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Capital Asset Pricing Model (capital + asset_pricing_model)
Kinds of Capital Asset Pricing Model Selected AbstractsSize and momentum in European equity markets: empirical findings from varying beta Capital Asset Pricing ModelACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 1 2010George Karathanasis G14; G15 Abstract We use securities listed on 13 European equity markets to form size and momentum portfolios. We find limited evidence of a size premium but significant momentum returns in eight sample markets. We find that these premia may not constitute an anomaly because they are consistent with a varying-beta Capital Asset Pricing Model. We also show that systematic risk is related to the business cycle. Furthermore, the results suggest that although size and especially momentum returns are significant, it would be difficult to exploit them in the short to medium run, because they are positive and sizeable in very few years in our sample. [source] German Exchange Rate Exposure at DAX and Aggregate Levels, International Trade and the Role of Exchange Rate Adjustment CostsGERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Horst Entorf Exchange rate exposure; macroeconomic risks; financial panel econometrics Abstract. This article analyses value changes of German stock market companies in response to movements of the US dollar. The approach followed in this work extends the standard means of measuring exchange rate exposure in several ways, e.g. by using multifactor modelling instead of augmented Capital Asset Pricing Model, application of moving window panel regressions and orthogonalization of overall market risk vis-ŕ-vis currency risk. A further innovation lies in testing the theoretical implications of exchange rate adjustment costs (hedging costs) for firm values and economic exposure. Based on time series and panel data of German Deutsche Aktien Xchange companies, Deutsche Mark/dollar rates and macroeconomic factors, we find a rather unstable, time-variant exposure of German stock market companies. Dollar sensitivity is positively affected by the ratio of exports/gross domestic product (GDP) and negatively affected by imports/GDP. Moreover, as expected from theoretical findings, firm values and exchange rate exposure are significantly reduced by adjustment costs depending on the distance of the exchange rate from the expected long-run mean. [source] A best choice among asset pricing models?ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 2 2004The Conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model in Australia Abstract We use Australian data to test the Conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model (Jagannathan and Wang, 1996). Our results are generally supportive: the model performs well compared with a number of competing asset pricing models. In contrast to the study by Jagannathan and Wang, however, we find that the inclusion of the market for human capital does not save the concept of the time-independent market beta (it remains insignificant). We find support for the role of a small-minus-big factor in pricing the cross-section of returns and find grounds to disagree with Jagannathan and Wang's argument that this factor proxies for misspecified market risk. [source] Size and book to market effects and the Fama French three factor asset pricing model: evidence from the Australian stockmarketACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 1 2004Clive Gaunt Abstract The present study adds to the sparse published Australian literature on the size effect, the book to market (BM) effect and the ability of the Fama French three factor model to account for these effects and to improve on the asset pricing ability of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The present study extends the 1981,1991 period examined by Halliwell, Heaney and Sawicki (1999) a further 10 years to 2000 and addresses several limitations and findings of that research. In contrast to Halliwell, Heaney and Sawicki the current study finds the three factor model provides significantly improved explanatory power over the CAPM, and evidence that the BM factor plays a role in asset pricing. [source] Capital gains tax and the capital asset pricing modelACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 2 2003Martin Lally Abstract This paper develops a version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model that views dividend imputation as affecting company tax and assumes differential taxation of capital gains and ordinary income. These taxation issues aside, the model otherwise rests on the standard assumptions including full segmentation of national capital markets. It also treats dividend policy as exogenously determined. Estimates of the cost of equity based on this model are then compared with estimates based on the version of the CAPM typically applied in Australia, which differs only in assuming equality of the tax rates on capital gains and ordinary income. The differences between the estimates can be material. In particular, with a high dividend yield, allowance for differential taxation can result in an increase of two to three percentage points in the estimated cost of equity. The overall result obtained here carries over to a dividend equilibrium, in which firms choose a dividend policy that is optimal relative to the assumed tax structure. [source] Capital