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Terms modified by Calling Selected AbstractsGOVERNMENT CALLING: PUBLIC SERVICE MOTIVATION AS AN ELEMENT IN SELECTING GOVERNMENT AS AN EMPLOYER OF CHOICEPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 4 2008WOUTER VANDENABEELEArticle first published online: 11 JUL 200 The article assesses public service motivation as a possible influence in the attractiveness of government as an employer by embedding it into a person-organization fit framework. First, a theoretical framework is developed and all relevant concepts are discussed. In addition, a set of hypotheses concerning the research question is developed. A sample of 1714 final year masters students demonstrates that the presence of public service motivation positively correlates with the preference for prospective public employers. For government organizations that display a high degree of publicness, the effect of public service motivation as a predictor for employer preference is stronger. Next to building a middle range theory on public service motivation, the article also reveals that public service motivation is present at a pre-entry level. [source] SEXING THE CANVAS: CALLING ON THE MEDIUMART HISTORY, Issue 4 2009NICHOLAS CHARE The first part of this article explores current art-historical approaches to gender through three case studies: the Venus of Willendorf; Michelangelo; and Artemisia Gentileschi. The second part employs case studies to examine how ideas about gender have historically been articulated and performed through the use of specific media and techniques. There has been little research devoted to how mediums (such as fresco, oil, and watercolour) and techniques (including drip, impasto, and staining) materialize femininity and masculinity. The article seeks to redress this neglect through an examination of some of the ways in which the gendering of materials and modes of art-making has contributed to the construction and deconstruction of sexual difference in the visual field. Artists whose works are considered include Francis Bacon, Thomas Girtin, J.M.W. Turner, and Jack Vettriano. [source] Calling for an international dialogue on quality of life in care homesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OLDER PEOPLE NURSING, Issue 4 2008CertEd(FE), Julienne Meyer BSc meyer j. & owen t. (2008) International Journal of Older People Nursing 3, 291,294 Calling for an international dialogue on quality of life in care homes [source] Evangelism, still the Enduring Test of our Ecumenical , and Missionary Calling,INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 382-383 2007Jacques Matthey [source] Is an Outlaw State Calling the Shots?INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 2 2001Rodger A. Payne [source] Michael Novak's Business as a Calling as a Vehicle for Addressing Ethical and Policy Concerns in a Business Law CourseJOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES EDUCATION, Issue 1 2008Tonia Hap Murphy [source] Calling the Judiciary to Account for the Past: Transitional Justice and Judicial Accountability in NigeriaLAW & POLICY, Issue 2 2008HAKEEM O. YUSUF Institutional and individual accountability is an important feature of societies in transition from conflict or authoritarian rule. The imperative of accountability has both normative and transformational underpinnings in the context of restoration of the rule of law and democracy. This article argues a case for extending the purview of truth-telling processes to the judiciary in postauthoritarian contexts. The driving force behind the inquiry is the proposition that the judiciary as the third arm of government at all times participates in governance. To contextualize the argument, I focus on judicial governance and accountability within the paradigm of Nigeria's transition to democracy after decades of authoritarian military rule. [source] Calling in wild silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in Java (Indonesia): behavior, phylogeny, and conservationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Thomas Geissmann Abstract Hardly any behavioral data are available for the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch), an endangered primate that is endemic to the island of Java, Indonesia. We studied the singing behavior of the easternmost population of this species in the Dieng mountains, central Java, in 1998,1999. We aimed to document the timing of singing, quantify the amount of singing by the respective sexes, and explore the role of bioacoustics in density estimation. A total of 122 song bouts in at least 12 groups were monitored. No duet songs were heard. Most of the song bouts (91.5%) were female solo song bouts or female scream bouts. In contrast to an earlier study on the westernmost population of silvery gibbons, during which few if any male songs were heard, at least 8.5% of the song bouts in our study were male solo song bouts. They were significantly longer in duration than the female songs. All male song bouts uttered before dawn (0520 hr) were produced in a chorus fashion, with at least three individuals participating. Choruses occurred about once every 8.5 days, and lasted longer and occurred earlier than female solo song bouts. Most male songs (60%) started between 0355,0440 hr, when