent among Pennsylvania's public school children. Caries levels varied considerably by health districts and city. Urgent treatment needs were significant and also varied by health district and city. Conclusions: Dental caries remains the most prevalent disease affecting Pennsylvania's schoolchildren. Caries status varies significantly by region of the state, suggesting that environmental, social, and demographic contextual factors may be important determinants of disease prevalence. [source] Efficacy and safety of once-daily fluticasone furoate nasal spray in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis treated for 2 wkPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Eli O. Meltzer The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate (FF) nasal spray 55 and 110 ,g once daily in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). Patients (n = 554) received placebo nasal spray or FF, administered using a unique side-actuated device, in a 2-wk, randomized, double-blind study. Symptoms were evaluated by patients using a 4-point categorical scale. Efficacy assessments included reflective and instantaneous total nasal symptom scores (r/iTNSS). Primary analyses were conducted in patients aged 6,11 yr in the intent-to-treat population (ITT); the 2,11 yr group provided supportive analyses. In patients aged 6,11 yr, FF 110 ,g once daily significantly improved the daily rTNSS compared with placebo. FF 55 ,g once daily was only numerically better for rTNSS and iTNSS. Secondary pre-dose iTNSS and overall response to therapy were significant with FF 110 ,g. The significant findings for FF 110 ,g were supported by analyses in the entire ITT population of 2,11 yr olds. Both doses of FF were well tolerated. These study results suggest that FF nasal spray administered once daily for 2 wk is well tolerated and effective for the treatment of SAR symptoms in children aged 2,11 yr. [source] The effect of local anaesthetic spray on the pain associated with local anaesthetic injection, prior to biopsy or loop diathermy to the cervix in the outpatient colposcopy clinicBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 5 2000R. J. Connell Clinical Research Fellow We evaluated the effectiveness of local anaesthetic spray prior to injection of local anaesthetic before biopsy or large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix at colposcopy. This was a prospective, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study involving 51 women. Pain or discomfort was measured using a four-point categorical scale and a visual analogue score. Our results show that the use of local anaesthetic spray has no effect on the pain or discomfort experienced by patients having local anaesthetic injections to the cervix, and cannot be recommended. [source] The association of subjective nasal patency with peak inspiratory nasal flow in a large healthy populationCLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 4 2003J. Jose The association of subjective nasal patency with peak inspiratory nasal flow in a large healthy population This study, performed on 303 healthy volunteers, tested the null hypothesis that normal subjects were unable to assess their nasal patency when compared with objective measurement using peak inspiratory nasal flow rate (PINFR). Subjective assessments were made on a categorical scale and PINFR was measured using an In-Check meter. Analysis of variance showed that the peak inspiratory nasal flow rate, when grouped by the subjective scores, was significantly different. [source] | ||||||||||