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Bulking Agent (bulking + agent)
Selected AbstractsEFFECTS OF INULIN AND BULKING AGENTS ON SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL, TEXTURAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF MILK CHOCOLATEJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 5 2009HANNANEH FARZANMEHR ABSTRACT Chocolates are favorite foodstuffs with high sugar contents. Therefore, in the present study, the production of a low-sugar milk chocolate with prebiotic properties is evaluated. Various ratios of inulin (IN), polydextrose (PD) and maltodextrin (MD) along with sucralose (0.04% w/w) were used instead of sugar. Fifteen formulations were examined to determine some physicochemical, mechanical and sensory properties in order to find their optimum ratios. In general, formulations with high ratios of PD and MD were moister and softer than control. The lowest moisture content and highest hardness were observed for the moderate ratios. In addition, MD induced the least desirable sensorial effects, whereas PD and IN pronouncedly improved the overall acceptability. The optimum applicable range for IN, PD and MD were 14,32% and 71,84%, 7,26% and 67,77%, and 0,20% of sugar substitutes, respectively. Our findings on simultaneous fat and sugar reductions also indicated the possibility of fat cut up to 5% in comparison to previous fat content. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In this paper, we have reported the influences of inulin (IN) as a prebiotic as well as polydextrose (PD) and maltodextrin (MD) as bulking agents on physicochemical, energy content, texture and sensory properties of milk chocolate using simplex lattice mixture design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in this field with very interesting results and practical applicability. Moreover, our findings showed that the use of aforementioned ingredients instead of sugar could lead to production of low-calorie milk chocolate without having the undesirable textural and physiological effects on the product and consumers. Moreover, the simplex lattice mixture design was found a very useful technique for finding optimum ratios of sugar replacers in formulation. [source] Tissue Integration of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel: An Experimental Study of Periurethral, Perivesical, and Mammary Gland Tissue in the PigDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2008DMSC, LISE H. CHRISTENSEN MD BACKGROUND Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) is a nondegradable water-based polymer with high viscoelasticity. The gel is used as a tissue filler, the only risk being prolonged infection with anaerobic, contaminating microorganisms if not treated early with broad-spectrum antibiotics. OBJECTIVE With silicone gel as reference, PAAG tissue integration and migration was studied in a longitudinal study of the pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one pigs were used. PAAG and silicone gel were injected into mammary tissue, and PAAG was injected into urethral or bladder wall or the anal canal. Tissues and regional lymph nodes were examined at 1, 1 1/2, 3, 3 1/2, 6, 12, and 14 months, and other lymph nodes and organs were examined at 1, 6, 12, and 14 months. RESULTS PAAG was invaded by macrophages and giant cells that were gradually replaced by a network of fibrous tissue. Silicone gel was seen inside these cells or as large vacuoles, surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Regional lymph nodes contained PAAG only at 1 1/2 months and silicone gel at 12 months. CONCLUSION PAAG is a stable, viscoelastic bulking agent, which unlike silicone gel is slowly integrated within its host tissue via a thin fibrous network. Long-term risk of fibrosis and migration is minimal. [source] The effect of bulking agents on the chemical stability of acid-sensitive compounds in freeze-dried formulations: Sucrose inversion studyJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 9 2009Enxian Lu Abstract The goal of the study was to evaluate the impact of amorphous bulking agents on the chemical stability of freeze-dried materials. Polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran of different molecular weights and lactose were used as bulking agents, and sucrose was used as an example of an acid-sensitive compound. Lyophiles containing bulking agent and sucrose at 10:1 (w/w) ratio, citrate buffer, and optionally bromophenol blue (pH indicator) were tested by X-ray powder diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and Karl Fischer titrimetry. Diffuse reflectance UV,vis spectroscopy was used to obtain the concentration ratio of the deprotonated (In2,) to the protonated (HIn,) indicator species, from which the Hammett acidity function (H2,) was calculated. The extent of sucrose inversion in lyophiles stored at 60°C was quantified by HPLC. The bulking agent had a major impact on both the apparent solid-state acidity (H2,) and the degradation rate, with the degradation rate constants value highest for dextran lyophiles (most "acidic", lower H2,) followed by lactose and polyvinylpyrrolidone lyophile (least "acidic", higher H2,). The Hammett acidity function can be used as an empirical solid-state acidity scale, to predict the rank-order stability of acid-sensitive compounds in lyophiles prepared with different bulking agents. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3387,3396, 2009 [source] Characterization of amorphous solids with weak glass transitions using high ramp rate differential scanning calorimetryJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2008Derrick S. Katayama Abstract Measurement of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of proteins and other high molecular weight polymers in the amorphous state is often difficult, since the transition is extremely weak, that is, the ,Cp at the glass transition temperature is small. For example, little is known about the solid-state properties of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), which is beginning to become more commonly evaluated as a bulking agent in pharmaceutical products. For weak thermal events, such as the change in heat capacity at the Tg of a pure protein or large synthetic polymer, increased heating rate should produce greater sensitivity in terms of heat flow. Recent innovations in rapid scanning technology for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allow measurements on materials where the thermal events are difficult to detect by conventional DSC. In the current study, measurements of the Tg of proteins in the solid state, amorphous pharmaceutical excipients which have small ,Cp at the glass transition temperature, and bacterial spores, have all been made using high ramp rate DSC, providing information on materials that was inaccessible using conventional DSC methods. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:1013,1024, 2008 [source] Mannitol,sucrose mixtures,versatile formulations for protein lyophilizationJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2002Robert E. Johnson Abstract Mixtures of sucrose (a lyoprotectant) and mannitol (a bulking agent) have been investigated as excipients for the lyophilization of proteins. Four proteins under development have been successfully lyophilized in a formulation of 4% mannitol and 1% sucrose using a lyophilization cycle that produces a cake of crystalline mannitol and amorphous sucrose. The crystalline mannitol allows primary drying to be performed with a product temperature of ,10°C even though the sucrose is amorphous and, by itself, would have required primary drying below ,35°C to avoid cake collapse. Formation of an unstable mannitol hydrate is avoided by conducting secondary drying at 40°C or higher. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91: 914,922, 2002 [source] Systematic review: the role of different types of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndromeALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2004C. J. Bijkerk Summary Background :,Both high-fibre dietary advice and the prescription of fibre as a bulking agent are very common in primary and secondary care management of irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome patients with constipation may have delayed intestinal transit. Therefore, fibres that accelerate intestinal transit may be beneficial in these patients. The uncertain benefits reported in several clinical studies, however, have led us to reappraise the value of fibre in irritable bowel syndrome management. Aim :,To quantify the effect of different types of fibre on global and symptom relief from irritable bowel syndrome. Methods :,Using a structured literature search in MEDLINE (1966,2002), we selected randomized controlled trials involving irritable bowel syndrome patients treated with fibre. Analyses were performed for the total group and for trials using soluble and insoluble fibre separately. Results :,Seventeen studies were included in the analysis. None investigated primary care irritable bowel syndrome patients. Fibre, in general, was effective in the relief of global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms [relative risk, 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19,1.50]. Irritable bowel syndrome patients with constipation may receive benefit from fibre treatment (relative risk, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.21,2.02), but there was no evidence that fibre was effective in the relief of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Soluble and insoluble fibre, separately, had different effects on global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Soluble fibre (psyllium, ispaghula, calcium polycarbophil) showed significant improvement (relative risk, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.35,1.78), whereas insoluble fibre (corn, wheat bran), in some cases, worsened the clinical outcome, but there was no significant difference compared with placebo (relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.72,1.11). Conclusions :,The benefits of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome are marginal for global irritable bowel syndrome symptom improvement and irritable bowel syndrome-related constipation. Soluble and insoluble fibres have different effects on global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Indeed, in some cases, insoluble fibres may worsen the clinical outcome. Future clinical studies evaluating the effect and tolerability of fibre therapy are needed in primary care. [source] Randomised clinical trial of a laxative alone versus a laxative and a bulking agent after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuryBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 6 2007M Eogan Objective, To compare two postpartum laxative regimens in women who have undergone primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injury. Design, Randomised controlled trial. Setting, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin. Population, A total of 147 postpartum women who had sustained anal sphincter injury at vaginal birth. Methods, Women were randomised to receive either lactulose alone thrice daily for the first three postpartum days followed by sufficient lactulose to maintain a soft stool over the following 10 days (lactulose group, n= 77) or the lactulose regimen combined with a sachet of ispaghula husk daily for the first 10 postpartum days (FybogelÔ group, n= 70). All patients kept a diary of bowel habit for the first 10 postpartum days and were invited to return for review at 3 months postpartum. Main outcome measures, Patient discomfort with first postpartum bowel motion, incidence of postnatal constipation and incontinence and incontinence score in postnatal period. Results, Pain scores were similar in the two treatment groups; but incontinence in the immediate postnatal period was more frequent with the two preparations compared with lactulose alone (32.86% versus 18.18%, P= 0.03). Conclusions, This study does not support routine prescribing of a stool-bulking agent in addition to a laxative in the immediate postnatal period for women who have sustained anal sphincter injury at vaginal delivery. [source] Combined external urethral bulking and artificial urinary sphincter for urethral atrophy and stress urinary incontinenceBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2005Nadeem U. Rahman OBJECTIVE To describe a technique of externally bulking the urethra with a soft-tissue graft before placing another artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), as