it was still dark. All female songs, in contrast, started after 0500 hr, and female singing activity peaked around 0600. Regular male singing, male chorusing, and regular predawn singing have not previously been reported for silvery gibbons. Similarly separated periods of male and female solo songs and the absence of duetting have been observed in Kloss's gibbons (H. klossii) on the Mentawai Islands, and may represent synapomorphies shared by both species. The pronounced individual-specific song characteristics of silvery gibbons allow accurate mapping of groups. The density of gibbons at our study site was established to be 1.9,3.7 groups/km2, corresponding to 6.7,13.1 individuals/km2. We reassess the suitability of gibbon songs as a means of estimating the density and size of gibbon populations, and discuss the proximate causes for the absence of duetting in silvery gibbons. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1,19, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The Future of a Discipline: Considering the ontological/methodological future of the anthropology of consciousness, Part I,ANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, Issue 1 2010Toward a New Kind of Science, its Methods of Inquiry ABSTRACT Calling for an expanded framework of EuroAmerican science's methodology whose perspective acknowledges both quantitative/etic and qualitative/emic orientations is the broad focus of this article. More specifically this article argues that our understanding of shamanic and/or other related states of consciousness has been greatly enhanced through ethnographic methods, yet in their present form these methods fail to provide the means to fully comprehend these states. They fail, or are limited, because this approach is only a "cognitive interpretation" or "metanarrative" of the actual experience and not the experience itself. Consequently this perspective is also limited because the researcher continues to assess his or her data through the lens of their symbolic constructs, thereby preventing them from truly experiencing shamanic and psi/spirit approaches to knowing since the data collection process does not "in and of itself" affect the observer. We, therefore, need expanded ethnographic methods that include within their approaches an understanding of methods and techniques to experientially encounter these states of consciousness,and become transformed by them. Our becoming transformed and then recollecting our ethnoautobiographical experiences is the means toward a new kind of science and its methods of inquiry that this article seeks to encourage. [source] Calling all citizens: The challenges of public consultationCANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 1 2004Keith Culver This article provides a case study of one such consultation. In the fall of 2002, the City of Saint John, faced with a sizeable budget deficit, sought public input on important fiscal decisions that had to be made before year's end. Citizens could provide their views in a traditional way - by mailing in a questionnaire to city hall - or they could submit their views electronically via the City of Saint John web site. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources, including interviews with city officials and a follow-up survey of consultation participants, the authors assess the success of this particular exercise in achieving several interrelated objectives: facilitating citizen participation in public affairs, enhancing citizens' sense of their political efficacy, providing public officials with insight into public opinion, and shaping public policy. Taking into account both consultation outcomes and the expectations of citizens and officials, the authors identity key shortfalls of the Saint John consultation, as well as avenues for constructive change in future exercises. Sommaire: L'une des maniéres dont les gouvernements ont réagi au méontentement démocratique exacerbé. qui s'est manifesté ces derniéres années a été d'accroitre la participation des citoyens au processus d'éaboration de politiques en organisant des consultations publiques à grande échelle. Le présent article ést une étude de cas portant sur une de ces consultations. À L'automne de 2002, la ville de Saint-John, faisant face à un gros déficit budgétairc, a cherchéà obtenir L'avis du public sur d'impor-tantes décisions financiéres qui devaient être prises avant la fin de L'annee. Les cito-yens avaient la possibilité de faire connaître leur opinion d'une façon traditionnelle en renvoyant un questionnaire par la poste à L'Hôtel de Ville, ou bien ils pouvaient soumettre leurs commentaires par voie électronique par L'intermédiaire du site Web de la Ville de Saint-John. À partir d'une grande variété de sources de données, y compris des entrcvues avec des responsables municipaux et un sondage de suivi auprés dcs participants a la consultation, f'étude de cas évalue le succés de cet exer-cice particulier à atteindre plusieurs objectifs interdépendants:faciliter la participation des citoyens aux affaires publiques, améliorer le sentiment d'efficacité politiquc chez les citoyens, permettre aux fonctionnaires de se faire une meilleure idée de L'opinion publiquc et façonner la politique publique. En tenant compte à la fois des résultats des consultations et des attentes