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Broiler Chickens (broiler + chicken)
Selected AbstractsThe number of taste buds is related to bitter taste sensitivity in layer and broiler chickensANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Ken-ichi KUDO ABSTRACT The relationship between taste sensitivity and the number of taste buds using a bitter tastant, quinine hydrochloride, was investigated in White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, and broiler chickens. The White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red strains were able to perceive 2.0 mmol/L quinine hydrochloride, but the taste sensitivity of Rhode Island Red chickens was higher than that of White Leghorn chickens. Broiler chickens perceived 0.5 mmol/L quinine hydrochloride. The number of taste buds in the White Leghorn strain was the lowest, then the Rhode Island Red strain, with the number of taste buds highest in the broiler chickens. The number of taste buds was well correlated with bitter taste sensitivity. Therefore, we suggest that the number of taste buds is a vital factor in the perception of bitter taste and may be useful in selecting appropriate feeds for chickens. [source] Effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation in chicken breast meatANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Satoshi KAWAHARA ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation in breast meat of broiler chickens. Broiler chickens (28-day-old females) were fed diets containing experimental oils at 20 g/kg diet for 28 days. The experimental oils consisted of either a 2:0, 1:1, or a 0:2 (wt : wt) ratio of safflower oil (high linoleic acid content) to a commercial CLA mixture. In this study, dietary CLA supplementation significantly increased the composition and content of CLA in chicken meat. The predominant CLA in meat from birds with supplemented diets was the cis -9, trans -11 isomer. The proportion of saturated fatty acid in meat significantly increased with increasing CLA supplementation, with a corresponding decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid. Dietary CLA also reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in raw meat during storage at 4°C for 5 days. These results provide evidence that CLA feeding is a practical strategy not only for adding nutritional benefits to chicken meat but also for improving meat quality including oxidative stability. [source] Changes in selected serum parameters of broiler chicken fed supplemental chromiumJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 11-12 2004B. Króliczewska Summary The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium (Cr) from Cr yeast on the growth performance and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, total protein and Cr concentration in the serum of broiler chicken. The birds were fed a control diet or a control diet supplemented with Cr at a level of 300, 500 ,g/kg Cr. The supplementation of 500 ,g/kg Cr increased body weight, weight gain and feed efficiency (p < 0.05). In addition, supplementation with Cr decreased the serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (p < 0.05), triglycerides (p < 0.05) and glucose (p < 0.05) concentrations whereas serum HDL cholesterol increased. Serum total protein and serum Cr concentration slightly but not significantly increased in both Cr groups. The study suggest that Cr supplementation particularly at 500 ,g/kg Cr from Cr yeast can influence on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of broiler chicken and can be used as additives in animal diet but it still needs more investigations. [source] Isolation and identification of mixed linked , -glucan degrading bacteria in the intestine of broiler chickens and partial characterization of respective 1,3-1,4- , -glucanase activitiesJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Lutz Beckmann Media with 1,3-1,4- , -glucans as selective markers were used for isolation of non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) degrading bacteria from the intestinal tract of broiler chicken. Formerly unknown 1,3-1,4- , endoglucanase activities in various bacterial species were identified in this study. E. faecium , Streptococcus , Bacteroides and Clostridium strains seem to be responsible for degradation of mixed linked , -glucans in the small intestine and in the hind gut of chickens. Strict anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides ovatus , B. uniformis , presumably B. capillosus and Clostridium perfringens ) as well as an unidentified bacterium with 98% 16S rDNA homology to an uncultered chicken cecum bacterium were isolated. Additionally, Streptococcus bovis with 1,3-1,4- , -endoglucanase activity was also detected. Different 1,3-1,4- , -endoglucanase activity profiles were observed in SDS/PAGE zymograms. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Molecular analysis of bacterial populations in the ileum of broiler chickens and comparison with bacteria in the cecumFEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Jianhua Gong Abstract Bacterial populations in the ileum of broiler chickens were analyzed by molecular analysis of 16S rRNA genes and compared to those in the cecum. Bacteria found in the ileal mucosa were mainly Gram-positive with low G+C content. There were 15 molecular species among 51 cloned sequences. More than 70% of the cloned sequences were related to lactobacilli and Enterococcus cecorum. Two sequences had 95% or less homology to existing database sequences. