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Carp Cyprinus Carpio (carp + cyprinus_carpio)
Kinds of Carp Cyprinus Carpio Selected AbstractsA review of changes in the fish assemblages of Levantine inland and marine ecosystems following the introduction of non-native fishesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4 2005M. Goren Summary The arrival of non-native fishes in the Levant Basin began in the late 19th century. Whereas the presence of most of the 40 non-native freshwater fishes stem from intentional introductions, either for aquaculture or pest control, the 62 species of non-native marine fishes arrived by natural dispersal via the Suez Canal. Of the non-native freshwater species, five have established successful breeding populations (mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, common carp Cyprinus carpio, crucian carp Carassius carassius, swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss), and seven are regularly stocked in natural habitats (thinlip mullet Liza ramada, flathead mullet Mugil cephalus, European eel Anguilla anguilla, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, Asian silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis, black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus). Some non-native species appear to have out-competed native species. Gambusia affinis may have caused the extirpation of two native cyprinid fishes from the Qishon River basin (Levant silver carp Hemigrammocapoeta nana and common garra Garra rufa) and the southern Dead Sea (endemic Sodom's garra G. ghoerensis). The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed entry into the eastern Mediterranean of Indo-Pacific and Erythrean biota, with the latter now dominating the community structure (50,90% of fish biomass) and function (altered native food web) of the Levantine littoral and infra-littoral zones. The process has accelerated in recent years concurrent with a warming trend of the seawater. Record numbers of newly discovered non-native species is leading to the creation of a human-assisted Erythrean biotic province in the eastern Mediterranean. [source] Elevated ability to compete for limited food resources by ,all-fish' growth hormone transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpioJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009M. Duan Food consumption, number of movements and feeding hierarchy of juvenile transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio and their size-matched non-transgenic conspecifics were measured under conditions of limited food supply. Transgenic fish exhibited 73·3% more movements as well as a higher feeding order, and consumed 1·86 times as many food pellets as their non-transgenic counterparts. After the 10 day experiment, transgenic C. carpio had still not realized their higher growth potential, which may be partly explained by the higher frequency of movements of transgenics and the ,sneaky' feeding strategy used by the non-transgenics. The results indicate that these transgenic fish possess an elevated ability to compete for limited food resources, which could be advantageous after an escape into the wild. It may be that other factors in the natural environment (i.e. predation risk and food distribution), however, would offset this advantage. Thus, these results need to be assessed with caution. [source] Reduced swimming abilities in fast-growing transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio associated with their morphological variationsJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009D. Li Critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) and morphological characters were compared between the F4 generation of GH-transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio and the non-transgenic controls. Transgenic fish displayed a mean absolute Ucrit value 22·3% lower than the controls. Principal component analysis identified variations in body shape, with transgenic fish having significantly deeper head, longer caudal length of the dorsal region, longer standard length (LS) and shallower body and caudal region, and shorter caudal length of the ventral region. Swimming speeds were related to the combination of deeper body and caudal region, longer caudal length of the ventral region, shallower head depth, shorter caudal length of dorsal region and LS. These findings suggest that morphological variations which are poorly suited to produce maximum thrust and minimum drag in GH-transgenic C. carpio may be responsible for their lower swimming abilities in comparison with non-transgenic controls. [source] Common carp tissue reactions to surgically implanted radio tags with external antennasJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007C. Bauer Examination of common carp Cyprinus carpio, carrying implanted telemetry transmitters, showed that wound healing was incomplete after 4 months and completed after 1 year. Granulation tissue, which encapsulated the transmitter, adhered to the intestine and liver. The liver was infiltrated by the granulation tissue after 1 year. Epidermal tissue grew down the channel for the antenna, establishing a potential pathway for pathogens. No signs of infections, however, were found. [source] About the oldest domesticates among fishesJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 2004E. K. Balon Domestication of mammals such as cattle, dogs, pigs and horses preceded that of fishes by at least 10 000 years. The first domesticated fish was the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Initially it was held as an exploited captive and did not undergo major changes in body shape or colour variations. About 2000 years ago, wild common carp were most abundant in the inland delta of the Danube River. These fish were torpedo shaped, golden-yellow in colour and had two pairs of barbels and a mesh-like scale pattern. Large schools of them thrived and reproduced on the flood plains of the Danube. The Romans kept fishes in specially built ponds at that time. The common carp was an ideal candidate and its rearing became more popular in