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Case-control Study (case-control + study)
Kinds of Case-control Study Terms modified by Case-control Study Selected AbstractsNegative Association Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Reflux Esophagitis in Older Patients: Case-Control Study in JapanHELICOBACTER, Issue 1 2000Ken Haruma Background. Recent studies have clarified a close association between H. pylori infection and gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer, but there is little information concerning the relationship between H. pylori infection and reflux esophagitis (RE). We investigated the relationship between H. pylori, RE, and corpus gastritis. Subjects and Methods. Ninety-five patients with RE and 190 sex- and age-matched asymptomatic healthy controls demonstrating no localized lesions in the upper GI tract were studied and evaluated for H. pylori infection, histologic gastritis, serum gastrin, and pepsinogens (PGs). Results.H. pylori infection was significantly lower in RE patients than in asymptomatic controls (41% vs. 76%, p < .01). Histologic gastritis of both the antrum and corpus was significantly less frequent (antrum; p < .01, corpus; p < .01), and serum levels of PGI and the PG I/II ratio were significantly higher in RE patients than in controls (PGI; p < .05, PG I/II ratio; p < .01). When the subjects were divided into two age groups (59 years of age and younger and 60 years of age and older), a significant difference was found only among patients over 60 years of age (29% vs. 85%, p < .01). Among subjects in this age group, gastritis in both the antrum and corpus were significantly milder in RE patients than in controls. Although the prevalence of H. pylori infection was similar between the two groups of patients under 59 years of age, corpus gastritis was significantly milder in patients than in controls (p < .05). Conclusions. A significantly low prevalence of H. pylori infection was found in RE patients over 60 years of age but not in those under 59 in comparison with sex- and age-matched controls. The relative lack of corpus gastritis might play a role in the pathogenesis of RE in our population through preservation of the acid secretion area. [source] Cause of Death in Older Patients with Anatomo-Pathological Evidence of Chronic Bronchitis or Emphysema: A Case-Control Study Based on Autopsy FindingsJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2001Jean Paul Janssens MD OBJECTIVES: To determine the most frequent causes of death of hospitalized older patients based on anatomo-pathological evidence and to compare the relative frequency of fatal events between patients with and without evidence of either chronic bronchitis (CB) or emphysema (E). DESIGN: Retrospective, case-control study based on a computerized database including anatomo-pathological data of patients deceased and autopsied over a 25-year period. SETTING: Two geriatric hospitals in Geneva. PARTICIPANTS: Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS: Autopsy records for cause(s) of death in patients with CB or E. RESULTS: 3,685 patients deceased in our institution (1,540 men; 2,145 women) were autopsied between 1972 and 1996; mean age at death was 81.5 ± 8.0 years. Anatomo-pathological evidence of CB or E was found in 983 patients (26.6% of total); 262 (7.2%) had predominantly CB, and 456 (12.3%) predominantly E. Pneumonia was the most frequent cause of death in all patients (21.8%). Myocardial infarction (MI) (17.6% vs 14%), and respiratory failure (5.1% vs 1.5%) occurred more frequently in subjects with CB and/or E than in controls. Fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) was more frequent in patients with E (18.4%) than in patients with CB (10.7%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.89, P = .008), or in controls (12.7%; OR = 1.56, P = .0008). CONCLUSION: Anatomo-pathological evidence of CB or E is highly prevalent in older patients, suggesting that CB and E are clinically underdiagnosed in this age group. Fatal MI occurred significantly more frequently in older patients with E or CB than in controls. Furthermore, patients with E were at significantly higher risk of fatal PE than patients with CB or controls. [source] Steerable Sheath Catheter Navigation for Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: A Case-Control StudyPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2008CHRISTOPHER PIORKOWSKI M.D. Background: Lack of stable access to all desired ablation target sites is one of the limitations for efficacious circumferential left atrial (LA) pulmonary vein (PV) ablation. Targeting that, new catheter navigation technologies have been developed. The aim of this study was to describe atrial fibrillation (AF) mapping and ablation using manually controlled steerable sheath catheter navigation and to compare it against an ablation approach with a nonsteerable sheath. Methods and Results: In this case-control-analysis 245 consecutive patients (controls) treated with circumferential left atrial PV ablation were matched with 105 subsequently consecutive patients (cases) ablated with a similar line concept but mapping and ablation performed with a manually controlled steerable sheath. One hundred sixty-six patients were selected to be included into 83 matched patient pairs. Ablation success was measured with serial 7-day Holter electrocardiograms. Patients ablated with the steerable sheath showed an increase in the success rate (freedom from AF) from 56% to 77% (P = 0.009) after a single procedure and 6 months of follow-up. With respect to procedural data no difference could be found for procedure time, fluoroscopy time, irradiation dose, and radiofrequency (RF) burning time. With the steerable sheath mean procedural RF power (33 ± 9 vs 41 ± 4 W; P < 0.0005) and total RF energy delivery (97,498 vs 111,864 J; P < 0.005) were significantly lower and the rate of complete PV isolation significantly increased from 10% to 52% (P < 0.0005). The complication rate was the same in both groups. Among different arrhythmia, procedure, and patient characteristics, the lack of early postinterventional arrhythmia recurrences was the only but powerful predictor for long-term ablation success. Conclusions: An AF mapping and ablation approach solely using a manually controlled steerable sheath for catheter navigation improved the outcome