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CP Diets (cp + diet)
Selected AbstractsIncreasing dietary crude protein does not increase the methionine requirement in kittens,JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 11-12 2007M. J. Strieker Summary The objective of this study was to determine if the methionine (met) requirement of kittens is correlated with the concentration of dietary crude protein (CP). The study used 48 male kittens in two replications of six 4 × 4 Latin squares, each representing one concentration of met (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.0 or 9.0 g/kg diet) with four CP concentrations (150, 200, 300 and 500 g/kg diet) in 2-week periods. Cystine was present in the lowest CP diet at 5.3 g/kg diet and increased as dietary CP increased. Body weight gain, food intake, nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids, glucose, insulin, cortisol, somatomedin C, T3 and T4 concentrations on day 12 were measured. From breakpoint analysis of the nitrogen retention curves, the met requirement of kittens was found to be 3.1, 3.8, 3.1 and 2.4 g met/kg for the 150, 200, 300 and 500 g CP/kg diets, respectively. When met was limiting (1.5 or 2.5 g/kg diet), increasing dietary CP did not decrease, but rather increased food intake, body weight gain and nitrogen retention. Plasma met concentrations increased as dietary met increased and at 2.5,3.5 g met/kg diet were not different among kittens fed the various CP diets. Total plasma T3 and T4 increased significantly as dietary CP increased in kittens given the 2.5 and 4.5 g met/kg diets. Results indicate that food intake and possibly altered hormonal secretion play a role in this growth response. In conclusion, the met requirement of growing kittens, unlike omnivores and herbivores studied, was not positively correlated with the concentration of dietary CP. [source] Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirement of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceusJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2003Kangwoong Kim An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement by different analysis methods and to study the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed white fish meal and casein-based diets for 8 wk. After a 1-wk conditioning period, one of six isocaloric diets containing 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60% crude protein (CP) was fed to fish at approximately 4,5% of wet body weight on a dry matter basis to triplicate groups of 15 fish averaging 13.3 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD). After 8 wk of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) from fish fed 48% CP diet were similar to those from fish fed 42% and 54% CP diets, and were significantly higher than those from fish fed 30, 36 and 60% CP diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed 48 and 54% CP diets had a significant higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did fish fed 30 and 36% CP diets (P 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to the dietary protein level. No significant differences existed in hematocrit (PCV) and survival rate among the dietary treatments. Broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level could be 44.0 ± 3.0% for maximum WG in Japanese flounder. Polynomial regression analysis of the dose-response showed that maximum WG occurred at 50.2% (R2= 0.94) based on WG, and the second-order polynomial regression analysis with 95% confidence limits revealed that the range of minimum protein requirement was between 38.9% and 40.3% based on WG. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of Japanese flounder is greater than 40%, but less than 44% CP in the fish meal and casein-based diets containing 17.0 kJ/g of energy. [source] A simple model for the determination of the relative utilization efficiency of protein by blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra Leach)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2010G.A. DUNSTAN Abstract A 6-week growth rate trial of 6.7 mm ± 1.35 SD long blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) fed one of four graded protein feeds (26%, 32%, 37%, 45% crude protein, CP) resulted in a maximum average growth rate of 81 ,m day,1 (percentage daily weight gain of 5.2% day,1) with the 45% CP diet. Based on the results, a new, simple, non-destructive method to calculate the relative utilization efficiencies (RUE) of nutrients is presented to estimate the relative contributions of a nutrient to growth, body maintenance and the excess used for energy. Calculations of RUE of protein estimated that at the maximum growth rate, 59% of the CP was responsible for growth, while 31% was used for body maintenance and an excess of 10% was lost and presumably catabolized for energy and carbohydrate anabolism. At the %CP where the highest proportion of CP was used for growth, i.e. the maximum RUE of protein for growth (slightly higher at 62%), 35% was used for body maintenance and only 3% of the excess was lost to energy. [source] Effect of dietary protein regime during the growing period on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2009Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various dietary protein regimes on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Twenty cages (1 m3 each) were randomly allocated to a four-replicate experiment to represent five