des citoyens et des fonctionnaircs, nous identifions les principales lacunes de la consultation de Saint-John ainsi que les moyens d'apporter des changements constructifs aux exercices futurs. [source] Fishing Rights as an Example of the Economic Rhetoric of Privatization: Calling for an Implicated Economics,CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 3 2000Melanie G. Wiber Au cours des dernières années, toutes les sciences sociales ont eu à produire des travaux de recherche aux répercussions d'ordre public. Mais dans quelle mesure ces sciences sociales devraient-elles inter-venir dans le domaine de l'ordre public quand leurs recommandations dans ce domaine créent des situations inattendues et préjudiciables? Dans cet article, nous nous penchons sur cette question en étudiant l'exemple de l'économie et des modèles de droits privés de propriété dans les pêcheries des provinces de l'Atlantique. Ces modèles sont comparés et mis en contraste avec les modèles anthropologiques et juridiques afin de montrer dans quel domaine et pour quelle raison l'économie s'est égarée dans l'élaboration de modèles de droits de propriété sur les ressources halieutiques. De ce fait, les recommandations de politique économique en matière de droits de propriéte dans l'industrie de la pêche sont erronées. En conclusion, nous proposons que les économistes soignent leur rhétorique afin de susciter des attentes et de créer des solutions qui donnent un caractère plus raisonnable à leurs recommandations. In recent years, all the social sciences have come under pressure to produce research that has public policy implications. But how implicated should those social sciences be when their policy advice leads to unexpected and perhaps detrimental outcomes? This paper explores this issue using the example of economics and private property rights in the Canadian Maritime fisheries. It compares and contrasts economic models of property rights with those in anthropology and law to show where and why economics has gone astray in its fish property rights models. It suggests that, having gone astray, economic policy advice on fisheries property systems is flawed. It concludes that economists should pay more attention to the role of their rhetoric in the construction of expectations and outcomes that make their recommendations seem the more reasonable. [source] Phylogeny and the modalities of acoustic diversification in extant Eneopterinae (Insecta, Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Eneopteridae)CLADISTICS, Issue 3 2004Tony Robillard Calling with a tegminal stridulatory apparatus is widespread in crickets. However, the evolution of cricket stridulums has been poorly studied and then only on the basis of prephylogenetic models, which are unable to account for the huge diversity recently documented for acoustic features in crickets. The present paper focuses on the evolution of acoustic devices in the subfamily Eneopterinae. This is the first attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny of a large and diverse cricket clade in order to analyze the evolution of emitting structures using precise homology statements. In the first step, we reconstruct the phylogeny of this clade using a morphological data set of 193 characters and 45 taxa. The resultant phylogeny supports the monophyly of the subfamily and that of the 13 genera represented by at least two species in our taxonomic sample. Phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily also support the definition of five tribes: Eurepini, Eneopterini, Nisitrini, Xenogryllini and Lebinthini. In the second step, the evolution of acoustic devices is studied by optimization of venation characters defined on precise homology statements. As hypothesized by previous authors, losses of acoustic communication occur independently in the course of eneopterine evolution; however, they happen abruptly with no intermediate state. Our results also document for the first time the modalities of forewing evolution: the diversification of male forewing venation originates from two processes, a continuous and regular modification process, responsible for slight venation change; and an irregular, more intense punctuated process, allowing the emergence of different venations. This diversification process with sudden changes could be related to the occurrence of acoustic novelties in advertisement calls. [source] A View on Creative Cities Beyond the HypeCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2008Gert-Jan Hospers Fuelled by the influential work of urban guru Richard Florida, the European knowledge economy is seeing a rise of cities calling themselves ,creative cities'. In this paper we have a look at the concept of creative cities and offer a view on them beyond the hype. We understand ,creative cities' as competitive urban areas that combine both concentration, diversity, instability as well as a positive image. Examples of creative cities in history and recent best practice of two such urban areas in Europe (Øresund and Manchester) show that local governments cannot plan knowledge, creativity and innovation from scratch. We conclude, however, that local governments can increase the chance that urban creativity emerges by providing the appropriate framework conditions. [source] STORIES AND COSMOGONIES: Imagining Creativity Beyond "Nature" and "Culture"CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009STUART McLEAN ABSTRACT What does it mean to create? Who or what could be said to create? God? Artists? Evolution? Markets? The Dialectic? Do things "just happen" and if so is that a kind of creativity? Taking storytelling as its point of reference, this essay considers the notion of creativity as it applies both to the productions of the human imagination, especially stories, and to the self-making of the material universe. I define creativity broadly as the bringing forth of new material, linguistic, or conceptual formations or the transformation of existing ones and as calling, not for a "cultural poetics," but for a more broadly conceived poetics of making (poesis, in its most inclusive sense), encompassing both the natural and cultural realms as conventionally designated, a poetics capable of articulating the stories human beings tell with cosmogonies detailing the coming-to-being of the physical universe. Extending the purview of creativity beyond the human realm to include the processes shaping the material universe allows us to envision creativity itself in terms of a generative multiplicity that resists articulation in binary oppositional terms and that demands therefore to be thought as ontologically prior to any possible differentiation between the domains of nature and culture, or between reality and its cultural,linguistic representations, challenging us to reimagine not only the relationship between nature and culture but also the problematic of representation that continues to inform much work in the humanities and social sciences. Such a reimagining might proceed precisely from an enlarged understanding of creativity,and in particular of storytelling,and I consider some of the epistemic and writerly implications of this claim for anthropology as a discipline concerned preeminently with exploring and documenting the varieties of human being-in-the-world. [source] The Puzzle of Museum Educational Practice: A Comment on Rounds and FalkCURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Daniel Spock The mandate that museums place education at the center of their public service role has had the effect of framing a new set of questions and,inevitably,problems. If museums have primary value to society as educational institutions, what kind of learning actually happens in them? Jay Rounds and John Falk, writing at the leading edge of this inquiry, explore curiosity, motivation and self-identity as paramount considerations for the special type of learning museums promote. Their analyses present interesting challenges for the museum practitioner, who may observe that people find the pursuit of curiosity pleasurable and value it more highly than knowledge acquisition. The practitioner may conclude that museums have a calling: They stand for the value of curiosity for its own sake, and for that reason will never wear out their welcome. [source] The evolution of health food: Erewhon bursts the plain brown wrapperDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2001Nick Zarkades From a hand-made look appropriate to the shelves of natural food stores to a more mainstream, supermarket orientation calling out health benefits and natural ingredients, to a brand-focused strategy that emphasizes the breadth and identity of the product line, the packaging for Erewhon natural cereals has,over the past two decades,undergone dramatic transformations. Nick Zarkades, Cynthia Davis, and Charles Verde outline this design metamorphosis and the business decisions driving the changes. [source] Drilling in the CathedralDIALOG, Issue 3 2003Larry Rasmussen Abstract Utilitarianism, alienation, consumerism, and oppression are major forces endangering Earth's well-being. Over and against these morally and ecologically destructive forces are practices and ideas rooted and nourished in both ancient and modern religio-moral institutions and traditions. As powerful voices of faith calling the present to account, sacramentalism, mysticism, asceticism, and prophetic liberative practices offer Earth-honoring ways of life that draw from shared wells and deep-running waters. [source] Curricular Planning along the Fault Line between Instrumental and Academic Agendas: A Response to the Report of the Modern Language Association on Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World,DIE UNTERRICHTSPRAXIS/TEACHING GERMAN, Issue 2 2009Ingeborg Walther In calling for new governance structures and unified curricula, the MLA Report distinguishes between instrumental and constitutive views of language that characterize our often schizophrenic agendas of language acquisition on the one hand, and disciplinary knowledge on the other. This paper explores some common theoretical insights from the fields of language acquisition and cultural studies that interrogate these views, providing a basis for sustained collaboration around curricula among faculty on both sides of the divide. While these have already yielded the kinds of curricular innovations recommended by the Report, a case is made for more radical changes in hiring practices, distribution of teaching and service, reward structures, and graduate education , changes which have the capacity to transform the institutional