of circumferential left atrial PV ablation at similar intervention times and similar complication rates. The 6-month success rate after a single LA intervention increased from 56% to 77%. [source] Asymmetric Periflexural Exanthem of Childhood: Microbiologic Case-Control StudyPEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2000D. Coustou M.D. To do so, we designed a prospective case-control study using throat, stool, blood, and skin samples, and enlisted 37 children with APEC and 37 age-matched controls without eruption seen consecutively from February 1995 to April 1996 from a mixed referral center and community-based population. No interventions were done. Used as the main outcome measure was the differences in the two groups for microbiologic investigations. No significant statistical differences between cases and controls for virus and bacteria investigated were found. No microorganism was identified as a possible etiologic agent in any of the APEC patients. APEC is not a nonspecific cutaneous eruptive pattern to several common microbiologic agents. More sophisticated molecular approaches are needed to address its etiology. [source] Acid-suppressing drugs and gastroesophageal reflux disease as risk factors for acute pancreatitis,results from a Swedish Case-Control Study,,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 3 2006Anders Sundström BA Abstract Purpose To study risk factors for acute pancreatitis, here with emphasis on gastro-intestinal diseases and their treatments. Methods Population based case-control study covering four areas in Sweden encompassing 2.2 million inhabitants. Included were 462 incident cases of acute pancreatitis aged 20,85 years, hospitalized from 1 January 1995,31 May 1998, and 1781 unmatched controls randomly selected from the study base using a population register. Information was captured from medical records and structured telephone interviews. Results Current use of H2 antagonists starting within 6 months of index-date was associated with acute pancreatitis with an adjusted OR of 4.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6,15), and current use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with an adjusted OR of 3.2 (95%CI 1.4,7.4). For both drug classes, the ORs tended to be higher at higher doses. Gastritis/gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) within the last 12 months not treated with PPIs or H2 -antagonists and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) not treated with anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs were associated with development of acute pancreatitis with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.9 (95%CI 1.2,3.0) and 5.1 (95%CI 2.0,13) respectively. Conclusions Current IBD without treatment and gastritis/GERD without treatment were found to be associated with increased risks to develop acute pancreatitis but the nature of the latter association needs to be further evaluated. On balance, we judge that the observed associations between current use of H2 -antagonists and PPIs and increased risk of acute pancreatitis are unlikely to be explained by bias. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Serum Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and Gastric Cancer Risk: a Case-Control StudyCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 10 2002Yingsong Lin We conducted a case-control study to evaluate the association between serum levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and the risk of gastric cancer. Cases were 214 patients who had been diagnosed with gastric cancer and controls were 120 persons who underwent medical checkups. Serum levels of Cu/Zn SOD were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared with the lowest quartile, the OR (odds ratio) was 4.54 (95% CI (confidence interval), 1.62,12.66) for the third quartile and 15.75 (95% CI, 5.84,42.46) for the highest quartile. With both early and advanced cancers, as well as with the intestinal and diffuse types, a significant increase in risk was observed with increasing levels of serum Cu/Zn SOD. Our case-control study showed that serum levels of Cu/Zn SOD were significantly elevated in gastric cancer patients compared with apparently healthy controls, and higher Cu/Zn SOD levels may be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. [source] Serum Insulin-like Growth Factors, Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-3, and Risk of Lung Cancer Death: A Case-control Study Nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) StudyCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 12 2002Kenji Wakai To elucidate the roles of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in the development of lung cancer, we conducted a case-control study nested within the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Serum samples were collected at baseline from 39 140 men and women between 1988 and 1990. We measured serum IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in 194 case subjects who subsequently died from lung cancer during an 8-year follow-up and in 9351 controls. The odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for smoking and other covariates, were smaller with higher levels of IGF-II and IGFBP-3. The ORs across quartiles were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27,0.63), 0.47 (0.31,0.71), and 0.67 (0.46,0.98) for IGF-II (trend P=0.018), and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.37,0.81), 0.54 (0.36,0.82), and 0.67 (0.45,1.01) for IGFBP-3 (trend P=0.037). These peptides were not independently related to lung cancer risk when mutually adjusted. The risk was increased in the highest vs. the lowest quartile of IGF-I only after controlling for IGFBP-3 (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.08,2.81). Limiting subjects to those followed for ,3 years strengthened the negative associations of IGF-II and IGFBP-3, whereas the ORs for IGF-I generally decreased. A higher level of circulating IGFBP-3 and/or IGF-II may decrease lung cancer risk. Elevated serum IGF-I may increase the risk, but this could partly be attributable to latent tumors. [source] Hepatitis B Virus Infection and B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in a Hepatitis B Endemic Area: A Case-control StudyCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2002Jee Hyun Kim Several studies have