treatments (T1,T5) where fish were randomly stocked at a rate of 50 fish (1.5,2.2 g) per cage. Fish in T1,T5 fed on a 45% crude protein (CP) diet for the first 4 weeks. In T1, T2 or T3 fish fed on 45%, 35% or 25% CP diets for the last 8 weeks respectively. In T4 fish fed 35% CP diet for the second 4 weeks followed by 25% CP diet for the last 4 weeks and in T5 fish fed 25% CP diet for the second 4 weeks followed by 35% CP diet for the last 4 weeks. Diets were offered to satiation and provided manually twice a day in the morning and in the afternoon, 6 days a week. The optimum fish growth and feed utilization were obtained at T1, T2 and T4. Protein efficient ratio and apparent protein utilization were lower at T1 and T2 than those of T3,T5. On the other hand, no significant changes in energy utilization were observed among the different treatments. There were no major changes in the carcass composition except in ash content, which was higher in T3 and T5 only. This study recommended that the dietary protein regime is an important management in tilapia culture, and the protein level could be reduced from 45% to 35% then to 25% on increasing the fish size. [source] Impact of dietary crude protein and amino acids status on performance and some excreta characteristics of broiler chicks during 10,28 days of ageJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3 2010N. F. Namroud Summary A study was conducted in a completely randomised design to evaluate the effects of providing almost all important essential amino acids (EAA) in low-crude protein (CP) diets equal to that of higher CP diets in broiler chickens. Also the effects of additional mixture of glycine (Gly) and glutamic acid (Glu) or supplementation of excess EAA to low-CP diets on the live performance and excreta characteristics including pH, moisture, nitrogen, uric acid and ammonia concentration were measured to ascertain the optimum CP concentration for the maximum performance and reduced excreta ammonia concentration. Male, broiler chickens growing from 10 to 28 days of age were fed eight experimental diets. Reducing dietary CP below 19% negatively affected performance. Adding the Gly and Glu mixtures to 17% CP diets improved live performance. Reducing CP to 19% with a normal amino acids status declined N, ammonia, uric acid, moisture and pH of excreta significantly. These findings suggest that diminishing dietary CP from 23% to 19% while maintaining adequate EAA levels during 10,28 days of age results in not only a significant decline in N emission, but also a probable reduction in the NH3 volatilisation because of reduction in pH and moisture. Contrary to expectations, reduction of dietary CP below the minimum level (19%) resulted in more ammonia. All these factors may improve on litter and air quality within the housing facility and reduce the ventilation rate required to emit the elevated ammonia gas concentrations. [source] Increasing dietary crude protein does not increase the methionine requirement in kittens,JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 11-12 2007M. J. Strieker Summary The objective of this study was to determine if the methionine (met) requirement of kittens is correlated with the concentration of dietary crude protein (CP). The study used 48 male kittens in two replications of six 4 × 4 Latin squares, each representing one concentration of met (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6.0 or 9.0 g/kg diet) with four CP concentrations (150, 200, 300 and 500 g/kg diet) in 2-week periods. Cystine was present in the lowest CP diet at 5.3 g/kg diet and increased as dietary CP increased. Body weight gain, food intake, nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids, glucose, insulin, cortisol, somatomedin C, T3 and T4 concentrations on day 12 were measured. From breakpoint analysis of the nitrogen retention curves, the met requirement of kittens was found to be 3.1, 3.8, 3.1 and 2.4 g met/kg for the 150, 200, 300 and 500 g CP/kg diets, respectively. When met was limiting (1.5 or 2.5 g/kg diet), increasing dietary CP did not decrease, but rather increased food intake, body weight gain and nitrogen retention. Plasma met concentrations increased as dietary met increased and at 2.5,3.5 g met/kg diet were not different among kittens fed the various CP diets. Total plasma T3 and T4 increased significantly as dietary CP increased in kittens given the 2.5 and 4.5 g met/kg diets. Results indicate that food intake and possibly altered hormonal secretion play a role in this growth response. In conclusion, the met requirement of growing kittens, unlike omnivores and herbivores studied, was not positively correlated with the concentration of dietary CP. [source] Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirement of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceusJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2003Kangwoong Kim An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement by different analysis methods and to study the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed white fish meal and casein-based diets for 8 wk. After a 1-wk conditioning period, one of six isocaloric diets containing 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60% crude protein (CP) was fed to fish at approximately 4,5% of wet body weight on a dry matter basis to triplicate groups of 15 fish averaging 13.3 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD). After 