Asset Pricing Model and the Risk Appetite Index: Theoretical Differences, Empirical Similarities and Implementation Problems,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, Issue 2 2009Marcello Pericoli We perform a thorough analysis of the Risk Appetite Index (RAI), a measure of changes in risk aversion proposed by Kumar and Persaud (2002). Building on Misina's study (2003), we first argue that the theoretical assumptions granting that the RAI correctly distinguishes between changes in risk and changes in risk aversion are very restrictive. Then, by comparing the RAI with a measure of risk aversion obtained from the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), we find that the estimates are surprisingly similar. We prove that if the variance of returns is sufficiently smaller than the variance of asset riskiness, then RAI and CAPM provide essentially the same information about risk aversion. We also show, however, that RAI and CAPM suffer from exactly the same implementation problems , the main one being the difficulty in measuring ex-ante returns. At high and medium frequencies, the standard method of measuring ex-ante with ex-post returns may generate negative risk aversion and other inconsistencies. Hence, future research is needed to address this problem. [source] Market Price of Risk: A Comparison among the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Japan,INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 4 2009KENT WANG ABSTRACT This study examines and compares the market price of risk of the S&P 500, FTSE 100, All Ordinaries, and Nikkei 225 markets from 1984 to 2009 in the framework of Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM). We follow the Vector Autoregressive instrumental variable approach in identifying the risk and hedge components of market returns and argue that in the context of market integration, covariance with a world market portfolio is a better measure of market risk than conditional market variance. Evidence is documented in support of using covariance as a risk measure in explaining market risk premiums in the Australian and Japanese markets. CAY, the consumption wealth ratio from the US market is found to be a robust state variable that helps to explain both conditional variance and covariance processes in the four markets. The market prices of risk, after controlling for the hedging demands, are positive and significant with the United States having the highest price of risk. The results are confirmed using a series of robustness tests that include varying the sampling interval. [source] Estimating the Equity Risk Premium Using Accounting FundamentalsJOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 9-10 2000John O'Hanlon This study uses recent developments in the theoretical modelling of the links between unrecorded accounting goodwill, accounting profitability and the cost of equity, together with Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) betas, to estimate the ex-ante equity risk premium in the UK. The results suggest that, over our sample period from 1968 to 1995, the premium has been in the region of 5%. Our estimate lends support to the view that the ex-ante equity risk premium is substantially less than the historical average of the excess of equity returns over the risk-free rate, and is similar to the rates applied recently by UK competition regulators. [source] An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model with Owner-Occupied HousingREAL ESTATE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2010Yongqiang Chu This article studies portfolio choice and asset pricing in the presence of owner-occupied housing in a continuous time framework. The unique feature of the model is that housing is a consumption good as well as a risky asset. Under general conditions, that is, when the utility function is not Cobb,Douglas and the covariance matrix is not block-diagonal, the model shows that the market portfolio is not mean-variance efficient, and the traditional capital asset pricing model fails. Nonetheless, a conditional linear factor pricing model holds with housing return and market portfolio return as two risk factors. The model also predicts that the nondurable consumption-to-housing ratio (ch) can forecast financial asset returns. The two factor pricing model conditioning on,ch,yields a good cross-sectional fit for Fama,French 25 portfolios. [source] THE SYSTEMATIC RISK OF DEBT: AUSTRALIAN EVIDENCE,AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2005KEVIN DAVISArticle first published online: 21 FEB 200 This paper examines systematic risk (betas) of Australian government debt securities for the period 1979,2004 and makes three contributions to academic research and practical debate. First, the empirical work provides direct evidence on the systematic risk of government debt, and provides a benchmark for estimating the systematic risk of corporate debt which is relevant for cost of capital estimation and for optimal portfolio selection by asset managers such as superannuation funds. Second, analysis of reasons for non-zero (and time varying) betas for fixed income securities aids understanding of the primary sources of systematic risk. Third, the results cast light on the appropriate choice of maturity of risk free interest rate for use in the Capital Asset Pricing Model and have implications for the current applicability of historical