values upon which they will also depend. [source] Sexual patterns of prebreeding energy reserves in the common frog Rana temporaria along a latitudinal gradientECOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2009K. Ingemar Jönsson The ability to store energy is an important life history trait for organisms facing long periods without energy income, and in particular for capital breeders such as temperate zone amphibians, which rely on stored energy during reproduction. However, large scale comparative studies of energy stores in populations with different environmental constraints on energy allocation are scarce. We investigated energy storage patterns in spring (after hibernation and before reproduction) in eight common frog Rana temporaria populations exposed to different environmental conditions along a 1600,km latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia (range of annual activity period is 3,7,months). Analyses of lean body weight (eviscerated body mass), weight of fat bodies, liver weight, and liver fat content, showed that 1) post-hibernation/pre-breeding energy stores increased with increasing latitude in both sexes, 2) males generally had larger energy reserves than females and 3) the difference in energy stores between sexes decreased towards the north. Larger energy reserves towards the north can serve as a buffer against less predictable and/or less benign weather conditions during the short activity period, and may also represent a risk-averse tactic connected with a more pronounced iteroparous life history. In females, the continuous and overlapping vitellogenic activity in the north may also demand more reserves in early spring. The general sexual difference could be a consequence of the fact that, at the time of our sampling, females had already invested their energy into reproduction in the given year (i.e. their eggs were already ovulated), while the males' main reproductive activities (e.g. calling, mate searching, sexual competition) occurred later in the season. [source] The Expansion of the Finance Industry and Its Impact on the Economy: A Territorial Approach Based on Swiss Pension FundsECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2009José Corpataux abstract A new economic geography of finance is emerging, and the current "financialization" of contemporary economies has contributed greatly to the reshaping of the economic landscape. How can these changes be understood and interpreted, especially from a territorial point of view? There are two contradictory economic theories regarding the tangible effects of the rise of the finance industry. According to neoclassical financial theorists, the finance industry's success is based on its positive effects on the real economy through its capacity to allocate financial resources efficiently. An alternative approach, adopted here, posits that finance does not merely mirror the real economy and that the financial economy, far from being a simple instrument for the allocation of capital, has its own autonomy, its own logic of development and expansion. A series of complex, and sometimes contradictory, connections link financial markets and the real economy, and there are some tensions between them, calling into question the coherence of the regional and national economies that follow from them. Moreover, the territorial approach shows how the mobility/liquidity of capital and the changing dimensions of new regions and countries are central to the finance industry's functioning. This article builds an understanding of the financial system through the lens of pension funds and highlights the impact of such a system on the real economy and its geography. [source] DOES ETHICAL THEORY HAVE A PLACE IN POST-KOHLBERGIAN MORAL PSYCHOLOGY?EDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 2 2010Bruce Maxwell Philosophers tend to assume that theoretical frameworks in psychology suffer from conceptual confusion and that any influence that philosophy might have on psychology should be positive. Going against this grain, Dan Lapsley and Darcia Narváez attribute the Kohlbergian paradigm's current state of marginalization within psychology to Lawrence Kohlberg's use of ethical theory in his model of cognitive moral development. Post-Kohlbergian conceptions of moral psychology, they advance, should be wary of theoretical constructs derived from folk morality, refuse philosophical starting points, and seek integration with literatures in psychology, not philosophy. In this essay, Bruce Maxwell considers and rejects Lapsley and Narváez's diagnosis. The Kohlbergian paradigm's restricted conception of the moral domain is the result of a selective reading of one tendency in ethical theorizing (Kantianism). The idea that moral psychology may find shelter from normative criticism by avoiding ethics-derived models overlooks the deeper continuity between "ethical theory" and "psychological theory." The confusion and barrenness of psychology is not to be explained by calling it a "young science"; its state is not comparable with that of physics, for instance, in its beginnings. (Rather with that of certain branches of mathematics. Set theory.) For in psychology there are experimental methods and conceptual confusion. (As in the other case conceptual confusion and methods of