reported a higher prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and suggested a pathogenic role for HCV, but studies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are limited. To determine the association between HBV infection and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, we performed a case-control study in Korea, a hepatitis B endemic area. We recruited 222 patients newly diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at Seoul National University Hospital between January 1997 and December 1998 as cases. Four age- and sex-matched controls were selected for each case, and the control groups comprised of 439 patients with non-hematological malignancy (control group 1) and 444 subjects with non-malignant conditions (control group 2). Relative risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among individuals tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen was calculated after controlling for other potential risk factors of lymphoma, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, transfusion history and HCV infection. Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in 28 of 222 patients (12.6%) with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma compared with 32 of 439 (7.3%) in control group 1, and 21 of 444 (4.7%) in control group 2 (P=0.001). The crude odds ratio for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among the HBV carriers was 2.54 (1.46,4.45) and the adjusted odds ratio was 3.30 (1.69,6.45) by multivariate analysis. The present study suggests that the risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is increased in HBV carriers and warrants further investigation of the possible role of hepatitis B virus in the pathogenesis of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. [source] Dietary carotenoids and risk of colon cancer: Case-control studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2004André Nkondjock Abstract Some epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables with a high carotenoid content may protect against colon cancer (CC). The evidence, however, is not completely consistent. Given the inconsistencies in findings in previous studies and continued interest in identifying modifiable risk factors for CC, a case-control study of French-Canadian in Montreal, Canada, was undertaken to examine the possible association between dietary carotenoids and CC risk and to investigate whether this association varies in relation to lifestyle factors such as smoking or diet, and particularly the high consumption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). A total of 402 colorectal cases (200 males and 202 females) and 688 population-based controls matched for age, gender and place of residence were interviewed. Dietary intake was assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire that collected information on over 200 food items and recipes. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in unconditional logistic regression models. After adjustment for important variables such as total energy intake, no association was found between dietary intake of carotenoids and CC risk. For women with high intakes of LCPUFA, an inverse association was found between lutein + zeaxanthin and CC risk. ORs were 0.41; 95%CI (0.19,0.91), p=0.03 for eicosapentaenoic acid, and OR=0.36, 95%CI (0.19,0.78), p=0.01 for docosahexaenoic acid, when the upper quartiles of intake were compared to the lower. Among never-smokers, a significantly reduced risk of CC was associated with intake of ,-carotene [OR=0.44, 95%CI (0.21,0.92) and p=0.02], whereas an inverse association was found between lycopene intake and CC risk [OR=0.63, 95%CI (0.40,0.98) and p=0.05] among smokers. The results of our study suggest that a diet rich in both lutein + zeaxanthin and LCPUFAs may help prevent CC in French-Canadian females. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dental caries experience in children with congenital heart disease: a case-control studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2004C. Stecksén-Blicks Summary. Objectives., To compare the dental health of a group of children with complex congenital heart disease with that of age and gender matched healthy controls. Design., Case-control study. Setting., Faculty of Medicine and Odontology/Pediatric cardiology and Pedodontics, Umeå University, Sweden. Sample and Methods., All the cases and their controls lived in the county of Västerbotten in northern Sweden. Each group comprised 41 children with a mean age of 6·5 years. Data were collected from medical and dental records while all bitewing radiographs were read separately by one of the authors. Results., Children with congenital heart disease had significantly more caries in their primary teeth than the control group. The mean dmfs-value was 5·2 ± 7·0 in the cardiac group compared to 2·2 ± 3·5 in the control group (P < 0·05). Twenty-six of the children had all four 6-year-molars, and their mean DMFS-values were 0·9 ± 1·9 in the cardiac group compared to 0·3 ± 0·6 in the control group (P > 0·05). The children with congenital heart disease had received more caries prevention based on the use of fluorides than the control group. There was a significant correlation between the number of fluoride varnish treatments and the dmfs value of the child (r = 0·411, P < 0·01). Fifty-two per cent of the children in the cardiac group had been prescribed fluoride tablets on one or more occasions compared to 17% in the control group (P < 0·01). Number of months on digoxin medication and the dmfs-value had a significant correlation (r = 0·368, P < 0·05). Ten of the children had been on digoxin medication between 6 and 87 months; this subgroup had a mean dmfs-value of 10·1 ± 8·5. Conclusion., Swedish children with complex congenital heart disease have poorer dental health than healthy age and gender matched controls in spite of intensive preventive efforts. In many cases, intervention had been given when caries were present. A closer cooperation between paediatric cardiology and paediatric dentistry is needed. [source] Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Older PeopleJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 3 2006Keith S. Kaye MD OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) in older people and to test a priori hypotheses regarding particular variables and SSI risk. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Duke University Medical Center and seven community hospitals in North Carolina and Virginia. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly patients (,65) who underwent surgery between 1991 and 2002 at the study hospitals. Cases were elderly patients with SSI; controls were elderly operative patients without SSI. Infection control practitioners prospectively identified patients. MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected retrospectively. Case patients who developed SSI were compared with control patients who did not develop SSI. RESULTS: Five hundred sixty-nine SSI cases were identified, and 589 uninfected controls were selected. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of SSI included obesity (odds ratio (OR)=1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.34,2.32), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR=1.66, 95% CI=1.17,2.34), and a wound class classified as contaminated or dirty (OR=1.65, 95% CI=1.01,2.72). Having private insurance was associated with lower risk (OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.12,0.68). CONCLUSION: This study identified several independent predictors of SSI in older people, including comorbid conditions (COPD and obesity), perioperative variables (wound class), and socioeconomic factors (private insurance, which was associated with lower risk). The results from this study can be used to design and implement interventions for SSI prevention in high-risk older people. [source] Fetal Heart Rate Patterns and Sudden Infant Death SyndromeJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 1 2006Cydney A. Menihan Objective:, To determine differences in electronic fetal monitoring patterns between infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome and controls. Design:, Case-control study (N= 127). Setting:, A tertiary-level women's hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. Participants:, Infants born between 1990 and 1998 who subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome and controls. Demographic and clinical data included medical maternal charts and fetal monitoring records. Results:, Compared with controls (n= 98), the mothers whose infants subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome (n= 29) had lower birthweight babies (sudden infant death syndrome 2,840 vs. controls 3,385 g; p < .01), were younger (22 vs. 28 years; p < .01), were more likely to receive Medicaid health insurance (odds ratio 4.6; confidence interval 1.9-11.2), were more likely to be unmarried (odds ratio 5.2; confidence interval 2.1-12.8), had less intention to breastfeed (26% vs. 57%), and were more likely to smoke (odds ratio 4.6; confidence interval 9-11.2). Main outcome measures:, There were no statistical differences in fetal heart rate variability or sleep/wake cycles detected between groups. Conclusion:, Statistical differences were found in demographic characteristics between sudden infant death syndrome mother-infant couples and their controls. However, no differences were detected in the intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring records, specifically in variability and sleep/wake cycles. JOGNN,35, 116,122; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552-6909.2006.00013.x [source] Gene expression in chorionic villous samples at 11 weeks' gestation from women destined to develop preeclampsiaPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 10 2008Antonio Farina Abstract Objective To evaluate the direct alterations in mRNA expression among chorionic villous samples from 11 weeks' pregnant women who would develop preeclampsia (PE) later in the pregnancy. Method Case-control study encompassing five women destined to develop PE [cases matched 1:5 for gestational age (GA) with 25 controls]. We quantified mRNA expression on tissue samples from chorionic villous sampling (CVS) of normal and PE patients. We then assessed mRNA expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), VEGFA receptor 1 (Flt-1), endoglin (Eng), placental growth factor (PlGF), transforming growth factor-,1 (TGF-,1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Data were analyzed by nonparametric rank analysis. Results For all the mRNA species considered in this study, all the mean observed ranks in the PE group were significantly altered compared to the rank expectation among controls. mRNA for Eng and TGF-,1 were the markers with the highest degree of aberration in PE, in respect to controls. The results are consistent with those already reported for the corresponding circulating proteins. mRNA for HO-1 and SOD were instead associated with the lowest aberration. Conclusion It is assumed that the pathogenesis of PE is associated with pathophysiological alterations to trophoblasts in early gestation. Our study has directly proved that gene expressions relating to angiogenesis or oxidative stress are altered in the first trimester trophoblasts that go on to develop PE later. These results would put the basis for a possible screening method for PE by using residual CVS. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pharyngeal dilation in cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction and Zenker diverticulum,,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 5 2010Peter C. Belafsky MD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: Prolonged obstruction at the level of the lower esophageal sphincter is associated with a dilated, poorly contractile esophagus. The association between prolonged obstruction at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and dilation and diminished contractility of the pharynx is uncertain. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the association between prolonged obstruction at the level of the UES and dilation and diminished contractility of the pharynx. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: The fluoroscopic swallow studies of all persons with cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction (CPD) diagnosed between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2008 were retrospectively reviewed from a clinical database. Three categories of CPD were defined: nonobstructing cricopharyngeal bars (CPBs), obstructing CPBs, and Zenker diverticulum (ZD). The primary outcome measure was the pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR), a surrogate measure of pharyngeal strength on fluoroscopy. Secondary outcome measures included pharyngeal area in the lateral fluoroscopic view and UES opening. The outcome measures were compared between groups and to a cohort of nondysphagic age- and gender-matched controls with the analysis of variance. Results: A total of 100 fluoroscopic swallow studies were evaluated. The mean age (±standard deviation) of the cohort was 70 years (±10 years). Thirty-six percent were female. The mean PCR progressively increased, indicating diminishing pharyngeal strength, from the normal (0.08), to the nonobstructing CPB (0.13), to the obstructing CPB (0.22), to the ZD group (0.28) (P < .001 with trend for linearity). There was a linear increase in pharyngeal area from the normal (8.75 cm2) to the nonobstructing CPB (10.00 cm2), to the obstructing CPB (10.46 cm2), to the ZD group (11.82 cm2) (P < .01 with trend for linearity). Conclusions: The data suggest that there is an association between cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction and progressive dilation and weakness of the pharynx. Laryngoscope, 2010 [source] Radiation Response Genotype and Risk of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Case-Control Analysis,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 6 2005Erich M. Sturgis MD Abstract Background: Radiation is the only clear etiologic agent for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Understanding the factors affecting sensitivity to gamma radiation and susceptibility to DTC will be critical to early detection and prevention of DTC. Hypothesis: Germline variants of double-strand break repair genes are markers of DTC risk. Objective: Determine the frequency of common single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes of the double-strand break repair pathway in patients with DTC and cancer-free controls. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: This study included 134 patients with DTC, 79 patients with benign thyroid lesions, and 166 cancer-free control subjects. To avoid ethnic confounding, all subjects were non-Hispanic whites. Genotype analyses were performed on DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the risk of DTC associated with each variant genotype. Results: The XRCC3 18067T polymorphic allele was found significantly more commonly among the DTC cases than for the control subjects (P = .006). After multivariate adjustment, having the XRCC3 18067T allele was associated with an increased risk of DTC (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3 to 3.4; P = .004). In addition, there was a suggestion that the XRCC3 18067T polymorphic allele was more common among the patients with benign thyroid disease (P = .054), and the homozygous polymorphic genotype was associated with risk for benign thyroid disease (adjusted OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 0.9,4.9; P = .078). Conclusions: In this case-control analysis, the XRCC3 18067T polymorphism is associated with DTC risk. However, such work needs confirmation in larger studies. [source] Task Specificity in Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia Versus Muscle Tension DysphoniaTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2005Nelson Roy PhD Abstract Objectives: Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) has been characterized as a "task specific" laryngeal dystonia, meaning that the severity of dysphonia varies depending on the demands of the vocal task. Voice produced in connected speech as compared with sustained vowels is said to provoke more frequent and severe laryngeal spasms. This study examined the diagnostic value of "task specificity" as a marker of ADSD and its potential to differentiate ADSD from muscle tension dysphonia (MTD), a functional voice disorder that can often masquerade as ADSD. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: Five listeners, blinded to the purpose of the study, used a 10 cm visual analogue scale to rate dysphonia severity of subjects with ADSD (n = 36) and MTD (n = 45) producing either connected speech or a sustained vowel "ah." Results: In ADSD, dysphonia severity for connected speech (M = 6.22 cm, SD = 2.56) was rated significantly more severe than sustained vowel productions (M = 4.8 cm, SD = 2.8 [t (35) = 3.67, P < .001]). In MTD, however, no significant difference in severity was observed for the connected speech sample (M = 5.98 cm, SD = 2.83 versus the sustained vowel M = 5.86 cm, SD = 2.87 [t (44) = 0.378, P = .707]). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, an index of the accuracy of task specificity as a diagnostic marker, revealed that a 1 cm difference criterion correctly identified 53% of ADSD cases (sensitivity) and 76% of MTD cases (specificity) (,2 (1) = 6.88, P = .0087). Conclusions: Reduced dysphonia severity during sustained vowels supports task specificity in ADSD but not MTD and highlights a valuable diagnostic marker whose recognition should contribute to improved diagnostic precision. [source] Chemokine RANTES Promoter Polymorphisms in Allergic Rhinitis,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 4 2004Jeong Joong Kim PhD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis RANTES is one of the most widely studied of the chemokines linked to allergic diseases. Two polymorphisms of the RANTES promoter region (,403 G/A and ,28 C/G) have been found. The authors investigated whether these RANTES promoter polymorphisms were associated with allergic rhinitis. Study Design Case-control study. Methods Blood samples for genetic analysis were obtained from 151 individuals with allergic rhinitis and from 278 healthy individuals without atopic disease. Polymerase chain reaction,based assays for detection of the ,403 G/A and ,28 C/G polymorphisms of the RANTES gene were used for genotyping. Results The frequencies of both the RANTES ,403A and ,28G alleles were significantly higher in patients with allergic rhinitis than in control subjects (P < .05 for both). Conclusion The study results indicated that the ,403 and ,28 alleles in the RANTES promoter region belong to the predictor gene set for allergic rhinitis and could be used in genomic analysis. [source] The Relationship Between Dental Overbite and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2001James P. McDonnell