estimates of the market risk premium. Debt betas are found to be, on average, significantly positive and (as expected) closely related, cross sectionally, to duration. They are, however, subject to significant time series variation, and over the past few years the pre-existing positive correlation between bond and stock returns appears to have vanished. [source] Earnings Quality and the Equity Risk Premium: A Benchmark Model,CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006Kenton K. Yee Abstract This paper solves a model that links earnings quality to the equity risk premium in an infinite-horizon consumption capital asset pricing model (CAPM) economy. In the model, risk-averse traders hold diversified portfolios consisting of risk-free bonds and shares of many risky firms. When constructing their portfolios, traders rely on noisy reported earnings and dividend payments for information about the risky firms. The main new element of the model is an explicit representation of earnings quality that includes hidden accrual errors that reverse in subsequent periods. The model demonstrates that earnings quality magnifies fundamental risk. Absent fundamental risk, poor earnings quality cannot affect the equity risk premium. Moreover, only the systematic (undiversified) component of earnings-quality risk contributes to the equity risk premium. In contrast, all components of earnings-quality risk affect earnings capitalization factors. The model ties together consumption CAPM and accounting-based valuation research into one price formula linking earnings quality to the equity risk premium and earnings capitalization factors. [source] A currency index global capital asset pricing modelEUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2000Thomas J. O'Brien The application of an international capital asset pricing relationship with two factors, the global market portfolio and a currency index, is described and illustrated. The model and illustration help demonstrate a problem with the common practice of adjusting an asset's expected rate of return across currencies via nominal riskless interest rate differentials. [source] Extending the capital asset pricing model: the reward beta approachACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 1 2007Graham Bornholt G12; G24; G31 Abstract This paper offers an alternative method for estimating expected returns. The proposed reward beta approach performs well empirically and is based on asset pricing theory. The empirical section compares this approach with the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Fama,French three-factor model. In out-of-sample testing, both the CAPM and the three-factor model are rejected. In contrast, the reward beta approach easily passes the same test. In robustness checks, the reward beta approach consistently outperforms both the CAPM and the three-factor model. [source] Capital gains tax and the capital asset pricing modelACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 2 2003Martin Lally Abstract This paper develops a version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model that views dividend imputation as affecting company tax and assumes differential taxation of capital gains and ordinary income. These taxation issues aside, the model otherwise rests on the standard assumptions including full segmentation of national capital markets. It also treats dividend policy as exogenously determined. Estimates of the cost of equity based on this model are then compared with estimates based on the version of the CAPM typically applied in Australia, which differs only in assuming equality of the tax rates on capital gains and ordinary income. The differences between the estimates can be material. In particular, with a high dividend yield, allowance for differential taxation can result in an increase of two to three percentage points in the estimated cost of equity. The overall result obtained here carries over to a dividend equilibrium, in which firms choose a dividend policy that is optimal relative to the assumed tax structure. [source] Generation unit selection via capital asset pricing model for generation planningINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 14 2003Romy Cahyadi Abstract The electric power industry in many parts of U.S.A. is undergoing substantial regulatory and organizational changes. Such changes introduce substantial financial risk in generation planning. In order to incorporate the financial risk into the capital investment decision process of generation planning, in this paper, we develop and analyse a generation unit selection process via the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). In particular, utilizing realistic data on gas-fired, coal-fired, and wind power generation units, we show which and how concrete steps can be taken for generation planning purposes. It is hoped that the generation unit selection process developed in this paper will help utilities in the area of effective and efficient generation planning when financial risks are considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Resuscitating the C-CAPM: empirical evidence from France and GermanyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCE & ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2005Stuart Hyde Abstract In this paper we analyse whether the consumption based capital asset pricing model is consistent with asset