medieval times. Common carp culture gradually became the most profitable branch of agriculture in central Europe and many special ponds were built. Soon common carp were being produced in pond systems including spawning and growing ponds. Unintentional artificial selection had taken place between the 12th and mid-14th century, and deep bodied and variously scaled or scaleless domesticated forms appeared in nearly every pond system. Some colour aberrations appeared in the 1950s in Japan, which, as koi, became the most expensive of fish. Common carp were not originally domesticated in China but wild ,chi'Carassius auratus occasionally appeared as a xanthic form that, as the goldfish, has been known since 960 A.D. By the 1200s the fish were used as ornamental animals in the garden pools of rich landowners. Circa 1276 to 1546, the Chinese began keeping golden chi in aquarium-like vessels and soon rich and poor alike became breeders of the fancy domesticated goldfish. The variously shaped monstrosities and colour aberrants were freaks but they became very fashionable at that time and still are. Domesticated goldfish monstrosities were first exported from China to Japan and much later to Europe and around the world. More recently other species have been domesticated by aquarists, such as the guppy Poecilia reticulata or the neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi. Other fishes kept as ornamentals, like swordtails Xiphophorus hellerii and platies Xiphophorus maculatus, the discus and angelfishes (Cichlidae), as well as those cultured for food like the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus or sturgeons (Acipenseridae) are merely exploited captives. [source] An in situ estimate of food consumption of five cyprinid species in Lake BalatonJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2002A. Specziár Daily rations of five cyprinid species, bream Abramis brama, silver bream Blicca bjoerkna, roach Rutilus rutilus, gibel Carassius auratus gibelio and carp Cyprinus carpio, in Lake Balaton, a large shallow lake, estimated by the Eggers model differed from that of the Elliott , Persson model by only , 4.3 to +7.3% (the differences were insignificant). Daily rations varied within the range of 0.23,0.69 in bream, 0.55,3.61 in silver bream, 0.69,4.65 in roach, 0.38,3.16 in gibel and 0.50,9.74 g dry 100 g wet fish mass,1 day ,1 in carp at temperatures ranging from 8.7,25.8% C. Daily ration was related exponentially with temperature in silver bream, roach, gibel and carp. For bream, a significant relationship was obtained only when a daily ration value was excluded from the analysis. Annual rations were assessed using the relationships between the daily ration estimates from the Elliott,Persson model and water temperature, and the long-term averages of the monthly water temperature data. From these estimates the bream population consumed 104%, silver bream 424%, roach 487%, gibel 363% and carp 913% dry mass of food of its wet biomass annually. [source] Short-term storage of ova of common carp and tench in extendersJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001O. Linhart In a study of the effect of short-term storage on the hatching rate of common carp Cyprinus carpio and tench Tinca tinca ova in vitro in various extenders at 21° C under aerobic conditions, the best extender for 30 min storage for common carp appeared to be Dettlaff 1. This gave the same hatching rate as controls without extender (55%v. 56%). For 60 min storage of ova, the best extenders were Dettlaff 2 (24% hatching rate) and Dettlaff 3 (30%), but hatching was significantly lower than in the control (58%). In carp ovarian artificial fluid (CAF) extender, the hatching rate of common carp ova was also high after 10 min, but decreased to 12% after 30 min. In tench, the hatching rate of ova increased after 10 min storage in Dettlaff 5 extender (44%) compared to the control (41%) without extender. However, it was significantly lower after storage in Dettlaff 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and CAF extenders for 20, 30 and 60 min, compared to controls. Malformations (10,50%) were observed in the tench second control groups without extender after 10, 20 and 30 min storage of ova. [source] Salt stress and resistance to hypoxic challenges in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000G. De Boeck Long term exposure to brackish water (171 mm NaCl) affected the capacity of common carp Cyprinus carpio to deal with hypoxic conditions and the critical oxygen concentrations for oxygen consumption increased. In addition, regulation of ammonia excretion was lost. The cytosolic phosphorylation potential (the index of the energy status of a cell in terms of potential transferable phosphate groups) in the lateral muscle on the other hand remained relatively unaffected, indicating that oxygen transport to the tissues was not severely compromised. It appears that exposure to brackish water reduces the capacity of common carp to cope with hypoxic conditions mainly because of the high energetic cost of hyperventilation under conditions where energy stores are depleted, and not because of any impeded oxygen transport mechanisms. [source] Molecular phylogeny of three subspecies of common carp Cyprinus carpio, based on sequence analysis of cytochrome b and control region of mtDNAJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2004J. Zhou Abstract The complete cytochrome b and the control region of mtDNA (about 2070 bp in total) of 10 strains belonging to three subspecies of the common carp, including three wild subspecies (the Yangtze River wild common carp ,Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, Yuanjiang River wild common carp ,Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus and Volga River wild common carp ,Cyprinus carpio carpio) and seven domestic strains (Xingguo red carp, Russian scattered scaled mirror carp, Qingtian carp, Japanese Koi carp, purse red carp, Big-belly carp, German mirror carp) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 10 strains form three distinct clades, corresponding