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Carbohydrate Intake (carbohydrate + intake)
Selected AbstractsCarbohydrate intake, serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotype show association in childrenACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2009Soile Ruottinen Abstract Aim:, To study the association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids in children, and influence of apolipoprotein E phenotype (apoE) on the association. Subjects/methods:, A total of 644 children from a prospective, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial (STRIP) participated in this longitudinal study at age 5 (n = 644), 7 (n = 585) and 9 (n = 550) years. ApoE phenotype, fasting triglyceride, total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and 4-day food records were analysed. Results:, An increase in the total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% (percentage of total daily energy intake) associated with a decrease in HDL cholesterol by 0.006 mmol/L (p < 0.001) when adjusted for saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid, age, gender, body mass index and STRIP study group. The inverse association between total carbohydrate intake and HDL cholesterol was evident in children with apoE3 (p < 0.001) or apoE4 (p < 0.001), but not in those with apoE2 (p = 0.78). An increase in total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% increased triglycerides by 0.02 mmol/L (p < 0.001) independently of apoE phenotype, while 1 E% increase in sucrose intake increased triglycerides by 0.01 mmol/L (p < 0.001). Conclusion:, Carbohydrate intake has a relatively small effect on serum lipids in children. Children with the apoE3 or E4 but not with E2 phenotype show reduction in HDL cholesterol with increasing carbohydrate intake indicating that genetic and environmental factors interact with children's lipoprotein metabolism. [source] Short-term nocturnal hypoglycaemia increases morning food intake in healthy humansDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 2 2008S. M. Schmid Abstract Aims Hypoglycaemia during wakefulness increases hunger and food intake. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus are at high risk of recurrent hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Given the background of frequent hypoglycaemic episodes during night-time sleep in diabetic patients, we investigated morning food intake after nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Methods We tested 16 healthy normal-weight subjects (eight women) on three nights. A linear fall in plasma glucose to a nadir of 2.2 mmol/l within 60 min was induced by insulin infusion immediately after sleep onset (,early hypo') or after about 3.5 h of sleep (,late hypo'). On a control night, no hypoglycaemia was induced. Spontaneous food intake at a breakfast buffet was registered on the subsequent morning. Results Compared with the control condition (700 ± 93 kcal), subjects ate more after ,late hypo' (867 ± 108 kcal; P = 0.041), but not after ,early hypo' (852 ± 111 kcal; P = 0.130). Analyses of macronutrient fractions revealed that in comparison with the control condition, subjects ate significantly more carbohydrates after both ,late hypo' (277 ± 25 kcal vs. 206 ± 23 kcal, P < 0.001) and ,early hypo' (245 ± 23 kcal, P = 0.048), with this effect being more pronounced after late than early nocturnal hypoglycaemia (P = 0.026). Conclusions In healthy subjects, nocturnal hypoglycaemia during sleep stimulates spontaneous food intake the following morning, with carbohydrate intake being especially affected. Effects were more pronounced after ,late hypo', suggesting the influence of temporal dynamics. Although healthy non-diabetic subjects were studied, similar mechanisms may contribute to the frequently observed body weight gain in insulin-treated diabetic patients. [source] Short-term responses by the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, to insecticidal baits: behavioural observationsENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 1 2002Stephen A. Jones Abstract Toxicants may cause insects to avoid a bait, and yet bait efficacy is dependent upon insects ingesting it in adequate quantities. Amounts ingested are, in turn, determined by meal frequency, meal durations and ingestion rate within meals, but to date no report has been made of these variables for domestic cockroaches. We report an experiment in which sixth instar German cockroach, Blattella germanica, nymphs were initially able to self-select their protein and carbohydrate intake independently, then daily at the start of the scotophase some insects had their choice of foods replaced by a single treatment food, which varied through the presence or absence of protein, carbohydrate, and insecticide. Insect behaviour was recorded for the following 5 h, and the data were subsequently subjected to bout analysis in order to identify discrete meals. The age of insects in days on first exposure to a treatment food (,age') and the amount of food eaten in the observation period were both recorded and included in the analysis. Amounts eaten were affected by insect age and food nutrient content, but not by the presence of insecticide. Toxicant effects were, however, seen on average meal duration and meal frequency, in interactions with age and food nutrient effects. These results suggest ways in which direct observations of behaviours may lead to improved bait design. [source] Providing Nutrition Supplements to Institutionalized Seniors with Probable Alzheimer's Disease Is Least Beneficial to Those with Low Body Weight StatusJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2004Karen W. H. Young MSc Objectives: To examine whether providing a midmorning nutrition supplement increases habitual energy intake in seniors with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to investigate