DMD Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between deep dental overbite and eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). Design Case-control study Setting Tertiary care pediatric otolaryngology outpatient clinic at the Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Patients 105 patients between the ages of 2 and 6 years. Study Measurements Dental overbite, overjet, and occlusal relationships were measured by an observer who was unaware of ETD status. ETD was defined as having ventilation tubes in place or having the recommendation for ventilation tube placement by an attending pediatric otolaryngologist. In addition, demographic information and medical and social histories were prospectively recorded. Results In a multivariate logistic regression model, children with deep bites were 2.8 times more likely to have ETD than those without deep bites (P = .03). Other independent risk factors for ETD identified in this model were family history of otitis media (OM) and age less than 3 years. Conclusions Children with deep dental overbites are at a significantly increased risk for developing ETD. [source] Folate intake and the primary prevention of non-neural birth defectsAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 3 2006Carol Bower Objectives: To investigate whether maternal periconceptional folate intake is associated with a reduction in selected non-neural birth defects in Western Australia (WA). Methods: Case-control study of folate intake in women whose infants had orofacial clefts (62); congenital heart defects (151); urinary tract defects (117); limb reduction defects (26); or other major birth defects (119); and 578 control women. Results: Neither folic acid supplements nor dietary folate intake in women not using supplements was significantly associated with a reduction in risk in any of the case groups. In contrast to neural tube defects, WA population data for orofacial clefts, heart defects, limb reduction defects and urinary tract defects showed no fall in prevalence since the introduction of folate promotion and voluntary food fortification. Conclusions: This study provides no evidence of folate being an important factor in the prevention of birth defects other than neural tube defects. [source] Case-control study confirms the diagnosis-specific risk of maternal diabetes: Reply to Harold KalterBIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002Christopher A. Loffredo No abstract is available for this article. [source] Evidence of dysfunctional ,2 -adrenoceptor signal system in pre-eclampsiaBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 1 2000B. Aune Senior Registrar Objectives To determine how ,2 -adrenoceptor binding and function differ between healthy women and those with pre-eclampsia. Design Case-control study. Setting Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway. Participants Two groups of pregnant women: eight cases with pre-eclampsia, matched with eight healthy controls. Methods Venous blood was drawn from women in both groups after an overnight rest. The two groups were matched for gestational age which was (mean (SD)) 36.4 (3.8) and 36.5 (4.4) weeks for the pre-eclamptic and control groups, respectively. Six weeks after delivery a second blood sample was obtained. The binding and function of ,2 -adrenoceptors were determined in isolated human mononu-clear leukocytes. The levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined in plasma from venous blood. Results An elevated density of functional ,2 -adrenoceptors was observed in normal pregnancy [mean (SD) 390 (90) vs 270 (60) sites/cell postpartum], due to an increased fraction of receptors in high affinity state, with unaltered total receptor density. The number of functional ,2 -adrenoceptors was reduced in pre-eclampsia [mean (SD) 80 (40) vs 240 (30) sites/cell postpartum], due to a reduction in the total receptor number with an unaltered fraction of high affinity receptors. In pregnancy, both unstimulated and isoprenaline-stimulated cAMP levels were reduced in the women with pre-eclampsia (0.5 (0.2) and 1.7 (0.9) pmol/106 cells, respectively) compared with the normal pregnant controls (mean (SD) 1.2 (0.3) and 4.7 (1.8) pmol/106 cells, respectively). Plasma catecholamine levels were not elevated in the women with pre-eclampsia. Conclusions The increased number of functional ,2 -adrenoceptors may contribute to the vasodilatation seen in normal pregnancy, while the reduced overall number of receptors may be one of several factors that account for increased peripheral vascular resistance in pre-eclampsia. [source] Impact of chorioamnionitis and preeclampsia on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants below 32 weeks gestational ageACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2010Luregn J Schlapbach Abstract Aim:, Intrauterine conditions may interfere with foetal brain development. We compared the neurodevelopmental outcome between infants <32 weeks gestational age after maternal preeclampsia or chorioamnionitis and controls. Methods:, Case-control study on infants with maternal preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis and controls (each n = 33) matched for gestational age. Neurodevelopment at 2 years was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II. Results:, A total of 99 infants were included with a median gestational age of 29 weeks (range 25,32). Median mental developmental index (MDI) was 96 in the control, 90 in the chorioamnionitis and 86 in the preeclampsia group. Preeclampsia infants had a lower MDI compared with the control group (univariate p = 0.021, multivariate p = 0.183) and with the chorioamnionitis group (univariate p = 0.242; multivariate p = 0.027). Median psychomotor index was 80.5 in the control, 80 in the preeclampsia and 85 in the chorioamnionitis group and was not different between these three groups (p > 0.05). Chorioamnionitis or preeclampsia exposure was not associated with major neurodevelopmental impairments (cerebral palsy, MDI<70, PDI<70). Conclusion:, The results of this preliminary study suggest that preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis play a relatively minor role among risk factors for adverse neurodevelopment outcome. Postnatal factors such as ventilation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia may have a greater impact on neurodevelopmental