proof.) The existence of the experimental method makes us think we have the means of solving the problems which trouble us; though problem and method pass one another by.1 [source] Simultaneous analysis of multiple PCR amplicons enhances capillary SSCP discrimination of MHC allelesELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 8 2010Miguel Alcaide Abstract Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotyping still remains one of the most challenging issues for evolutionary ecologists. To date, none of the proposed methods have proven to be perfect, and all provide both important pros and cons. Although denaturing capillary electrophoresis has become a popular alternative, allele identification commonly relies upon conformational polymorphisms of two single-stranded DNA molecules at the most. Using the MHC class II (, chain, exon 2) of the black kite (Aves: Accipitridae) as our model system, we show that the simultaneous analysis of overlapping PCR amplicons from the same target region substantially enhances allele discrimination. To cover this aim, we designed a multiplex PCR capable to generate four differentially sized and labeled amplicons from the same allele. Informative peaks to assist allele calling then fourfold those generated by the analysis of single PCR amplicons. Our approach proved successful to differentiate all the alleles (N=13) isolated from eight unrelated birds at a single optimal run temperature and electrophoretic conditions. In particular, we emphasize that this approach may constitute a straightforward and cost-effective alternative for the genotyping of single or duplicated MHC genes displaying low to moderate sets of divergent alleles. [source] Quality of poisoning management advice in the Monthly Index of Medical Specialties AnnualEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 5-6 2005James Mallows Abstract Background:, The Monthly Index of Medical Specialties (MIMS) contains Therapeutic Goods Administration-approved product information supplied by manufacturers. It is widely used by health-care professionals but is not specifically designed as a toxicology reference. Objectives:, To determine how widespread the use of MIMS is as a toxicology reference. To evaluate the quality of poisoning management advice it contains. Methods:, First, a survey of 500 consecutive calls to the NSW Poison Information Centre (PIC) was undertaken asking health-care workers which toxicology references were consulted prior to calling and which references they would use if the PIC were not available. Second, a consensus opinion for poisoning management was obtained, for 25 medications which are either commonly involved in poisoning or potentially life-threatening in overdose, by review of 5 current toxicology references for contraindicated treatments, ineffective treatments and specific recommended treatments and antidotes. MIMS poisoning management advice was then compared with this toxicology consensus opinion. Results:, In total, 276 doctors and 222 nurses were surveyed. Prior to calling the PIC 22.8% of doctors and 6.8% of nurses consulted MIMS. In total, 25.7% of doctors and 39.6% nurses stated they would use the MIMS for poisoning management advice if the PIC were not available. For the 25 drugs assessed, 14 contained inaccurate poisoning management: 1 recommended ineffective treatments and 14 omitted specific treatments or antidotes. Conclusion:, The MIMS is often used as a toxicology reference by physicians prior to calling the PIC. It contains a number of significant inaccuracies pertaining to management of poisonings and should not be used as a primary reference for poisoning advice. [source] A Stitch in Time: Skills for the New LiteracyENGLISH IN EDUCATION, Issue 1 2000Cary Bazalgette Abstract This article examines the relationship between moving image study and English, with particular reference to understandings of the practice of editing. Starting from the premise that English teachers support the study of moving images in their subject, the article interrogates the kind of knowledge and understanding, and the range of skills which are implicated by editing. It ends by calling for a recasting of English in tune with the changes - and convergences - that new digital technologies are already heralding. [source] Methoprene modulates the effect of diet on male melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, performance at mating aggregationsENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 1 2010Ihsan ul Haq Abstract The effect of access to dietary protein (P) (hydrolyzed yeast) and/or treatment with a juvenile hormone analogue, methoprene (M), (in addition to sugar and water) on male aggregation (lekking) behaviour and mating success was studied in a laboratory strain of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Six-day-old males were treated with (1) protein and methoprene (M+P+), (2) only protein (M,P+), or (3) only methoprene (M+P,), and compared with 14-day-old sexually mature untreated males (M,P,). The lekking behaviour of the four groups of males when competing for virgin sexually mature females (14,,16 days old) was observed in field cages. The following parameters were measured at male aggregations: lek initiation, lek participation, males calling, male,male interaction, female