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Building Construction (building + construction)
Selected AbstractsThe Career Cycle Approach To Defining The Interior Design Profession's Body Of KnowledgeJOURNAL OF INTERIOR DESIGN, Issue 1 2004Denise A. Guerin Ph.D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to define and document the interior design profession's body of knowledge at a single point in time. This was done using a career cycle approach and a health, safety, and welfare framework. The method and framework used to define the body of knowledge are presented in the article. The body of knowledge was defined from a career cycle approach using the four stages of a professional interior designer's career cycle: education, experience, examination, and legal regulation (NCIDQa, 2003). A content analysis was conducted of the written documents of the organizations that represent each stage in the cycle. Eighty-one knowledge areas were identified from this content analysis and placed into one of seven categories: Codes; Communication; Design; Furnishings, Fixtures, and Equipment; Human Needs; Interior Building Construction; and Professional Practice. These categories and knowledge areas are what defined the interior design profession's body of knowledge based on this approach. Next, each knowledge area was analyzed using a health, safety, and welfare framework to determine its benefit to the public. Finally, a review of literature was conducted to document that the knowledge areas comprise the specialized knowledge necessary for the professional interior designer to protect the public's health, safety, and welfare. The method used to define the interior design profession's body of knowledge assessed several limited bodies of knowledge that had been developed for a specific purpose, such as education or examination. While this comprehensive body of knowledge reflects a single point in time, it provides a venue for dialogue from which revision can occur and updating can continue, leading to further development of the profession. [source] Sortal Structures: Supporting Representational Flexibility for Building Domain ProcessesCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2007Rudi Stouffs The approach is constructive, based on a part relation on elements within a sort, which enables the recognition of emergent information. The use of data functions as a sort provides for the embedding of data queries within a representational structure. We discuss the application of sorts to supporting alternative data views, illustrating this through a case study in building construction. [source] Product Modeling for Dimensional Control in the Building IndustryCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2000Rui Wu Construction planning is an indispensable bridge between the phase of building design and the phase of building construction. Among others, the dimensional control plan is one important part of the construction plan. To ensure the predefined dimensional quality, the dimensional control plan must provide site personnel with information on, among others, setting out and assembling building components, which often can be done by means of total stations. The complexity of designing such a plan asks for the support of information technology. This article presents the initial results of integrating product modeling with knowledge-based engineering to support designing the dimensional control plan. [source] Resource Consumption of New Urban Construction in ChinaJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2007John E. Fernández The volume of China's recent additions to its urban-built environment is unprecedented. China now accounts for half of all new building area in the world. Increases in building stocks of all types have occurred during an extended period of accelerated growth of the national economy. This expansion promises to continue through 2030. As a result, the rapid conversion of land from low-density agricultural and light manufacturing to new urban zones of high density and material-intensive commercial and residential buildings has consumed enormous quantities of domestic and imported resources and has irreversibly altered the Chinese landscape. This article examines the consumption of material resources dedicated to Chinese building construction through a survey and analysis of the material intensity of three major building types. This provides a basis for outlining the emerging life-cycle issues of recent additions to the built environment and of continued construction. With this as the starting point, the field of industrial ecology can work toward formulating strategies for a circular economy that include a resource-efficient urban China. [source] Long-term Coordination of Timber Production and Consumption Using a Dynamic Material and Energy Flow AnalysisJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Daniel B. Müller Summary A dynamic model for wood and energy flows is used to analyze regional timber management. The model combines a sitequality-dependent forest-growth module with modules for the timber industry, timber products use, waste management, and energy supply. The model is calibrated with data of a Swiss lowland region for the period of 1900,1997. Scenarios are developed for the period until 2100 in order to discuss possible future roles of domestic timber. Model simulations show that, with present strategies, timber overproduction will further increase in the twenty-first century because of an increase in forest site quality in the second half of the twentieth century, among other reasons. The increase in building gross floor area of the region by a factor of 5 during the twentieth century coincides with a reduction of timber use in building construction by a factor of 4.5, from 90 kg/m2 to 20 kg/m2. Increasing timber density in buildings could address overproduction; however, a strategy of timber construction could not be accomplished with domestic timber alone. A balance of production and consumption on the present level could also be achieved in a scenario in which the present building stock is gradually exchanged during the twenty-first century with buildings that