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis revealed differences among bacterial populations present in the mucosa and lumen of the ileum. Comparative studies by T-RFLP and sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes indicated a less diverse bacterial population in the ileum (mucosa and lumen) than in the cecum. Lactobacilli, E. cecorum, and butyrate-producing bacteria related (including both identified and unidentified species) sequences were the three major groups detected in ilea and ceca. Although butyrate-producing bacteria may have good potential in the development of novel probiotics for poultry, verifying the presence of the bacteria in the chicken gut is required to warrant further investigation. [source] Integrated models of livestock systems for climate change studies.GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Summary The potential impact of climate change by the year 2050 on intensive livestock systems in Britain is assessed through the use of simulation models of farming systems. The submodels comprise livestock feeding, livestock thermal balance and the thermal balance of controlled environment buildings and a stochastic weather generator. These are integrated to form system models for growing pigs and broiler chickens. They are applied to scenarios typical of SE England, which is the warmest region of the country and represents the worst case. For both species the frequency of severe heat stress is substantially increased, with a consequent risk of mortality. To offset this, it would be necessary to reduce stocking densities considerably, or to invest in improved ventilation or cooling equipment. Other effects on production are likely to be small. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Ileal endogenous amino acid flow of broiler chickens under high ambient temperatureJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2010A. F. Soleimani Summary High environmental temperature has detrimental effects on the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of acute heat stress on endogenous amino acid (EAA) flow in broiler chickens. A total of 90, day-old broiler chicks were housed in battery cages in an environmentally controlled chamber. Chicks were fed a nitrogen-free diet on day 42 following either no heat exposure (no-heat) or 2 weeks exposure to 35 ± 1 °C for 3 h from days 28 to 42 (2-week heat) or 1 week exposure to 35 ± 1 °C for 3 h from days 35 to 42 (1 week heat). The most abundant amino acid in the ileal flow was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, serine and threonine in non-heat stressed group. The EAA flow in 1-week heat and 2-week heat birds were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those under no heat exposure (14682, 11161 and 9597 mg/kg of dry matter intake respectively). Moreover, the EAA flow of 2-week heat group was less than 1-week heat group by approximately 36%. These observations suggest that the effect of heat stress on EAA flow is mostly quantitative; however, heat stress may also alter the content of EAA flow qualitatively. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum and Enterococcus faecium strains on internal milieu, antioxidant status and body weight of broiler chickensJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2010M. Capcarova Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate the functional efficiency of two probiotic strains Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7158 and Enterococcus faecium M 74 given to the drinking water on internal milieu, antioxidant status and body weight of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on hybrid Hybro (n = 180). The feeding period lasted 42 days. Experimental chickens of E1 group received a probiotic preparation in drinking water with concentration of 1 × 109 colony forming units (CFU) of L. fermentum CCM 7158 in 1 g of nutrient medium and experimental chickens of E2 group concentration of 2 × 109 CFU of E. faecium M 74 in 1 g of nutrient medium. The control group of animals received water without any additives. Triglycerides content in serum mainly with L. fermentum strain against the control group was decreased. Calcium content in both experimental groups and significantly in E. faecium group was increased. Antioxidant status in both probiotic groups was significantly increased. The content of bilirubin in group with E. faecium M 74 was significantly increased. In conclusion, addition of a microbial feed additive (L. fermentum and E. faecium) increased serum calcium and iron level, decreased triglycerides content in blood and slightly increased body weight of broiler chickens. [source] The impact of nutrient density in terms of energy and/or protein on live performance, metabolism and carcass composition of female and male broiler chickens of two commercial broiler strainsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 4 2010E. Delezie Summary The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diet composition on performance, slaughter yield and plasma metabolites, as different modern broiler strains show different responses to feed intake. Broilers of two commercial strains and of both sexes received one of three diets being different in energy and/or protein level [control diet, low energy/low protein diet (LM/LP) and low protein diet (LP)]. Low energy/low protein diet chickens were characterized by significantly lower body weights and feed intake compared with their LP and control counterparts. Broilers of the Cobb strain or broilers that were fed the control diet were most efficient in converting energy to body weight. No significant differences in plasma metabolites were detected due to diet composition or genotype. The diet with the lower energy and crude protein levels reached the lowest slaughter yield but the highest drumstick and wing percentages. The lowest mortality percentages were observed for broilers fed the LM/LP diet, and Cobb birds appeared to be more sensitive for metabolic disorders resulting in death. It is obvious from this study that different genotypes respond differently to changes in diet composition and therefore have adjusted nutritional requirements. [source] Impact of dietary crude protein and amino acids status on performance and some excreta characteristics of broiler chicks during 10,28 days of ageJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3 2010N. F. Namroud Summary A study was conducted in a completely randomised design to evaluate the effects of providing almost all important essential amino acids (EAA) in low-crude protein (CP) diets equal to that of higher CP diets in broiler chickens. Also the effects of additional mixture of glycine (Gly) and glutamic acid (Glu) or supplementation of excess EAA to low-CP diets on the live performance and excreta characteristics including