acceptance index, and mating success. For all these parameters, the M+P+ males significantly outperformed the other males. Moreover, for all parameters, there was a similar trend with M+P+ > M,P+ > M,P, > M+P,. More M+P+ males called and initiated and participated in lek activities than all other types of male, which resulted in higher mating success. They had also fewer unsuccessful copulation attempts than their counterparts. Whereas treatment with methoprene alone had a negative effect in young males with only access to sugar, access to dietary protein alone significantly improved young male sexual performance; moreover, the provision of methoprene together with protein had a synergistic effect, improving further male performance at leks. The results are of great relevance for enhancing the application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against this pest species. The fact that access to dietary protein and treatment of sterile males with methoprene improves mating success means that SIT cost-effectiveness is increased, as more released males survive to sexual maturity. [source] The sublethal effects of tebufenozide on the precopulatory and copulatory activities of Choristoneura fumiferana and C. rosaceanaENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2004Renée Dallaire Abstract The sublethal effects of tebufenozide, an ecdysone agonist, on the reproductive biology of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem) and of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), treated during the larval stage, were evaluated using two treatment methods: the force-feeding method and the diet method. The percentage of mortality and the developmental time of survivors increased linearly with the concentration of tebufenozide used. This ecdysone analogue proved to be more toxic to C. fumiferana than to C. rosaceana. In C. rosaceana, the weight of males and females decreased proportionally with the dose ingested, but females were affected to a greater extent. This difference might be due to a greater consumption of the treated diet, or to a differential vulnerability to tebufenozide. Tebufenozide did not modify the pre-copulatory activities associated with chemical communication in the females. However, the consumption of tebufenozide delayed ovarian maturation, causing a reduction in the fecundity of females. Treated males had smaller spermatophores and fewer eupyrene sperms in their bursa copulatrix and spermatheca, along with lower mating success. In C. fumiferana, tebufenozide delayed the females' onset time of calling the first night after emergence, but did not affect the mean time spent calling or the production of the main component of the sex pheromone. The males showed significantly greater difficulty in executing oriented flight in a wind tunnel, although their mating success was not affected. We concluded that tebufenozide interferes with various aspects of the reproductive biology of males and females of C. fumiferana and C. rosaceana, including some pre-copulatory behaviors associated with sex pheromone communication. [source] Copper toxicity thresholds for important restoration grass species of the western United States,ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2002Mark W. Abstract Copper toxicity thresholds for plant species that are used in restoration activities in western North America have not been established. As a result, ecological risk assessments must rely on toxicity thresholds established for agronomic species, which usually differ from those of species used in restoration. Thus, risk assessors have the potential for classifying sites as phytotoxic to perennial, nonagronomic species and calling for intensive remediation activities that may not be necessary. The objective of this study was to provide a better estimate of Cu toxicity thresholds for five grass species that are commonly used in restoration efforts in the western United States. We used a greenhouse screening study where seedlings of introduced redtop (Agrostis gigantea Roth.), the native species slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus [Link] Gould ex Shinners var. Pryor), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa [L.] Beauvois), big bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl var. Sherman), and basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus [Scribner&Merrill] A. Löve var. Magnar) and the agricultural species common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in sand culture and exposed to supplemental concentrations of soluble Cu of 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg/L. We determined six measures of toxicity: the 60-d mean lethal concentration (LC50), 60-d mean effective concentration (EC50)-plant, 60-d EC50-shoot, 60-d EC50-root, phytotoxicity threshold (PT50)-shoot, and the PT50-root. Results suggest that these restoration grass species generally have higher Cu tolerance than agronomic species reported in the past. Of the species tested, redtop appeared to be especially tolerant of high levels of substrate and tissue Cu. Values of EC50-plant for restoration grasses were between 283 and 710 mg Cu/L compared to 120 mg Cu/L for common wheat. Measured PT50-shoot values were between 737 and 10,792 mg Cu/ L. These reported thresholds should be more