to C. c. haematopterus, C. c. rubrofuscus and C. c. carpio respectively. Purse red carp, an endemic domestic strain in Jiangxi province of China, showed a higher evolution rate in comparison with the other strains of C. c. haematopterus, most probably because of intensive selection and a long history of domestication. Base variation ratios among the three subspecies varied from 0.78% (between C. c. haematopterus and C. c. rubrofuscus) to 1.47%(between C. c. carpio and C. c. rubrofuscus). The topography of the phylogenetic tree and the geographic distribution of three subspecies closely resemble each other. The divergence time between C. c. carpio and the other two subspecies was estimated to be about 0.9 Myr and about 0.5 Myr between C. c. haematopterus and C. c. rubrofuscus. Based on phylogenetic analysis, C. c. rubrofuscus might have diverged from C. c. haematopterus. Zusammenfassung Die gesamte Cytochrom b- und die Kontrollregion der mtDNA (etwa 2070 bp insgesamt) wurde für zehn Stämmen der drei Unterarten des Flußkarpfens sequenziert. Die Stämme umfassen die drei wild lebenden Subspecies (den Jangtsekiang Flußkarpfen -- Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, den Juanjiang Flußkarpfen -- Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus und den Wolga-Flußkarpfen -- Cyprinus carpio carpio) und sieben domestizierte Stämme (Roter Xingguo-Karpfen, Russischer zerstreutschuppiger Spiegelkarpfen, Qingtian-Karpfen, Japanischer Koi-Karpfen, Roter Spitzmaulkarpfen, Big-Belly-Karpfen, Deutscher Spiegelkarpfen). Die phylogenetische Analyse zeigt drei distinkte Claden, die den Unterarten C. c. haematopterus, C. c. rubrofuscus und C. c. carpio entsprechen. Der rote Spitzmaulkarpfen, eine endemische, domestizierte Form aus der Provinz Jiangxi Chinas, zeigt im Vergleich mit anderen Stämmen der Unterart C. c. haematopterus die höchste Evolutionsrate, vermutlich durch die starke Selektion und die lange Zeit der Domestikation bedingt. Die Basensubstitutionsrate zwischen den drei Unterarten variiert zwischen 0.78% (zwischen C. c. haematopterus und C. c. rubrofuscus) und 1.47% (zwischen C. c. carpio und C. c. rubrofuscus). Die Topographie des phylogenetischen Baums und die geographische Verteilung der drei Subspecies entsprechen einander sehr stark. Die Divergenzzeit zwischen C. c. carpio und den beiden anderen Unterarten wird auf 0.9 Mil. Jahre geschätzt und die zwischen C. c. haematopterus und C. c. rubrofuscus auf 0.5 Mil Jahre. Nach der phylogenetischen Analyse dürfte sich C. c. rubrofuscus von C. c. haematopterus abgespalten haben. [source] The invasive red swamp crayfish as a predictor of Eurasian bittern density in the Camargue, FranceJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 1 2007B. Poulin Abstract Few data exist on the relationships between food levels and breeding density of the Eurasian bittern Botaurus stellaris, a vulnerable species of high-priority concern in Europe. Concurrent data were obtained on male bittern density and relative food abundance over a 3-year period in two wetlands totalling 2500 ha of Mediterranean reed marsh enclosing 25% of the French bittern population. Food abundance was estimated by sampling up to 25 hydrological units using a beach seine in early June of 2002, 2003 and 2004. The density of booming males in each hydrological unit was obtained by point counts and acoustic triangulation in May of the same years. The impact of food abundance on male bittern density was assessed by general regression models using a forward stepwise procedure with mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, carp Cyprinus carpio, other fish species, amphibians, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and other invertebrates as prey groups. Of these, only to crayfish abundance was bittern density related, contributing to 45% of the variance observed. When the impact of water level was taken into account, the relative abundance of crayfish explained 56% of the inter-annual differences in bittern density. Because crayfish are rich in calcium and well adapted to fluctuating hydroperiods alternating with drought intervals, they provide a good food source for the bitterns throughout the breeding season at the study sites. The loss of diversity and degradation reported from macrophyte-dominated marshes following crayfish invasion does not seem to apply to reed-dominated wetlands. It is further suggested that the recent increase in bittern numbers in the Camargue, while other French populations were decreasing, could in part be related to red swamp crayfish abundance. [source] Effects of common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and feed addition in rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton) ponds on nutrient partitioning among fish, plankton and benthosAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008Mohammad Mustafizur Rahman Abstract The effects of introducing common carp (CC) and of adding artificial feed to fertilized rohu ponds on water quality and nutrient accumulation efficiency were studied. All ponds were stocked with 15 000 rohu ha,1. Treatments included ponds with rohu alone, rohu plus 5000 common carp ha,1 and rohu plus 10 000 CC ha,1. A comparison was also made between supplementally fed and non-fed ponds. The overall highest nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were observed in ponds with 5000 CC ha,1, followed by ponds with 10 000 and 0 CC ha,1. The largest fractions of N and P inputs accumulating in fish, phytoplankton and zooplankton were observed in ponds with 5000 CC ha,1, followed by ponds with 10 000 CC ha,1 and subsequently ponds without CC. Relatively more nutrients accumulated in benthic organisms in ponds without than in ponds with CC. A smaller fraction of the nutrient input was retained in fish, plankton and benthic organisms in ponds without CC compared with ponds with CC. Compared with 5000 CC ha,1, stocking 10 000 CC ha,1 can be considered as overstocking, because this leads to lower fish production and relatively less nutrients retained in plankton and benthic organisms. [source] | |||||||||||||