exclusively use a combination of solar panels on roofs and domestic firewood and used wood as heat-energy sources. These replacement buildings would have density typical of late twentieth-century buildings, and they would need to perform on a low-energy standard of not more than 130 MJ/m2/yr. [source] Cancer mortality among European asphalt workers: An international epidemiological study.AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2003Abstract Background Inhalation of bitumen fumes is potentially carcinogenic to humans. Methods We conducted a study of 29,820 male workers exposed to bitumen in road paving, asphalt mixing and roofing, 32,245 ground and building construction workers unexposed to bitumen, and 17,757 workers not classifiable as bitumen workers, from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, with mortality follow-up during 1953,2000. We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on national mortality rates. Poisson regression analyses compared mortality of bitumen workers to that of building or ground construction workers. Results The overall mortality was below expectation in the total cohort (SMR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90,0.94) and in each group of workers. The SMR of lung cancer was higher among bitumen workers (1.17, 95% CI 1.04,1.30) than among workers in ground and building construction (SMR 1.01, 95% CI 0.89,1.15). In the internal comparison, the relative risk (RR) of lung cancer mortality among bitumen workers was 1.09 (95% CI 0.89,1.34). The results of cancer of the head and neck were similar to those of lung cancer, based on a smaller number of deaths. There was no suggestion of an association between employment in bitumen jobs and other cancers. Conclusions European workers employed in road paving, asphalt mixing and other jobs entailing exposure to bitumen fume might have experienced a small increase in lung cancer mortality risk, compared to workers in ground and building construction. However, exposure assessment was limited and confounding from exposure to carcinogens in other industries, tobacco smoking, and other lifestyle factors cannot be ruled out. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:18,27, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Capital Financing of Schools: A Comparison of Lease Purchase Revenue Bonds and General Obligation BondsPUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE, Issue 2 2002Sahma Gamkhar School building construction is on the rise nationwide and Texas has led the nation in outlays on school construction. We consider key factors that distinguish lease purchase revenue (LPR) bonds and general obligation (GO) bonds as debt instruments for financing school facilities in Texas. Our research shows that LPR bonds typically have a higher interest cost than GO bonds and they do not have any advantages over GO bonds in circumventing state restrictions on school district tax and debt authority. Voter approval requirements implicit in the state aid formulae supporting school bond repayments and the bond election requirements are however both less stringent in the case of LPR bonds than GO bonds. [source] Dachentwässerungen im Zuge geänderter normativer Anforderungen und sich ändernder klimatischer Einwirkungen , eine Planungsaufgabe?BAUPHYSIK, Issue 2 2008Jörg Röder Dr.-Ing. Die Dach- und Gebäudeentwässerung soll für den schadenfreien Abfluss des Regenwassers sorgen. Die planmäßige Dachentwässerung wird dabei "nur" für einen mittleren Regen ausgelegt. Schäden durch stärkere Regenereignisse sollen vermieden werden, indem die Möglichkeit einer Notentwässerung vorgesehen wird. Die Notentwässerung und die Sicherstellung der Funktionstüchtigkeit der Dachentwässerung durch eine regelmäßige Wartung stellen die Hauptanforderungen an Dach- und Gebäudeentwässerungen dar. Die Planung und Bemessung von Rinnen und Fallleitungen erfolgt mit der neuen Normengeneration erstmals unter Verwendung hydraulischer Bemessungsgrundlagen und statistisch abgesicherter Regenspenden. Dennoch zeigen Fallbeispiele, dass der Planung und Bemessung von Dach- und Gebäudeentwässerungen zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wird. Die Folge sind nicht selten Wasserschäden an der Konstruktion. Eine Analyse der Bemessungsverfahren verdeutlicht, dass auch in diesem sensiblen Bereich der Gebäudekonstruktion , im Gegensatz zur statischen Bemessung von Bauteilen , i. d. R. keine Sicherheiten vorgesehen sind. Diese wären jedoch im Zuge sich abzeic hnender Klimaveränderungen u. a. zur Vermeidung von Überbeanspruchungen und Schäden durchaus sinnvoll. Roof drainage in the course of changed regulation require-ments and changed climatic influences , a planning task? The roof and building drainage is supposed to take over the flaw-less drain of rain water. Still, the roof drainage as planned is "only" designed for a rain of medium intensity. In order to prevent damages through rain of stronger intensity the possibility of an emergency drainage will be planned. The emergency drainage and the ensured roof drainage by regular maintenance are the main drainage requirements. With the new regulation generation, planning and structural design of gutters and fall pipes are first done using basis for assessment of hydraulic nature and statistically backed up rain fall data. Nevertheless, case studies show that there is not enough attention given to the planning and design of roof and building drainage. Not uncommon, the result is water damage to the structure. An analysis of the design method shows that even in this sensitive field of building construction , in opposition to static dimensioning of components , there are usually no safeties planned. However, on the tide of the evolving climatic changes, this would make sense inter alia to prevent overloading and damages. [source] Energetisch und bauphysikalisch optimierte Sanierung eines Baudenkmals in GörlitzBAUPHYSIK, Issue 3 2007Christian Conrad Dipl.