when placing another AUS for recurrent male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) other manoeuvres, e.g. placing a tandem cuff or transcorporal cuff, must be used to obtain urinary continence in an atrophic urethra, and each is associated with morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2003 to July 2004, five patients (mean age 74 years, range 62,84) treated by radical prostatectomy were referred for recurrent SUI after placing an AUS (four, including one with urethral erosion) or a male sling (one, with a resulting atrophic urethra). Each patient was treated with an external urethral bulking agent (Surgisis® ES, Cook Urological, Spencer, Indiana) and had an AUS placed. RESULTS In each patient the greatest urethral circumference was <4 cm. To place a functional 4 cm cuff, the diameter of the urethra was enhanced by wrapping it with Surgisis ES. Continence was significantly improved in all patients except one 84-year-old man who had the replanted artificial sphincter removed because of erosion 14 months after surgery. CONCLUSION In cases of severe recurrent SUI from urethral atrophy after placing an AUS, externally bulking the urethra with Surgisis ES before placing another AUS is well tolerated, and gives satisfactory results. [source] Clinical audit of the effects of low-fibre diet on irritable bowel syndromeJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 4 2000J. T. Woolner Introduction High-fibre diets are frequently advocated for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) although there is little scientific evidence to support this. Experience of patients on low-fibre diets suggests that this may be an effective treatment for IBS, warranting investigation. Methods Symptoms were recorded for 204 IBS patients presenting in the gastroenterology clinic. They were then advised on a low-fibre diet with bulking agents as appropriate. Symptoms were reassessed by postal questionnaire 4 weeks later. Patients who had improved on the diet were advised on the gradual reintroduction of different types of fibre to determine the quantity and type of fibre tolerated by the individual. Results Seventy-four per cent of questionnaires were returned. A significant improvement (60,100% improvement in overall well-being) was recorded by 49% of patients. Conclusion This preliminary study suggests that low-fibre diets may be an effective treatment for some IBS patients and justifies further investigation as a full clinical trial. [source] The effect of bulking agents on the chemical stability of acid-sensitive compounds in freeze-dried formulations: Sucrose inversion studyJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 9 2009Enxian Lu Abstract The goal of the study was to evaluate the impact of amorphous bulking agents on the chemical stability of freeze-dried materials. Polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran of different molecular weights and lactose were used as bulking agents, and sucrose was used as an example of an acid-sensitive compound. Lyophiles containing bulking agent and sucrose at 10:1 (w/w) ratio, citrate buffer, and optionally bromophenol blue (pH indicator) were tested by X-ray powder diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and Karl Fischer titrimetry. Diffuse reflectance UV,vis spectroscopy was used to obtain the concentration ratio of the deprotonated (In2,) to the protonated (HIn,) indicator species, from which the Hammett acidity function (H2,) was calculated. The extent of sucrose inversion in lyophiles stored at 60°C was quantified by HPLC. The bulking agent had a major impact on both the apparent solid-state acidity (H2,) and the degradation rate, with the degradation rate constants value highest for dextran lyophiles (most "acidic", lower H2,) followed by lactose and polyvinylpyrrolidone lyophile (least "acidic", higher H2,). The Hammett acidity function can be used as an empirical solid-state acidity scale, to predict the rank-order stability of acid-sensitive compounds in lyophiles prepared with different bulking agents. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3387,3396, 2009 [source] EFFECTS OF INULIN AND BULKING AGENTS ON SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL, TEXTURAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF MILK CHOCOLATEJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 5 2009HANNANEH FARZANMEHR ABSTRACT Chocolates are favorite foodstuffs with high sugar contents. Therefore, in the present study, the production of a low-sugar milk chocolate with prebiotic properties is evaluated. Various ratios of inulin (IN), polydextrose (PD) and maltodextrin (MD) along with sucralose (0.04% w/w) were used instead of sugar. Fifteen formulations were examined to determine some physicochemical, mechanical and sensory properties in order to find their optimum ratios. In general, formulations with high ratios of PD and MD were moister and softer than control. The lowest moisture content and highest hardness were observed for the moderate ratios. In addition, MD induced the least desirable sensorial effects, whereas PD and IN pronouncedly improved the overall acceptability. The optimum applicable range for IN, PD and MD were 14,32% and 71,84%, 7,26% and 67,77%, and 0,20% of sugar substitutes, respectively. Our findings on simultaneous fat and sugar reductions also indicated the possibility of fat cut up to 5% in comparison to previous fat content. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In this paper, we have reported the influences of inulin (IN) as a prebiotic as well as polydextrose (PD) and maltodextrin (MD) as bulking agents on physicochemical, energy content, texture and sensory properties of milk chocolate using simplex lattice mixture design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in this field with very interesting results and practical applicability. Moreover, our findings showed that the use of aforementioned ingredients instead of sugar could lead to production of low-calorie milk chocolate without having the undesirable textural and physiological effects on the product and consumers. Moreover, the simplex lattice mixture design was found a very useful technique for finding optimum ratios of sugar replacers in formulation. [source] | |||||||||||||