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Cancer Mortality Rates (cancer + mortality_rate)
Selected AbstractsOral and pharyngeal cancer mortality rates in Mexico, 1979,2003JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 1 2008Gabriela Anaya-Saavedra Background:, In Mexico, information on oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC) is scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore the trends in OPC mortality rates in Mexico from 1979 through 2003 and to describe the distribution of OPC deaths for selected socio-demographic variables for the period of 2001,2003. Material and methods:, Annual crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were obtained by gender and site of lesion, using the 2003 WHO World standard million population. The Poisson regression model was used to detect a trend in the mortality rates, testing the hypothesis ,1 = 0. Also, the annual percentage change (APC) was computed over the age-adjusted rates. Results:, The total number of OPC deaths during the period 1979,2003 was 15 576. The age-adjusted mortality rate was 1.13/100 000 in 1979 and 1.08/100 000 in 2003. Oral cancer was more frequently found than salivary gland and pharyngeal cancer (41.5% vs. 13.4% and 17.1%). The tongue (19%) was the most frequent oral affected site. The Poisson regression analysis indicated a stationary trend in cancer mortality rate; also, the APC regression model showed no increase or decrease in OPC from 1979 to 2003. Conclusions:, Oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality rates in Mexico were low compared to most countries, and remained stable in the past two decades. [source] Genotyping of the cagA gene of Helicobacter pylori on immunohistochemistry with East Asian CagA-specific antibodyPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2008Ryoko Kanada The cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA) of Helicobacter pylori prevalent in East Asian countries, where the mortality rate due to gastric cancer is high, has been reported to be structurally different from that in Western countries, where the gastric cancer mortality rate is relatively low. Based on the structural features of the EPIYA motifs located at the carboxyl terminal of the protein, CagA was subdivided into two types: East Asian CagA and Western CagA. A recent study suggested that immunohistochemistry with anti-East Asian-specific antibody (,-EAS Ab), which was specifically immunoreactive with East Asian CagA but not with Western CagA, may be useful for diagnosis of the cagA genotype. To further evaluate the value of this diagnostic method in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, 143 gastric biopsy specimens with ,-EAS Ab were analyzed on immunohistochemistry and compared with the sequencing of the cagA gene. It was found that diagnosis of the cagA genotype of H. pylori on immunohistochemistry using the ,-EAS Ab was highly sensitive (sensitivity 93.2%) and specific (specificity 72.7%), suggesting that immunohistochemical diagnosis of the cagA genotype is useful for diagnosis of the cagA genotype. [source] Immunohistochemical diagnosis of the cagA -gene genotype of Helicobacter pylori with anti-East Asian CagA-specific antibodyCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Tomohisa Uchida Cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA) protein produced by Helicobacter pylori is proposed to be associated with the pathogenesis of gastric cancer as well as gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcer. It has been reported that the CagA of H. pylori widespread in East Asian countries, where the mortality rate due to gastric cancer is high, is structurally different from that in Western countries, where the gastric cancer mortality rate is relatively low. In this study, we generated an antibody, East Asian CagA-specific antibody (,-EAS Ab), which is specifically immunoreactive with East Asian CagA but not with Western CagA. The CagA was immunohistochemically detected at the surface of the gastric mucosa. Interestingly, positive immunoreactivity was also detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected gastric epithelium, suggesting that CagA may play some pathogenic role in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry of 47 gastric biopsy specimens detected East Asian CagA-positive H. pylori in 43 cases. In 46 of the 47 cases examined, the data obtained by immunohistochemistry were completely consistent with those obtained by sequencing of the cagA gene of the isolated strain, suggesting that our immunohistochemical method is reliable and useful for diagnosis of the cagA genotype. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 521,528) [source] Age,environment model for breast cancerENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 3 2004Nobutane Hanayama Abstract In the field of breast cancer study, it has become accepted that crucial exposures to environmental risks might have occurred years before a malignant tumor is evident in human breasts, while age factors such as ages at menstruation have been known as risks for the disease already. To project trends in two such kinds of risks for the disease, the concept of environment effects is introduced for (age, period)-specific breast cancer mortality rates. Also, a new model, named the age,environment (AE) model, which assumes that the logarithm of the expected rate is a linear function of environment effects and age effects, is proposed. It is shown that, although environment effects have different meanings from period effects or cohort effects, in the age,period,cohort (APC) model, the range space of the design matrix for the AE model is included in that for APC model. It is seen, however, that the AE model provides a better fit to the data for females in Japan and the four Nordic countries than does the APC model in terms of AIC. From the results of ML estimation of the parameters in the AE model based on the data obtained in Japan, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the Sino,Japanese war, World War II and the environmental pollution due to the economy in the recovery period from the defeat. Besides, from those based on the data obtained in the four Nordic countries, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the environment becoming worse after the year of Helsinki Olympics and low levels of them associated with the period including the year of ,Miracle of the Winter War' in Finland. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Trends in oesophageal cancer incidence and mortality in EuropeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2008Cristina Bosetti Abstract To monitor recent trends in mortality from oesophageal cancer in 33 European countries, we analyzed the data provided by the World Health Organization over the last 2 decades, using also joinpoint regression. For selected European cancer registration areas, we also analyzed incidence rates for different histological types. For men in the European Union (EU), age-standardized (world population) mortality rates were stable around 6/100,000 between the early 1980s and the early 1990s, and slightly declined in the last decade (5.4/100,000 in the early 2000s, annual percent change, APC = ,1.1%). In several western European countries, male rates have started to level off or decline during the last decade (APC = ,3.4% in France, and ,3.0% in Italy). Also in Spain and the UK, which showed upward trends in the 1990s, the rates tended to level off in most recent years. A levelling of rates was observed only more recently in countries of central and eastern Europe, which had had substantial rises up to the late 1990s. Oesophageal cancer mortality rates remained comparatively low in European women, and overall EU female rates were stable around 1.1,1.2/100,000 over the last 2 decades (APC = ,0.1%). In northern Europe a clear upward trend was observed in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and in Denmark and Scotland incidence of adenocarcinoma in men is now higher than that of squamous-cell carcinoma. Squamous-cell carcinoma remained the prevalent histological type in southern Europe. Changes in smoking habits and alcohol drinking for men, and perhaps nutrition, diet and physical activity for both sexes, can partly or largely explain these trends. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Esophageal cancer in Central and Eastern Europe: Tobacco and alcoholINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2007Mia Hashibe Abstract Esophageal cancer mortality rates in Central and Eastern Europe have been increasing steadily and are expected to increase further in the future. To evaluate the role of risk factors for esophageal cancer in this population, a multicenter study was conducted, with investigation of tobacco and alcohol as one of the principal aims. We have included 192 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 35 adenocarcinoma cases of the esophagus diagnosed at designated hospitals in 5 centers from Romania, Russia, the Czech Republic and Poland. Controls were frequency matched from patients in the same hospital as the cases (n = 1,114). Our results showed that the risk of esophageal SCC may be increased by approximately 7-fold for current smokers (OR = 7.41, 95% CI 3.98,13.79) and by 3-fold for ever alcohol drinkers (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.06,7.74). Dose-response relations were evident for both the frequency and duration of tobacco and of alcohol on the risk of esophageal SCC. Risk estimates for tobacco smoking were highest for lower esophageal SCCs, while risk estimates for alcohol drinking were highest for upper esophageal SCCs; though differences were not statistically significant. For adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, our results suggested a more modest increase in risk because of tobacco smoking than that for SCC of the esophagus and no association with alcohol consumption, although our sample size was small. A synergistic interaction between tobacco and alcohol was observed for the risk of esophageal SCC, highlighting the importance of both factors for esophageal cancers in Central and Eastern Europe. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Brain cancer mortality and potential occupational exposure to lead: Findings from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979,1989INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2006Edwin van Wijngaarden Abstract We evaluated the association between potential occupational lead exposure and the risk of brain cancer mortality in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS), which is a prospective census-based cohort study of mortality among the noninstitutionalized United States population (1979,1989). The present study was limited to individuals for whom occupation and industry were available (n = 317,968). Estimates of probability and intensity of lead exposure were assigned using a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Risk estimates for the impact of lead on brain cancer mortality were computed using standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and proportional hazards and Poisson regression techniques, adjusting for the effects of age, gender and several other covariates. Brain cancer mortality rates were greater among individuals in jobs potentially involving lead exposure as compared to those unexposed (age- and gender-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9,2.3) with indications of an exposure,response trend (probability: low HR = 0.7 (95% CI = 0.2,2.2), medium HR = 1.4 (95% CI = 0.8,2.5), high HR = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.2,4.0); intensity: low HR = 1.2 (95% CI = 0.7,2.1), medium/high HR = 1.9 (95% CI = 1.0,3.4)). Brain cancer risk was greatest among individuals with the highest levels of probability and intensity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3,4.2). These findings provide further support for an association between occupational lead exposure and brain cancer mortality, but need to be interpreted cautiously due to the consideration of brain cancer as one disease entity and the absence of biological measures of lead exposure. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Mortality and incidence trends from esophagus cancer in selected geographic areas of China circa 1970,90INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2002Li Ke Abstract China was one of the countries with the highest esophagus cancer risk in the world during the 1970s. This report provides data on time trends of esophagus cancer incidence and mortality during the 1970s,90s in selected geographic areas of China. Information on newly diagnosed cancer cases and cancer deaths is based on data collected by local population-based registries and Disease Surveillance Points (DSP). For the whole country, esophagus cancer mortality decreased slightly, 17.4 per 105 populations during 1990,92 in contrast to 18.8 per 105 populations in 1973,75. In the Linxian area, trends in the incidence and mortality rates for esophagus+gastric cardia cancer reversed over time; incidence rates increased significantly during 1959,72 but were decreased significantly on average ,2.26% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: ,1.74, ,2.77) and ,1.10% (95% CI = ,0.58, ,1.62) per year for males and females, respectively, during 1972,97. In urban Shanghai, incidence trend for esophagus cancer decreased monotonically and significantly on average by ,4.99% (95% CI = ,4.28, ,5.70) and ,5.18% (95% CI = ,4.99, ,5.70) per year for males and females, respectively. In Nanao islet, esophagus+gastric cardia cancer mortality rates increased during 1970,82 but decreased slowly from 1982,99 (,0.96% per year; 95% CI = ,0.14, ,1.78). Our study indicates that incidence and mortality rates for esophagus or esophagus+gastric cardia cancer are now decreasing in China. The declines may be due to an unplanned success of prevention, such as changes in population dietary patterns and food preservation methods. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Risk of gastric cancer is not increased after partial gastrectomyJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 7 2000R Bassily Abstract Background: It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of gastric cancer following partial gastrectomy. This question has not been studied in an Australian population. Methods: The records of a total of 569 patients who had a partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer disease at Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg, between 1957 and 1976 were reviewed. All were followed to date of death or 31 December 1996. The expected rate of gastric cancer for this population was estimated from published Australian age-and sex-specific gastric cancer mortality rates over this period, and a standardized incidence ratio was calculated. Results: The mean age at surgery was 53.5 years (range 27,83 years). There were 547 male (96.4%) and 22 female (3.6%) patients. Five hundred and seven (83.5%) had a Billroth II procedure. Thirty-eight patients (6.3%) were lost to follow up and were not included in the analysis. From the records of the Department of Veterans' Affairs, it was established that 125 (20.6%) were alive in December 1996, a mean survival after surgery of 18.8 years. The mean documented duration of follow up was 17.3 years (range 1,41 years). Nine patients developed cancer in the gastric remnant. The expected number of cancers in this population was 6.5. Assuming all survivors were free of gastric cancer, the standardized incidence ratio was 1.39 (95% confidence intervals 0.64,2.65, P = 0.313). Conclusion: The risk of gastric cancer was not increased after partial gastrectomy in this Australian population. [source] Oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality rates in Mexico, 1979,2003JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 1 2008Gabriela Anaya-Saavedra Background:, In Mexico, information on oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC) is scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore the trends in OPC mortality rates in Mexico from 1979 through 2003 and to describe the distribution of OPC deaths for selected socio-demographic variables for the period of 2001,2003. Material and methods:, Annual crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were obtained by gender and site of lesion, using the 2003 WHO World standard million population. The Poisson regression model was used to detect a trend in the mortality rates, testing the hypothesis ,1 = 0. Also, the annual percentage change (APC) was computed over the age-adjusted rates. Results:, The total number of OPC deaths during the period 1979,2003 was 15 576. The age-adjusted mortality rate was 1.13/100 000 in 1979 and 1.08/100 000 in 2003. Oral cancer was more frequently found than salivary gland and pharyngeal cancer (41.5% vs. 13.4% and 17.1%). The tongue (19%) was the most frequent oral affected site. The Poisson regression analysis indicated a stationary trend in cancer mortality rate; also, the APC regression model showed no increase or decrease in OPC from 1979 to 2003. Conclusions:, Oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality rates in Mexico were low compared to most countries, and remained stable in the past two decades. [source] Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancerAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009O Kujan Background:, Screening programmes for major cancers, such as breast and cervical cancer have effectively decreased the mortality rate and helped to reduce the incidence of these cancers. Although oral cancer is a global health problem with increasing incidence and mortality rates, no national population-based screening programmes for oral cancer have been implemented. To date there is debate on whether to employ screening methods for oral cancer in the daily routine work of health providers. Objectives:, To assess the effectiveness of current screening methods in decreasing oral cancer mortality. Search strategy:, Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, EMBASE (1966 to July 2005) and CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 3), bibliographies, handsearching of specific journals and contact authors were used to identify published and unpublished data. Selection criteria:, Randomized controlled trials of screening for oral cancer or precursor oral lesions using visual examination, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging or brush biopsy. Data collection and analysis:, The search found 112 citations and these have been reviewed. One randomized controlled trial of screening strategies for oral cancer was identified as meeting the review's inclusion criteria. Validity assessment, data extraction and statistics evaluation were undertaken by two independent review authors. Main results:, One 10-year randomized controlled trial has been included (n = 13 clusters: 191 873 participants). There was no difference in the age-standardized oral cancer mortality rates for the screened group (16.4/100 000 person-years) and the control group (20.7/100 000 person-years). Interestingly, a significant 34% reduction in mortality was recorded in high-risk subjects between the intervention cohort (29.9/100 000 person-years) and the control arm (45.4/100 000). However, this study has some methodological weaknesses. Additionally, the study did not provide any information related to costs, quality of life or even harms of screening from false-positive or false-negative findings. Authors' conclusions:, Given the limitation of evidence (only one included randomized controlled trial) and the potential methodological weakness of the included study, it is valid to say that there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of a visual examination as a method of screening for oral cancer using a visual examination in the general population. Furthermore, no robust evidence exists to suggest that other methods of screening, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging or brush biopsy, are either beneficial or harmful. Future high quality studies to assess the efficacy, effectiveness and costs of screening are required for the best use of public health resources. In addition, studies to elucidate the natural history of oral cancer, prevention methods and the effectiveness of opportunistic screening in high risk groups are needed. Future studies on improved treatment modalities for oral cancer and precancer are also required. Plain language summary:, Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. More evidence needed to find out whether screening programmes could detect oral cancer earlier and reduce the number of deaths from this disease. Cancer of the mouth and back of the throat (oral cancer) has a low survival rate, largely because the disease is often not diagnosed until it is advanced. Screening the general population for oral cancer might make it possible to detect cases of the disease earlier. The most common method is visual inspection by a clinician, but other techniques include the use of a special blue "dye" and an imaging technique. The review found that there is not enough evidence to decide whether screening by visual inspection reduces the death rate for oral cancer, and no evidence for