return data from the French and German stock markets. We evaluate the performance of the C-CAPM by applying the non-parametric methodology of Hansen and Jagannathan and adopting five alternative specifications of utility. In addition to standard power utility we adopt the recursive preferences model proposed by Epstein and Zin. We also consider both internal and external habit formation (persistence) using the models proposed by Constantinides, Abel and Campbell and Cochrane. We evaluate our findings using the tests of Burnside and Hansen and Jagannathan. We find that the majority of models produce stochastic discount factors consistent with the data. However, high degrees of risk aversion are implied for the models to be consistent. Incorporating habit formation only partially reduces the implied levels of risk aversion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Testing the capital asset pricing model efficiently under elliptical symmetry: a semiparametric approachJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMETRICS, Issue 6 2002Douglas J. Hodgson We develop new tests of the capital asset pricing model that take account of and are valid under the assumption that the distribution generating returns is elliptically symmetric; this assumption is necessary and sufficient for the validity of the CAPM. Our test is based on semiparametric efficient estimation procedures for a seemingly unrelated regression model where the multivariate error density is elliptically symmetric, but otherwise unrestricted. The elliptical symmetry assumption allows us to avoid the curse of dimensionality problem that typically arises in multivariate semiparametric estimation procedures, because the multivariate elliptically symmetric density function can be written as a function of a scalar transformation of the observed multivariate data. The elliptically symmetric family includes a number of thick-tailed distributions and so is potentially relevant in financial applications. Our estimated betas are lower than the OLS estimates, and our parameter estimates are much less consistent with the CAPM restrictions than the corresponding OLS estimates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Portfolio theory and how parent birds manage investment riskOIKOS, Issue 10 2009Scott Forbes Investment theory is founded on the premise that higher returns are generally associated with greater risk, and that portfolio diversification reduces risk. Here I examine parental investment decisions in birds from this perspective, using data from a model system, a 16-year study of breeding red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus. Like many altricial birds, blackbirds structure their brood into core (first-hatched) and marginal (later-hatched) elements that differ in risk profile. I measured risk in two ways: as the coefficient of variation in growth and survival of core and marginal offspring from a given brood structure; and using financial beta derived from the capital asset pricing model of modern portfolio theory. Financial beta correlates changes in asset value with changes in the value of a broader market, defined here as individual reproductive success vs. population reproductive success. Both measures of risk increased with larger core (but not marginal) brood size; and variation in growth and survival was significantly greater during ecologically adverse conditions. Core offspring showed low beta values relative to marginal progeny. The most common brood structures in the population exhibited the highest beta values for both core and marginal offspring: many parent blackbirds embraced rather than avoided risk. But they did so prudently with an investment strategy that resembled a financial instrument, the call option. A call option is a contingent claim on the future value of the asset, and is exercised only if asset value increases beyond a point fixed in advance. Otherwise the option lapses and the investor loses only the initial option price. Parents created high risk marginal progeny that were forfeited during ecological adversity (the option lapses) but raised otherwise (the option called); at the same time parents maintained a constant investment and return in low risk core progeny that varied little with changes in brood size or ecological conditions. [source] An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model with Owner-Occupied HousingREAL ESTATE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2010Yongqiang Chu This article studies portfolio choice and asset pricing in the presence of owner-occupied housing in a continuous time framework. The unique feature of the model is that housing is a consumption good as well as a risky asset. Under general conditions, that is, when the utility function is not Cobb,Douglas and the covariance matrix is not block-diagonal, the model shows that the market portfolio is not mean-variance efficient, and the traditional capital asset pricing model fails. Nonetheless, a conditional linear factor pricing model holds with housing return and market portfolio return as two risk factors. The model also predicts that the nondurable consumption-to-housing ratio (ch) can forecast financial asset returns. The two factor pricing model conditioning on,ch,yields a good cross-sectional fit for Fama,French 25 portfolios. [source] Uncovering the Risk,Return Relation in the Stock MarketTHE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Issue 