8 wk of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) from fish fed 48% CP diet were similar to those from fish fed 42% and 54% CP diets, and were significantly higher than those from fish fed 30, 36 and 60% CP diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed 48 and 54% CP diets had a significant higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did fish fed 30 and 36% CP diets (P 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to the dietary protein level. No significant differences existed in hematocrit (PCV) and survival rate among the dietary treatments. Broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level could be 44.0 ± 3.0% for maximum WG in Japanese flounder. Polynomial regression analysis of the dose-response showed that maximum WG occurred at 50.2% (R2= 0.94) based on WG, and the second-order polynomial regression analysis with 95% confidence limits revealed that the range of minimum protein requirement was between 38.9% and 40.3% based on WG. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of Japanese flounder is greater than 40%, but less than 44% CP in the fish meal and casein-based diets containing 17.0 kJ/g of energy. [source] Effect of soybean hull supplementation to finishing pigs on the emission of noxious gases from slurryANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Yuan WANG ABSTRACT Ninety six pigs were assigned on the basis of body weight (BW) to one of four dietary treatments (4 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment) and fed for 4 weeks. Four 14.85% CP diets were formulated to contain graded levels of soybean hulls at 0, 5, 10, or 15%, respectively. The results showed that treatments did not affect growth performance. Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with the addition level of soybean hulls. Slurry ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N) was not affected with the increased soybean hulls levels, but volatile fatty acids (VFA) were linearly (P < 0.05) increased. Slurry pH and ammonia (NH3) emissions were significantly decreased by the addition of soybean hulls (Linear, P < 0.05). Conversely, slurry hydrogen sulphide (H2S) emissions exhibited an increase with the addition of soybean hulls (Linear, P < 0.10). Our data indicate that soybean hulls inclusion can decrease slurry pH value and NH3 emission without any negative influence on growth performance. [source] Growth performance and body composition of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) in response to dietary protein and energy levelsAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 2 2010A.J.A. BICUDO Abstract Improper dietary protein and energy levels and their ratio will lead to increased fish production cost. This work evaluated effects of dietary protein : energy ratio on growth and body composition of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fingerling pacu (15.5 ± 0.4 g) were fed twice a day for 10 weeks until apparent satiation with diets containing 220, 260, 300, 340 or 380 g kg,1 crude protein (CP) and 10.9, 11.7, 12.6, 13.4 or 14.2 MJ kg,1 digestible energy (DE) in a totally randomized experimental design, 5 × 5 factorial scheme (n = 3). Weight gain, specific growth rate increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when CP increased from 220 to 271, 268 and 281 g kg,1 respectively. Pacu was able to adjust feed consumption in a wide range of dietary DE concentration. Fish fed 260 CP diets showed best (P < 0.05) protein efficiency ratio and FCR with 11.7,12.6 MJ kg,1; but for the 380 CP-diets group, significant differences were observed only at 14.2 MJ kg,1 dietary energy level, suggesting that pacu favours protein as energy source. DE was the chief influence on whole body chemical composition. Minimum dietary protein requirement of pacu is 270 g kg,1, with an optimum CP : DE of 22.2 g MJ,1. [source] Effect of dietary protein regime during the growing period on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2009Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various dietary protein regimes on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Twenty cages (1 m3 each) were randomly allocated to a four-replicate experiment to represent five treatments (T1,T5) where fish were randomly stocked at a rate of 50 fish (1.5,2.2 g) per cage. Fish in T1,T5 fed on a 45% crude protein (CP) diet for the first 4 weeks. In T1, T2 or T3 fish fed on 45%, 35% or 25% CP diets for the last 8 weeks respectively. In T4 fish fed 35% CP diet for the second 4 weeks followed by 25% CP diet for the last 4 weeks and in T5 fish fed 25% CP diet for the second 4 weeks followed by 35% CP diet for the last 4 weeks. Diets were offered to satiation and provided manually twice a day in the morning and in the afternoon, 6 days a week. The optimum fish growth and feed utilization were obtained at T1, T2 and T4. Protein efficient ratio and apparent protein utilization were lower at T1 and T2 than those of T3,T5. On the other hand, no significant changes in energy utilization were observed among the different treatments. There were no major changes in the carcass composition except in ash content, which was higher in T3 and T5 only. This study recommended that the dietary protein regime is an important management in tilapia culture, and the protein level could be reduced from 45% to 35% then to 25% on increasing the fish size. [source] | |||||||||||||