-Ing. Mit den angewendeten Sanierungsmassnahmen an einem barocken Gebäude in Görlitz (Innendämmung Straßenfassade, WDVS Hoffassade, Solaranlage, Lüftungsanlage mit WRG, Grauwassernutzung und Fußbodenabwasserheizung) wurden unter Einhaltung der Auflagen des Denkmalschutzes die Energieeffizienzklasse A+ erreicht, die Belange des Umweltschutzes berücksichtigt und die Dauerhaftigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit der Konstruktionen gewährleistet. Die erreichten Ergebnisse werden u.a. mit instationären Simulationsrechnungen (Wärme-, Luft- und Feuchtetransport in kapillarporösen Baustoffen) für die einzelnen Bauteile und instationären Simulationsrechnungen anlagentechnischer Komponenten verifiziert. Dabei wird bauphysikalisch der Einfluss der hohen Bauwerksmasse ganzjährig quantifiziert. Die Auswirkungen der eingesetzten Anlagentechnik auf historische Bauteile, wie z. B. die Holzbalkendecken, werden untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen zur Vermeidung der Kondensat- und Reifbildungen bei hochdämmenden geneigten Verglasungen wurde gemeinsam mit einem ortsansässigen Glaswerk eine neue Wärmeschutzverglasung mit einer außenliegenden Beschichtung entwickelt/kombiniert und eingesetzt. Optimized energy saving rehabilitation of a baroque building monument. With the rehabilitation of the baroque building Handwerk 15 in Görlitz the authors achieved the energy efficiency class A+ under observance of all conditions from preservation of historic buildings and monuments, taking into account the environmental issues as well as durability and safety of the constructions in the house. The rehabilitation includes the internal thermal insulation of the historically valuable façade on the street side, the thermal insulation of the façade on the backyard side, the use of solar energy for hot water and for the support of heating especially in summer for heating the ground floor, a ventilation system with heat exchanger, the use of gray water generated from domestic processes such as laundry and bathing, and an underfloor heating for the ground floor with waste water as medium. The measurement results will be verified with numerical simulations (temperature, air, moisture transport in porous materials) of the separate building constructions and the technical components. The physical influence of the high building mass is quantified. The effects of the HVAC system on the historical building construction like for instance the timber beam floor will be investigated. Based on experiences about avoiding condensate and hoarfrost on inclined insulated glass together with a glass producing firm a new insulate glass with a special coating was developed. [source] Applications of Artificial Neural Networks for Periodic Structures AnalysisPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2005Tomasz Krzy The paper presents the nondeterministic, based on artificial neural network application approach analysis of periodic structures. We can distinguish several examples where the problem may be observed: conventional and magnetic railways, high building constructions that consist of repeatable blocks, ship and aeroplane bodies, space-shuttle periodic designs, long-beam antenna structures or mistuned blade disks with friction damping elements. The scope of research is to examine possibilities of use the neural networks for mistuning parameters definition and also to denominate its possible causes. The results obtained via neural network simulator training process are compared with the calculations based on mathematical model. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Energetisch und bauphysikalisch optimierte Sanierung eines Baudenkmals in GörlitzBAUPHYSIK, Issue 3 2007Christian Conrad Dipl.-Ing. Mit den angewendeten Sanierungsmassnahmen an einem barocken Gebäude in Görlitz (Innendämmung Straßenfassade, WDVS Hoffassade, Solaranlage, Lüftungsanlage mit WRG, Grauwassernutzung und Fußbodenabwasserheizung) wurden unter Einhaltung der Auflagen des Denkmalschutzes die Energieeffizienzklasse A+ erreicht, die Belange des Umweltschutzes berücksichtigt und die Dauerhaftigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit der Konstruktionen gewährleistet. Die erreichten Ergebnisse werden u.a. mit instationären Simulationsrechnungen (Wärme-, Luft- und Feuchtetransport in kapillarporösen Baustoffen) für die einzelnen Bauteile und instationären Simulationsrechnungen anlagentechnischer Komponenten verifiziert. Dabei wird bauphysikalisch der Einfluss der hohen Bauwerksmasse ganzjährig quantifiziert. Die Auswirkungen der eingesetzten Anlagentechnik auf historische Bauteile, wie z. B. die Holzbalkendecken, werden untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen zur Vermeidung der Kondensat- und Reifbildungen bei hochdämmenden geneigten Verglasungen wurde gemeinsam mit einem ortsansässigen Glaswerk eine neue Wärmeschutzverglasung mit einer außenliegenden Beschichtung entwickelt/kombiniert und eingesetzt. Optimized energy saving rehabilitation of a baroque building monument. With the rehabilitation of the baroque building Handwerk 15 in Görlitz the authors achieved the energy efficiency class A+ under observance of all conditions from preservation of historic buildings and monuments, taking into account the environmental issues as well as durability and safety of the constructions in the house. The rehabilitation includes the internal thermal insulation of the historically valuable façade on the street side, the thermal insulation of the façade on the backyard side, the use of solar energy for hot water and for the support of heating especially in summer for heating the ground floor, a ventilation system with heat exchanger, the use of gray water generated from domestic processes such as laundry and bathing, and an underfloor heating for the ground floor with waste water as medium. The measurement results will be verified with numerical simulations (temperature, air, moisture transport in porous materials) of the separate building constructions and the technical components. The physical influence of the high building mass is quantified. The effects of the HVAC system on the historical building construction like for instance the timber beam floor will be investigated. Based on experiences about avoiding condensate and hoarfrost on inclined insulated glass together with a glass producing firm a new insulate glass with a special coating was developed. [source] | ||||||||||