useful for risk assessors than those currently used, which are based largely on agronomic crops. [source] Variation and Repeatability of Female Choice in a Chorusing Katydid, Ephippiger ephippiger: an Experimental Exploration of the Precedence EffectETHOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Michael D. Greenfield Female choice in various species of acoustic insects and anurans entails a psychoacoustic preference for male calls that lead their neighbors by a brief time interval. This discrimination, which can be termed a precedence effect, may select for various mechanisms with which males adjust call rhythm and thus reduce their incidence of ineffective following calls. At a collective level, alternating and synchronous choruses may emerge from these call timing mechanisms. Using playback experiments, we characterized the precedence effect in females of the katydid Ephippiger ephippiger, an alternating choruser in which males use a rhythm adjustment mechanism that prevents calling during brief intervals following their neighbors' calls. E. ephippiger females oriented toward leading male calls in >75% of trials when relatively young (<40 d old) and when playbacks were timed so that following calls began within 100,250 ms of the leading ones. However, this preference declined to below 60% as females aged and the interval separating leading and following call onsets increased. The strength of this precedence effect varied greatly between females, but within broad age classes the effect in a given female was statistically repeatable. Such repeatability indicates the possibility that additive genetic variance could be a significant component of variation in the precedence effect. We discuss the implications of our findings and inference on genetic variance for evolution of the precedence effect and for chorusing. [source] Patterns of Vocal Interactions in a Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Chorus: Preferential Responding to Far NeighborsETHOLOGY, Issue 8 2000Su L. Boatright-Horowitz In chorusing species, males seem to be spaced non-randomly, and their vocal interactions may be governed by particular behavioral rules. We monitored patterns of vocal interactions in a natural bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) chorus to determine the probability with which calls of individual frogs would follow each other's in dyadic sequences. Expected probabilities of responses in a dyad were calculated based upon the joint probabilities of calling (relative calling rates) of the individual frogs; observed probabilities of response reflected the actual number of following responses in each dyad. Results of statistical tests comparing observed and expected probabilities of responding revealed that, when dyads were closely spaced, observed probabilities of a following response were significantly less than the expected probabilities. Conversely, when dyads were composed of more distant males, observed probabilities of responding were significantly greater than expected. Observed probabilities of response were correlated with inter-male distances; males called more frequently than expected following calls of far neighbors, and less frequently than expected following calls of near neighbors. These data suggest that males attend to both nearby and distant callers, and adjust the onset of their own vocalizations appropriately. Males may be actively inhibited by calls of their near neighbors, and their calling may be actively elicited by the calls of their far neighbors. [source] Lifelong Learning in the European Union: whither the Lisbon Strategy?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, Issue 3 2005HYWEL CERI JONES This article traces the Lisbon strategy back to the White Paper issued by President Jacques Delors in 1993 on Growth, Competitiveness, and Jobs as the launching point for the structural reform agenda needed to turn around the massive unemployment crisis and proposing a combination of policies for the structural reform of the labour market and stability-oriented macroeconomic policies designed to stimulate economic growth. The centrality of education and training in the Lisbon strategy is seen as key to the lifelong chances of every citizen linked to the need for Europe to compete on the basis of a knowledge-based economy if it is to maintain its high social standards. Describing the first years of the Lisbon strategy as ,a stuttering start', the mid-term stock-taking which offered European leaders the opportunity to fine-tune or radically modify the strategy is analysed. The article highlights the paradox that, although human capital is claimed to be Europe's most precious resource, there is inadequate focus on the weakest aspects of current systems. It also focuses on policy and financial levers which need to be mobilised within Member States as well as the implications for national budgets. It suggests the prioritisation of a small number of areas on which to concentrate efforts and echoes the Council calling for a ,quantum leap' in the ambition of the EU to ensure that the necessary follow-up is given to meet the challenges. Finally, a strong argument is put forward to take steps to move towards a unified set of proposals for lifelong learning. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||