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Carbamate Insecticide (carbamate + insecticide)
Selected AbstractsSuccessful Organ Transplantation from Donors Poisoned with a Carbamate InsecticideAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 6 2010J. H. Garcia Currently, liver transplantation is the only option for patients with end-stage liver disease. In Brazil, the mortality rate on the waiting list is about 25%. Multiple strategies to expand the donor pool are being pursed, however, grafts from poisoned donors are rarely used. This report documents successful liver, kidney and heart transplantations from four female donors who suffered brain death by hypoxia despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation following Aldicarb exposure ([2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)-oxime]). The success rate of 12 grafts from four donors poisoned by Aldicarb was 91% 6 months after transplantation. Poisoned patients are another pool of organ donors who at present are probably underused by transplantation services. More studies are necessary to confirm the safety for the recipients. [source] Carbaryl exposure and incident cancer in the Agricultural Health StudyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 8 2007Rajeev Mahajan Abstract Carbaryl is a carbamate insecticide with a broad spectrum of uses in agricultural, commercial and household settings. It has previously been linked with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but studies of cancer risk in humans are limited. We examined occupational carbaryl use and risk of all cancers in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective study of a cohort of pesticide applicators in North Carolina and Iowa. This analysis included 21,416 subjects (1,291 cases) enrolled from 1993,1997 and followed for cancer incidence through 2003. Pesticide exposure and other data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while controlling for potential confounders. Carbaryl was not associated with cancer risk overall. Relative to subjects who never used carbaryl, melanoma risk was elevated with >175 lifetime exposure-days (RR = 4.11; 95%CI, 1.33,12.75; p -trend = 0.07), >10 years of use (RR = 3.19; 95%CI, 1.28,7.92; p -trend = 0.04), or ,10 days of use per year (RR = 5.50; 95%CI, 2.19,13.84; p -trend < 0.001). Risk remained after adjusting for sunlight exposure. Although not significant, there appeared to be a trend of decreasing prostate cancer risk with increasing level of exposure. A small increase in NHL risk was observed using some, but not all, exposure measures. No associations were observed with other examined cancer sites. Because the observed results were not hypothesized a priori and because of limited study of their biological plausibility, they should be interpreted with caution. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Resistance to carbosulfan in Anopheles gambiae from Ivory Coast, based on reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesteraseMEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2003R. N'Guessan Abstract. Resistance to carbosulfan, a carbamate insecticide, was detected in field populations of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) from two ecologically contrasted localities near Bouaké, Ivory Coast: rural M'bé with predominantly M form of An. gambiae susceptible to pyrethroids; suburban Yaokoffikro with predominantly S form of An. gambiae highly resistant to pyrethroids (96% kdr). The discriminating concentration of 0.4% carbosulfan (i.e. double the LC100) was determined from bioassays with the susceptible An. gambiae Kisumu strain. Following exposure to the diagnostic dosage (0.4% carbosulfan for 1 h), mortality rates of female An. gambiae adults (reared from larvae collected from ricefields) were 62% and 29% of those from M'bé and Yaokoffikro, respectively, 24 h post-exposure. Exposure for 3 min to netting impregnated with the operational dosage of carbosulfan 200 mg/m2 gave mortality rates of 88% of those from M'bé and only 12.2% for Yaokoffikro. In each case the control untreated mortality rate was insignificant. Biochemical assays to detect possible resistance mechanism(s) revealed the presence of insensitive AChE in populations of An. gambiae at both localities, more prevalent in the S form at Yaokoffikro than in M form at M'bé, as expected from bioassays results. Our study demonstrates the need to monitor carbamate resistance among populations of the An. gambiae complex in Africa, to determine its spread and anticipate vector control failure if these insecticides are employed. [source] The effect of insecticide application sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera:Aphididae), on field crops of potatoPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 4 2006William E Parker Abstract Experiments were done on commercial potato crops in the UK to investigate the effect of different insecticide sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The work was done to provide field validation of similar laboratory studies done in ,field simulators'. To ensure adequate aphid populations and to influence the initial resistance status of the aphid population, cultured M. persicae from a clone of known resistance status (esterase R1, kdr heterozygote, non-MACE (modified acetylcholinesterase)) were inoculated into both experiments. Two-spray programmes starting with ,-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) gave poor control in comparison with programmes starting with pirimicarb (a carbamate insecticide) or pirimicarb-containing mixtures. This concurred closely with the results obtained from single applications in field simulator studies. Treatment sequences containing pymetrozine (a pyridine azomethine insecticide) were also effective, though slower-acting. This again concurs with field simulator studies. The proportions of aphids carrying different resistance mechanisms were largely unaffected by treatment in these experiments. The implications of these results for field control strategies are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Degradation and sorption of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in urban stream sedimentsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2004Svetlana Bondarenko Abstract Monitorings studies show that urban surface streams in the United States are commonly contaminated with pesticides, and contamination by organophosphates and carbamates is of particular concern because of their aquatic toxicity. The degradation and sorption of four common organophosphate and carbamate insecticides were studied in urban creek sediments from southern California, USA. In sediment, malathion was quickly degraded under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with a half-life (t1/2) <3 d. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos were moderately persistent under aerobic conditions (t1/2 = 14,24 d). However, persistence of chlorpyrifos increased significantly under anaerobic conditions, and t1/2 was prolonged to 58 to 223 d. The greatest effect of redox potential was found with carbaryl. Although rapid dissipation occurred under aerobic conditions (t1/2 = 1.8,4.9 d), carbaryl became virtually nondegradable under anaerobic conditions (t1/2 = 125,746 d). The sorption coefficient consistently increased with time for all pesticides, and chlorpyrifos displayed greater sorption potential than the other pesticides. This study indicates that pesticides in sediment may become less available with time because of increased sorption, and pesticide persistence in sediment may vary greatly among compounds and with redox conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, long persistence may occur even for nonpersistent compounds. [source] | |||||||||||||