the effects of body weight status and cognitive and behavioral function on the response to the intervention. Design: Randomized, crossover, nonblinded clinical trial. Setting: A fully accredited geriatric teaching facility affiliated with the University of Toronto's Medical School with a home for the aged. Participants: Thirty-four institutionalized seniors with probable AD who ate independently. Intervention: Nutrition supplements were provided between breakfast and lunch for 21 consecutive days and compared with 21 consecutive days of habitual intake. Measurements: Investigator-weighed food intake, body weight, cognitive function (Severe Impairment Battery and Global Deterioration Scale), behavioral disturbances (Neuropsychiatric Inventory,Nursing Home Version), and behavioral function (London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale). Results: Relative to habitual intake, group mean analyses showed increased 24-hour energy, protein, and carbohydrate intake during the supplement phase, but five of 31 subjects who finished all study phases completely compensated for the energy provided by the supplement by reducing lunch intake, and 24-hour energy intake was enhanced in only 21 of 31 subjects. Compensation at lunch was more likely in subjects with lower body mass indices, increased aberrant motor behavior, poorer attention, and increased mental disorganization/confusion. Conclusion: Nutrition supplements were least likely to enhance habitual energy intake in subjects who would normally be targeted for nutrition intervention,those with low body weight status. Those likely to benefit include those with higher body mass indices, less aberrant motor problems, less mental disorganization, and increased attention. [source] Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Peak Bone Mass in Young Men and WomenJOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 7 2002Fiona E. A. Mcguigan Ph.D. Abstract Peak bone mass is an important risk factor for the development of osteoporosis in later life. Previous work has suggested that genetic, intrauterine, and environmental factors all contribute to the regulation of bone mass, but the ways in which they interact with each other to do so remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between peak bone mass and polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor (ER) ,, and collagen type I,1 (COLIA1) genes in relation to other factors such as birth weight, lifestyle diet, and exercise in a population-based cohort of 216 women and 244 men in their early 20s. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that body weight was the strongest predictor of bone mineral density (BMD) in women, accounting for 16.4% of the variance in spine BMD and 8.4% of the variance in femoral neck BMD. Other significant predictors were VDR genotype (3.8%) and carbohydrate intake (1.6%) at the spine and vitamin D intake (3.4%) and ER genotype (3.4%) at the femoral neck. Physical activity was the strongest predictor of BMD in men, accounting for 6.7% of the variance at the spine and 5.1% at the hip. Other significant predictors were body weight (5%) and ER PvuII genotype (2.8%) at the spine and weight (3.4%) and alcohol intake (2%) at the femoral neck. Birth weight was not a significant predictor of BMD at either site but COLIA1 genotype significantly predicted birth weight in women, accounting for 4.3% of the variance. We conclude that peak bone mass is regulated by an overlapping but distinct set of environmental and genetic influences that differ in men and women. However, much of the variance in BMD was unexplained by the variables studied here, which suggests that either most of the genes that regulate BMD remain to be discovered or major environmental influences on BMD exist that have not yet been identified. [source] An audit of diabetes control, dietary management and quality of life in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and a comparison with nondiabetic subjectsJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 1 2006F. Tahbaz Abstract Objectives, The study's objective was to audit current diet and disease management in a community-based sample of people with type 1 diabetes. Methods, The study involved adults with type 1 diabetes and control subjects. Reported amounts of dietary intake were collected. Indices of diabetes control were determined by standard methods. Quality of life of both groups was assessed with appropriate measures. Results were compared between two groups. Results, Mean HbA1c concentration was 8.5% (SD 2.21%) for women with diabetes and 8.6% (SD 1.91%) for men. There was no significant difference between the diabetic and control subjects in self-reported energy intake and macronutrient intake, with the exception that the contribution of saturated fatty acid to energy intake was higher in male controls than in male diabetics. There was no association between dietary intakes and glycemic control in diabetic subjects. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and plasma lipids in patients were within normal range and not significantly different from the controls. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was higher in patients. Diabetic subjects did not have a diminished quality of life. Conclusions, Dietary management in these patients was generally focused on controlling carbohydrate intake. Most had suboptimal diabetes control. [source] Evidence of high sugar intake, and low fibre and mineral intake, in the gluten-free dietALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2010D. Wild Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 573,581 Summary Background, The only therapy for coeliac disease (CD) is a long-term gluten-free diet (GFD). Little is known about the detailed composition of such a diet. Aim, To clarify the nutritional composition of a GFD and to compare it with a non-GFD diet in representative non-CD populations. Methods, A total of 139 consecutive patients with CD were invited to fill in a prospective validated 5-day food diary, of whom data from 93 were analysed. Results were compared with data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Adults and the UK Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS). Results, Individuals consuming a strict GFD generally had similar intakes of energy and nutrients to those of comparison populations, but a higher proportion of carbohydrate intake was obtained from nonmilk extrinsic sugars and intakes of nonstarch polysaccharides were low. Compared with the UKWCS sample, female patients adhering to a GFD had lower intakes of magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium and folate. In male patients, intakes of magnesium and selenium were particularly low. Conclusions, This study reinforces the need for clinicians to recognize that avoidance of gluten cannot be the sole focus of a gluten-free diet. Maintenance of adequate intakes of essential nutrients and in particular complex carbohydrates must also be the goal for patients. [source] Developing a methodology for assigning glycaemic index values to foods consumed across EuropeOBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 1 2010L. M. Aston Summary There is growing evidence that the glycaemic index (GI) of the diet is important with respect to body weight and metabolic disease risk. However, research is limited by the paucity of GI values for commonly consumed carbohydrate-rich foods in European countries. A new methodology has been developed for consistent assignment of GI values to foods across five European databases used in the Diogenes intervention study. GI values were assigned according to five decreasing levels of confidence (1) Measured values for specific foods; (2) Published values from published sources; (3) Equivalent values where published values for similar foods existed; (4) Estimated values assigned as one of three values representing low/medium/high GI ranges and (5) Nominal values assigned as 70, where no other value could be assigned with sufficient confidence. GI values were assigned to 5105 foods. In food records collected at baseline, the contribution to carbohydrate intake of foods assigned levels 1,2 ranged from 16% to 43% depending on country, and this increased to 53,81% including level 3 foods. The degree of confidence to assigned GI values differed across Europe. This standardized approach of assigning GI values will be made available to other researchers to facilitate further investigation into the effects of dietary GI on health. [source] Discriminating tastes: self-selection of macronutrients in two populations of grasshoppersPHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2008DENNIS J. FIELDING Abstract The capacity to self-select an optimal balance of macronutrients (protein and carbohydrate) is studied in two populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes F. (Orthoptera: Acrididae). One population derives from the subarctic (interior of Alaska) and the other from the temperate zone (Idaho, U.S.A.). Over the duration of the fourth and fifth stadia, Alaskan grasshoppers consistently self-select a diet centred on a 0.90 ratio of protein : carbohydrate, whereas protein and carbohydrate intake by the Idaho grasshoppers is contingent on the particular food choices presented to them. When restricted to imbalanced diets, the Alaskan grasshoppers develop more rapidly than the Idaho grasshoppers, regardless of diet composition. The Idaho grasshoppers also have a greater amount of lipid than the Alaskan grasshoppers across all diets. Performance measures (body mass, survival, developmental times) are more sensitive to dietary imbalances in the Alaskan grasshoppers than in the Idaho grasshoppers. When fed diets with low, but balanced, proportions of protein and carbohydrate, grasshoppers of both populations are able to increase consumption to compensate for the low concentration of nutrients. The results suggest that demographic responses of insects to changes in host plant quality, such as may result from climate change, may differ among populations within a species. [source] Influence of maternal carbohydrate intake on fetal movements at 14 to 16 weeks of gestationPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 2 2003Israel Goldstein Abstract Objective Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal movements at 14 to 16 weeks of gestation before and after maternal oral intake of carbohydrate. Design Thirty consecutive healthy pregnant women between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation were scanned transvaginally. Real-time ultrasound recordings of 20 min duration were performed in the fasting state and after an oral intake of 110 g of glucose. The number of fetal movements, body and limb movements and breathing movements were evaluated. Fetal movements were quantified using a digital chronometer, and the percentage of time spent moving and the rate of movements per minute were then calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using the simple and Wilcoxon paired t -test. Results Absolute number of fetal movements, body movements, rotation movements, time spent moving and rate of movements per minute showed a statistically significant increase after maternal intake of carbohydrate (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Maternal oral intake of 110 g of carbohydrate significantly increases fetal movements at 14 to 16 weeks of gestation, thus allowing better ultrasonographic viewing of the fetus. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin-like growth factor axis,THE PROSTATE, Issue 1 2008Stephen J. Freedland Abstract BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests carbohydrate intake may influence prostate cancer biology. We tested whether a no-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD) would delay prostate cancer growth relative to Western and low-fat diets in a xenograft model. METHODS Seventy-five male SCID mice were fed a NCKD (84% fat,0% carbohydrate,16% protein kcal), low-fat (12% fat,72% carbohydrate,16% protein kcal), or Western diet (40% fat,44% carbohydrate,16% protein kcal). Low-fat mice were fed ad libitum and the other arms fed via a modified-paired feeding protocol. After 24 days, all mice were injected with LAPC-4 cells and sacrificed when tumors approached 1,000 mm3. RESULTS Despite consuming equal calories, NCKD-fed mice lost weight (up to 15% body weight) relative to low-fat and Western diet-fed mice and required additional kcal to equalize body weight. Fifty-one days after injection, NCKD mice tumor volumes were 33% smaller than Western mice (rank-sum, P,=,0.009). There were no differences in tumor volume between low-fat and NCKD mice. Dietary treatment was significantly associated with survival (log-rank, P,=,0.006), with the longest survival among the NCKD mice, followed by the low-fat mice. Serum IGFBP-3 was highest and IGF-1:IGFBP-3 ratio was lowest among NCKD mice while serum insulin and IGF-1 levels were highest in Western mice. NCKD mice had significantly decreased hepatic fatty infiltration relative to the other arms. CONCLUSIONS In this xenograft model, despite consuming more calories, NCKD-fed mice had significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival relative to Western mice and was associated with favorable changes in serum insulin and IGF axis hormones relative to low-fat or Western diet. Prostate 68: 11,19, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Macronutrient Regulation in the Tropical Terrestrial Ant Ectatomma ruidum (Formicidae): A Field Study in Costa RicaBIOTROPICA, Issue 2 2010Steven C. Cook ABSTRACT Using the geometric framework for the first time in a field study of ant nutritional biology, we show that Ectatomma ruidum colonies actively regulate protein,carbohydrate intake, self-selecting a carbohydrate-biased diet. These data, combined with quantitative recruitment data, provide a more comprehensive understanding of colony-level nutritional requirements of ants. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp [source] Carbohydrate intake, serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotype show association in childrenACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2009Soile Ruottinen Abstract Aim:, To study the association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids in children, and influence of apolipoprotein E phenotype (apoE) on the association. Subjects/methods:, A total of 644 children from a prospective, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial (STRIP) participated in this longitudinal study at age 5 (n = 644), 7 (n = 585) and 9 (n = 550) years. ApoE phenotype, fasting triglyceride, total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and 4-day food records were analysed. Results:, An increase in the total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% (percentage of total daily energy intake) associated with a decrease in HDL cholesterol by 0.006 mmol/L (p < 0.001) when adjusted for saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid, age, gender, body mass index and STRIP study group. The inverse association between total carbohydrate intake and HDL cholesterol was evident in children with apoE3 (p < 0.001) or apoE4 (p < 0.001), but not in those with apoE2 (p = 0.78). An increase in total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% increased triglycerides by 0.02 mmol/L (p < 0.001) independently of apoE phenotype, while 1 E% increase in sucrose intake increased triglycerides by 0.01 mmol/L (p < 0.001). Conclusion:, Carbohydrate intake has a relatively small effect on serum lipids in children. Children with the apoE3 or E4 but not with E2 phenotype show reduction in HDL cholesterol with increasing carbohydrate intake indicating that genetic and environmental factors interact with children's lipoprotein metabolism. [source] A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetesJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 6 2008P. A. Dyson Abstract Background, Recent evidence from randomized controlled trials of hypocaloric low carbohydrate diets in people without diabetes has shown that they promote significant weight loss over the short term. There is very little evidence for any effects of reduced carbohydrate intakes on body weight, glycaemia and cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods, An electronic search was performed using MEDLINE (1966 to March 2007), EMBASE (1988 to March 2007) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1991 to March 2007) using the keywords low carbohydrate, type 2 diabetes and weight loss. Studies including subjects with type 2 diabetes who adopted a reduced carbohydrate weight loss diet were identified. Data were extracted on study design, weight loss, effects on glycaemia and cardiovascular risk and potential adverse effects. Results, Six studies investigating the effects of hypocaloric reduced carbohydrate diets in people with type 2 diabetes were identified. The studies were heterogenous and most included small numbers, were short-term and provided varying amounts of carbohydrate. No studies were identified that were both low carbohydrate (<50 g day,1) and also designed as randomized controlled trials. All studies reported reductions in both body weight and glycated haemoglobin, with no deleterious effects on cardiovascular risk, renal function or nutritional intake. Conclusions, Conclusions are limited by study design and small numbers, but it appears that reduced carbohydrate diets are safe and effective over the short term for people with type 2 diabetes. 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