outcome. [source] Screening for duct-dependent congenital heart disease with pulse oximetry: A critical evaluation of strategies to maximize sensitivityACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 11 2005ANNE DE-WAHL GRANELLI Abstract Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of detecting duct-dependent congenital heart disease before hospital discharge by using pulse oximetry. Design: Case-control study. Setting: A supra-regional referral centre for paediatric cardiac surgery in Sweden. Patients: 200 normal term newborns with echocardiographically normal hearts (median age 1.0 d) and 66 infants with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD; median age 3 d). Methods: Pulse oximetry was performed in the right hand and one foot using a new-generation pulse oximeter (NGoxi) and a conventional-technology oximeter (CToxi). Results: With the NGoxi, normal newborns showed a median postductal saturation of 99% (range 94,100%); intra-observer variability showed a mean difference of 0% (SD 1.3%), and inter-observer variability was 0% (SD 1.5%). The CToxi recorded a significantly greater proportion of postductal values below 95% (41% vs 1%) in the normal newborns compared with NGoxi (p < 0.0001). The CCHD group showed a median postductal saturation of 90% (45,99%) with the NGoxi. Analysis of distributions suggested a screening cut-off of < 95%; however, this still gave 7/66 false-negative patients, all with aortic arch obstruction. Best sensitivity was obtained by adding one further criterion: saturation of < 95% in both hand and foot or a difference of > ± 3% between hand and foot. These combined criteria gave a sensitivity of 98.5%, specificity of 96.0%, positive predictive value of 89.0% and negative predictive value of 99.5%. Conclusion: Systematic screening for CCHD with high accuracy requires a new-generation oximeter, and comparison of saturation values from the right hand and one foot substantially improves the detection of CCHD. [source] Clopidogrel versus low-dose aspirin as risk factors for epistaxisCLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 3 2009J.W. Rainsbury Objectives:, To quantify the relative risk of epistaxis for patients taking low-dose aspirin or clopidogrel compared to patients taking neither drug. Design:, Case-control study. Setting:, Primary care. Participants:, 10,241 patients from three GP practices in the West Midlands. Main outcome measures:, Epistaxis resulting in presentation to the GP, attendance at Accident & Emergency, or referral to ENT outpatients. Results:, There was a significant difference in the proportion of patients with epistaxis across the three groups (,2 = 84.1; 2 degrees of freedom; P < 0.000001). Relative risk of epistaxis was increased in both the aspirin (RR = 9.04; 95% CI = 5.13,15.96) and clopidogrel (RR = 6.40; 95% CI = 2.33,17.56) groups compared to the no drug group. There was no increased risk of epistaxis with aspirin compared to clopidogrel (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.6,3.4). Conclusion:, There is an increased risk of troublesome epistaxis in patients taking aspirin or clopidogrel. There is no significant difference in risk of epistaxis between the two drug groups. [source] Parental reported apnoea, admissions to hospital and sudden infant death syndromeACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 4 2001EA Mitchell Three studies were undertaken: (i) a nation-wide case-control study for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), with 393 cases and 1592 controls, examined the association between parental reported apnoea and SIDS; (ii) a case-cohort study, with 84 cases of parental reported apnoea and 1502 controls, aimed to identify risk factors for apnoea; and (ii) national hospital admission data for ALTE and national SIDS mortality data were compared for the years 1986 to 1994. Parental reported apnoea was associated with a significant increased risk of SIDS [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12, 3.09]. The population attributable risk was 8%. There was a significant increased risk for parental reported apnoea in infants who did not die after adjustment for potential confounders with maternal smokers, short gestation and admission to the neonatal unit. There was no association with prone sleeping position, co-sleeping and bottle feeding. The mean annual admission rate for ALTE was 9.4/1000 live births. This did not change significantly over the study period (1986,1994). In contrast, the SIDS mortality rate decreased from over 4/ 1000 to 2.1/1000. Admission rates were higher for Maori infants and boys. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the relationship between parental reported apnoea and SIDS is tenuous. [source] Genetic variation in D7S1875 repeat polymorphism of leptin gene is associated with increased risk for depression: a case-control study from IndiaDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 9 2009Manav Kapoor M.Sc. Abstract Background: Epidemiologic data suggest an association between obesity and depression, however findings vary considerably across different studies. Both depression and obesity are disabling disorders associated with loss over appetite control, influenced by genetic and environmental factors and are risk factors for diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, etc. This study attempts to establish a link between the symptoms of depression, metabolic disorders, and obesity, to unravel the underlying association/s. Methods: This exploratory case,control study comprises 133 clinically diagnosed depressed individuals and 136 age matched controls. DNA from all 269 subjects was genotyped for D7S1875 repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of Leptin (LEP) gene using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Frequency of the shorter allele of D7S1875 (<208,bp) was 0.73 in the depressive group versus 0.67 in the control group (P=.01). Cases homozygous for D7S1875,208,bp alleles had significantly higher value of systolic (130 versus 122; P<.009) and diastolic (85.4 versus 81; P=.01) blood pressure (SBP and DBP) than the individuals homozygous for<208,bp allele. A similar trend was observed for SBP (127.8 versus 123.6; P=.03) among controls homozygous for the longer or the shorter allele. Thus, the LEP gene appears to be an important genetic determinant for susceptibility to depression in the Indian population (OR=1.4913, 95% CI=1.0334,2.1522; P=.04). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LEP gene variants could be related to depression and associated co-morbidities such as hypertension. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Maternal antecedents for cerebral palsy in extremely preterm babies: a case-control studyDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 9 2001Peter H Gray MD FRCPI FRACP FRCPCH The study aimed to identify significant antenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy (CP) among extremely preterm infants with a matched case-control design. Infants born between 1989 and 1996 at 24 to 27 weeks'gestation who survived to hospital discharge were evaluated: 30 with a proven diagnosis of CP at 2 years corrected for prematurity and 120 control children matched for gestational age without CP. Information on maternal obstetric risk factors and medication was obtained. Matched analyses were performed and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. An antenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction was associated with an increased risk of CP (OR 6.6; 95% CI 1.8 to 25.2), while maternal administration of corticosteroids was associated with a reduced risk of CP (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.98). A high rate of placental histopathology was achieved but no relation between clinical or histological chorioamnionitis or funisitis and CP was demonstrated. Maternal preeclampsia was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of CP. It is concluded that a reduced risk of CP in extremely preterm infants is associated with the antenatal use of corticosteroids. [source] Studies of relationships between the GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism and impaired insulin secretionDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 7 2005C. S. Rose Abstract Aims This study aimed to investigate if the previously observed association between the GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism and variation in fasting and oral glucose-induced serum insulin concentrations could be replicated in a large-scale population-based cohort of Danish whites. Methods The GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism was genotyped in a case-control study of 880 Type 2 diabetic patients and 4372 glucose-tolerant control subjects. The latter group was also enrolled in an assessment of fasting and post-OGTT circulating levels of plasma glucose and serum insulin in relation to genotype. The variant was genotyped by analysis of PCR-generated primer extension by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. Results The Ala206Thr variant was equally frequent among Type 2 diabetic patients and glucose-tolerant subjects (P = 0.9) and there was no difference in the distribution of genotype groups (P = 1.0). In the 4372 glucose-tolerant subjects there was no statistically significant association between the polymorphism and levels of fasting and post-oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose and serum insulin along with the insulinogenic index and the homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Likewise, in an age-stratified subgroup comprising 1264 subjects, we observed no relationships between the GLUT10 polymorphism and the selected metabolic features. Conclusions The GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism is not associated with Type 2 diabetes in the Danish population. Furthermore, in the present large-scale cohort, the polymorphism does not associate with phenotypes such as fasting and oral glucose-induced levels of plasma glucose and serum insulin. [source] The quantitative risk of violent crime and criminal offending: a case-control study among the offspring of recidivistic Finnish homicide offendersACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2002A. Putkonen Objective: To study if later risk of violent offending and criminality among high-risk children can be estimated quantitatively on the basis of parental crimes. Method:, The criminal and prison records of the offspring (N=11) of homicide recidivists (N=36) were compared with data from controls (N=220) who were matched for sex, domicile of birth and date of birth and death. Results:, The risk (odds ratio) was increased up to 24-fold for violent crimes (P=0.01), and up to 17-fold for criminality (P=0.0008) among the offspring of homicide recidivists. Conclusion:, The quantitative risk of a child for later violent offending and criminality can be estimated on the basis of parental homicide recidivism. This kind of method could be used to choose target groups for early preventive interventions, and to study the effectiveness of prevention. [source] The role and frequency of glutathione s-transferase P1 polymorphism in Iranian patients affected with reflux esophagitisDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 7 2010N. Zendehdel SUMMARY Reflux esophagitis is a common complication of the gastroesophageal reflux disease. Glutathione s-transferases (GSTs) have important role in the protection of cells from the products of oxidative stress. GSTP1*B allele has a correlation with susceptibility to several diseases. In this case-control study, the role and frequency of GSTP1 polymorphism was evaluated in Iranian patients with erosive reflux esophagitis. Seventy patients with erosive reflux esophagitis and 75 normal individuals were enrolled in this study. The grade of esophagitis was determined via endoscopy. DNA was extracted from venous blood of each subject using the salting out method. GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms were detected using the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There was a significant difference in GSTP1 genotype frequency between patients and normal groups (P= 0.006). Also, in the patient group, the grade B of esophagitis was significantly associated with variant GSTP1 genotype (P= 0.028). The rate of throat pain symptom was higher in the no-variant group (P < 0.036). The GSTP1*B allele frequency in Iranian normal groups is similar to Orientals. Reflux esophagitis are more commonly found in variant (*B/*B and *A/*B) GSTP1 genotypes. In addition, GSTP1 polymorphism is correlated with a higher grade of esophagitis. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||