3 2006HUI GUO ABSTRACT There is ongoing debate about the apparent weak or negative relation between risk (conditional variance) and expected returns in the aggregate stock market. We develop and estimate an empirical model based on the intertemporal capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) that separately identifies the two components of expected returns, namely, the risk component and the component due to the desire to hedge changes in investment opportunities. The estimated coefficient of relative risk aversion is positive, statistically significant, and reasonable in magnitude. However, expected returns are driven primarily by the hedge component. The omission of this component is partly responsible for the existing contradictory results. [source] LIQUIDITY AND ASSET PRICING UNDER THE THREE-MOMENT CAPM PARADIGMTHE JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2007Duong Nguyen Abstract We examine whether the use of the three-moment capital asset pricing model can account for liquidity risk. We also make a comparative analysis of a four-factor model based on Fama,French and Pástor,Stambaugh factors versus a model based solely on stock characteristics. Our findings suggest that neither of the models captures the liquidity premium nor do stock characteristics serve as proxies for liquidity. We also find that sensitivities of stock return to fluctuations in market liquidity do not subsume the effect of characteristic liquidity. Furthermore, our empirical findings are robust to differences in market microstructure or trading protocols between NYSE/AMEX and NASDAQ. [source] Looking for contagion in currency futures marketsTHE JOURNAL OF FUTURES MARKETS, Issue 10 2003Chu-Sheng Tai This article tests whether there are pure contagion effects in both conditional means and volatilities among British pound, Canadian dollar, Deutsche mark, and Swiss franc futures markets during the 1992 ERM crisis. A conditional version of international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) in the absence of purchasing power parity (PPP) is used to control for economic fundamentals. The empirical results indicate that overall there are no mean spillovers among those futures markets, but they are detected during the crisis period. That is, past return shocks originating in any one of the four markets have no impact on the other three markets during the entire sample period, suggesting that these markets are weak-form efficient. However, this weak-form market efficiency fails to hold during the market turmoil, especially for British pound and Swiss franc, and the sources of contagion-in-mean effects are mainly due to the return shocks originating in three European currency futures markets. As for the contagion-in-volatility, it is detected for British pound only because its conditional volatility is influenced by the negative volatility shocks from Canadian dollar, Deutsche mark, and Swiss franc, with Deutsche mark playing the dominant role in generating these shocks. JEL Classifications: C32; F31; G12. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:957,988, 2003 [source] International Comparisons on Stock Market Short-termism: How Different is the UK Experience?THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 2000Angela J. Black Using data from five major stock markets and a vector autoregression estimation procedure underpinned by the traditional intertemporal capital asset pricing model, initial evidence suggests that the UK investing community is particularly prejudiced in terms of short-termist behaviour. The observed UK myopic outlook, however, may be more apparent than real. We hypothesize that UK investors are highly sensitive to uncertainty over future cash flows,a feature which is not being captured by traditional theoretical models. Motivated by the ,option value' approach, the evidence shows that uncertainty about UK economic conditions, as proxied by the spread between mortgage rates and base rates, can go some way in explaining the reported UK anomaly. [source] ON THE ROLE OF THE GROWTH OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO IN FINANCEAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 4 2005Article first published online: 6 DEC 200, ECKHARD PLATEN The paper discusses various roles that the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) plays in finance. For the case of a continuous market we show how the GOP can be interpreted as a fundamental building block in financial market modeling, portfolio optimisation, contingent claim pricing and risk measurement. On the basis of a portfolio selection theorem, optimal portfolios are derived. These allocate funds into the GOP and the savings account. A risk aversion coefficient is introduced, controlling the amount invested in the savings account, which allows to characterize portfolio strategies that maximise expected utilities. Natural conditions are formulated under which the GOP appears as the market portfolio. A derivation of the intertemporal capital asset pricing model is given without relying on Markovianity, equilibrium arguments or utility functions. Fair contingent claim pricing, with the GOP as numeraire portfolio, is shown to generalise risk neutral and actuarial pricing. Finally, the GOP is described in various ways as the best performing portfolio. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||