other screening methods. [source] Bayesian Detection of Clusters and Discontinuities in Disease MapsBIOMETRICS, Issue 1 2000Leonhard Knorr-Held Summary. An interesting epidemiological problem is the analysis of geographical variation in rates of disease incidence or mortality. One goal of such an analysis is to detect clusters of elevated (or lowered) risk in order to identify unknown risk factors regarding the disease. We propose a nonparametric Bayesian approach for the detection of such clusters based on Green's (1995, Biometrika82, 711,732) reversible jump MCMC methodology. The prior model assumes that geographical regions can be combined in clusters with constant relative risk within a cluster. The number of clusters, the location of the clusters, and the risk within each cluster is unknown. This specification can be seen as a change-point problem of variable dimension in irregular, discrete space. We illustrate our method through an analysis of oral cavity cancer mortality rates in Germany and compare the results with those obtained by the commonly used Bayesian disease mapping method of Besag, York, and Mollié (1991, Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 43, 1,59). [source] Increasing the pool of academically oriented African-American medical and surgical oncologists,,§CANCER, Issue S1 2003Lisa A. Newman M.D., M.P.H. Abstract BACKGROUND In the United States, breast cancer mortality rates are significantly higher among African-American women than among women of other ethnic backgrounds. Research efforts to evaluate the socioeconomic, environmental, biologic, and genetic mechanisms explaining this disparity are needed. METHODS Data regarding patterns in the ethnic distribution of physicians and oncologists were accumulated from a review of the literature and by contacting cancer-oriented professional societies. This information was evaluated by participants in a national meeting, "Summit Meeting Evaluating Research on Breast Cancer in African American Women." Results of the data collection and the conference discussion are summarized. RESULTS Ethnic minority specialists are underrepresented in academic medicine in general, and in the field of oncology in particular. This fact is unfortunate because ethnic minority students are more likely to express a commitment to providing care to medically underserved communities and, thus, they need to be better represented in these professions. Correcting these patterns of underrepresentation may favorably influence the design and implementation of culturally and ethnically sensitive research. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to improve the ethnic diversity of oncology specialists should begin at the level of recruiting an ethnically diverse premed and medical student population. These recruitment efforts should place an emphasis on the value of mentoring. Cancer 2003;97(1 Suppl):329,34. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11027 [source] Trends in palatine tonsillar cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United StatesCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Sylvia M. Golas Abstract,,, Objective:, The purpose of this paper is to describe the extent of the public health problem presented by palatine tonsillar cancer in the United States by analyzing recent incidence and mortality rate trends. Methods:, Using the National Cancer Institutes' Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program database, age-adjusted incidence rates (1973,2001) for five histological types of palatine tonsillar cancer by race and sex were calculated. For total palatine tonsillar cancer age-specific incidence (1973,2001) and mortality (1969,2001) rates by race and sex were calculated. Mortality and population data were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the U.S. Census Bureau. The Joinpoint Regression Model was employed to establish the statistical significance of incidence and mortality rate trends. Results:, The majority of palatine tonsillar cases diagnosed in SEER-9 registries from 1973 to 2001 occurred among white males, age 40,64 years, with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The highest incidence of palatine tonsillar cancer occurred in black males, followed by white males with SCC. For age 40,64 years, palatine tonsillar incidence rates significantly declined for white females and black females, rose and then declined for black males, but increased from 1988 for white males. For age 65+ years, incidence significantly declined among white males. Palatine tonsillar cancer mortality rates for age 40,64 years significantly declined for white females. Rates also declined for black females (1981,2001) and black males (1985,2001) in this age group while rates for white males declined significantly from 1969 to 1987, but stabilized at nearly 0.4 through 2001. Mortality for the age group, 65+, significantly rose and fell for white females and declined for white males. Conclusions:, Beginning in the late 1980s, and continuing through 2001, the risk for white males, age 40,64 years, of developing palatine tonsillar cancer increased. In contrast, the risk for white males, age 65 years and older, of developing palatine tonsillar cancer and of dying from this disease decreased during the study period. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||