pH, moisture, nitrogen, uric acid and ammonia concentration were measured to ascertain the optimum CP concentration for the maximum performance and reduced excreta ammonia concentration. Male, broiler chickens growing from 10 to 28 days of age were fed eight experimental diets. Reducing dietary CP below 19% negatively affected performance. Adding the Gly and Glu mixtures to 17% CP diets improved live performance. Reducing CP to 19% with a normal amino acids status declined N, ammonia, uric acid, moisture and pH of excreta significantly. These findings suggest that diminishing dietary CP from 23% to 19% while maintaining adequate EAA levels during 10,28 days of age results in not only a significant decline in N emission, but also a probable reduction in the NH3 volatilisation because of reduction in pH and moisture. Contrary to expectations, reduction of dietary CP below the minimum level (19%) resulted in more ammonia. All these factors may improve on litter and air quality within the housing facility and reduce the ventilation rate required to emit the elevated ammonia gas concentrations. [source] Effect of an organic acid blend and phytase added to a rapeseed cake-containing diet on performance, intestinal morphology, caecal microflora activity and thyroid status of broiler chickensJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1 2010S. Smulikowska Summary The experiment was carried out on 96 female broilers, allocated to eight groups of 12 birds kept in individual cages. Two basal wheat- and soyabean meal-based diets containing 150 g/kg of rapeseed expeller cake were formulated, differing in the level of P: 7.1 g/kg in diet H or 5.9 g/kg in diet L. Rapeseed cake supplied 3.15 ,mol alkenyl glucosinolates per gram of diet. The eight treatments were: basal diets only, basal diets + phytase (1000 U/kg), basal diets + organic acid blend (OA, 6 g/kg), or basal diets + both additives. Diets were fed from day 8 to 28 of life. The results showed that the lower dietary P content and OA supplementation did not significantly affect feed intake or BWG, while both increased (p < 0.001) after phytase supplementation. Tibia ash content as well as tibia ultimate strength were lower (p < 0.001) in birds fed diets L compared with diets H, and increased (p < 0.01) with phytase supplementation of diet L, while OA had no influence on either parameter. Dietary P levels and OA supplementation had no influence on the pH of gut digesta, but the pH of jejunal digesta increased following phytase supplementation (p < 0.01). Morphological measurements of the small intestinal mucosa of chicks indicated that OA added to diet L depressed villi height (p < 0.001) and crypt depth (p < 0.001); both parameters increased after phytase supplementation (p < 0.01). The lower total SCFA as well as acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations in caecal digesta indicated lower activity of caecal microflora in birds fed diets L compared with H. OA supplementation had no influence, while phytase supplementation increased the concentration of acetic acid in caecal digesta. Supplementation of diets with either phytase or OA increased thyroid weight by 16% (p < 0.01) and 11% (p < 0.05) respectively. The increase in thyroid weight because of phytase supplementation was greater at the lower dietary P level, and the greatest when both phytase and OA were added to the diet. [source] Intestinal function and gut microflora of broiler chickens as influenced by cereal grains and microbial enzyme supplementationJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2009M. D. Shakouri Summary A study was conducted to investigate the effect of the key cereal grains and a microbial enzyme supplement on broiler chicken performance, gut microflora and intestinal function. Ingestion of the barley-based diet was associated with low 28-day body weight, decreased feed intake and high FCR. The supplemental enzyme increased feed intake and weight gain of the chickens on a wheat-based diet. The pH of the gizzard and caecal contents varied with the grain type. Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal viscosity, particularly in birds that received the diet based on wheat. The birds on the barley-based diet had lower ileal digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy than those given maize and sorghum-based diets. The ileal digestibility of starch was increased by enzyme supplementation. Enzyme supplementation increased the number of total anaerobic bacteria in the gizzard of birds fed on sorghum and increased lactobacilli in the gizzard of those fed both sorghum and wheat. The birds fed the sorghum-based diet had the lowest counts of caecal total anaerobic bacteria and lactobacilli. Jejunal villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds fed the barley-based diet were the lowest when compared with those fed the other diets. Enzyme application induced an increase in villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds on wheat, crypt depth on barley and a reduction in crypt depth of chickens on the sorghum-based diets. The highest activity of maltase and the lowest activity of sucrase were observed in tissue from birds fed on maize and sorghum-based diets respectively. The differences in the performance of broilers on cereal grains could be explained by changes in intestinal morphology, enzyme activities and gut microflora as well as nutrient digestibility. The improved performance by supplemental enzyme in wheat-fed chickens was associated with beneficial changes in intestinal morphology and digesta viscosity. [source] Body composition and heat expenditure in broiler chickens fed diets with or without trans fatty acidsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1 2008M. Javadi Summary The effect of a diet containing trans fatty acids (TFA) on the fatty acid composition and fat accumulation was investigated in broiler chickens. Female broilers were fed a control or a TFA-containing diet. The difference between the diets was that a part of cis 18:1 in the control diet was replaced by the TFA. Body composition, energy balance and the fatty acid composition were examined. Over the time-period studied (15 days), the body fat content and the protein content did not differ significantly between the TFA-fed group and the control. In energy balance studies, total energy intake, energy loss in excreta, energy expenditure and energy storage did not differ between the treatments. Compared to the control diet, the TFA diet resulted in significantly higher amounts of 14:0 and 18:1n-7 and lower amounts of 18:1n-9 and 20:4n-6 in the body. In conclusion, the data suggest that feeding TFA for 15 days to female broilers had no effect on energy retention, energy expenditure and energy loss in excreta or in body composition in terms of fat and protein. Only the fatty acid composition in the body was affected by the treatment with TFA. In addition, 50% of ingested TFA was incorporated into the body fat. This may have a negative effect on the diethetic value of chicken meat. [source] Effect of dietary clenbuterol and cimaterol on muscle composition, ,-adrenergic and androgen receptor concentrations in broiler chickensJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3-4 2004A. Schiavone Summary Illegal dietary supplementation with ,2 -agonists has been shown to increase protein deposition and decrease fat accretion in domestic animals. In poultry the metabolic and endocrine responses to ,2 -agonists are not fully elucidated. In this trial the effects of dietary clenbuterol (1 p.p.m.) and cimaterol (1 p.p.m.) on muscle composition and endocrine response of male broiler chickens were studied. Dietary clenbuterol induced a slight, but in general not significant, improvement of zootechnical performances and carcass yields. Chemical composition of muscle was not influenced by dietary treatments, even if a slight improvement of protein content was observed in treated groups. No effects on fatty acid composition of meat were detected. Both clenbuterol and cimaterol treatments caused a downregulation in testicular androgen receptors and in pulmonary, cardiac and central nervous system , -adrenergic receptors. [source] Genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains from Danish broiler chickens by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the LPS gene clusterJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2005K.N. Knudsen Abstract Aims:, To apply and evaluate LG (LPS genes) genotyping, which is a genotyping method based on a cluster of genes involved in the synthesis of surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Campylobacter species, for typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from Danish broiler chickens. Furthermore, the LG genotyping method was used to study the genetic stability of four C. jejuni strains after gastrointestinal passage through experimentally infected chickens. Methods and Results:, In the present study, the LG genotyping method was modified with respect to the restriction enzymes used. To validate the method, 63 Penner serotype reference strains and 107 C. jejuni chicken isolates, representing the most common Penner serotypes of C. jejuni in Danish poultry, were selected for typing. The method was successfully used for typing all isolates and the LG genotype profiles were reproducible. There were no changes in the LG genotype of the C. jejuni strains obtained after experimental passage through chickens. Conclusions:, All C. jejuni strains obtained from broiler chickens were typeable by the LG genotyping method. Application of the RsaI restriction enzyme improved the method in terms of ease and consistency of analyses and increase of discriminatory power. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The LG genotyping method is a valuable tool for typing C. jejuni isolates obtained from poultry. However, the association between Penner serotyping based on passive haemagglutination of heat-stable antigens and LG genotyping was low when applied to poultry isolates. This is in contrast to previous studies on isolates of human origin that reported a high correlation between results obtained by the two typing methods (Shi et al. 2002). [source] Isolation and identification of mixed linked , -glucan degrading bacteria in the intestine of broiler chickens and partial characterization of respective 1,3-1,4- , -glucanase activitiesJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Lutz Beckmann Media with 1,3-1,4- , -glucans as selective markers were used for isolation of non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) degrading bacteria from the intestinal tract of broiler chicken. Formerly unknown 1,3-1,4- , endoglucanase activities in various bacterial species were identified in this study. E. faecium , Streptococcus , Bacteroides and Clostridium strains seem to be responsible for degradation of mixed linked , -glucans in the small intestine and in the hind gut of chickens. Strict anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides ovatus , B. uniformis , presumably B. capillosus and Clostridium perfringens ) as well as an unidentified bacterium with 98% 16S rDNA homology to an uncultered chicken cecum bacterium were isolated. Additionally, Streptococcus bovis with 1,3-1,4- , -endoglucanase activity was also detected. Different 1,3-1,4- , -endoglucanase activity profiles were observed in SDS/PAGE zymograms. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on maize-based diets supplemented with mimosa tannins and a microbial enzymeJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 12 2004Paul A Iji Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tannin (0, 5, 15, 20 and 25 g kg,1 diet) and a microbial enzyme supplement (MES) on the feed consumption, body growth and digestive physiology of broiler chickens between hatch and 22 days of age. Feed intake, body weight and body weight gain declined (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary tannin content. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (p < 0.001) in line with dietary tannin level, up to 15 g kg,1 diet. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on the protein content of pancreatic tissue or activities of pancreatic and jejunal enzymes. The ileal digestibilities of energy, protein, arginine, alanine and leucine were reduced (p < 0.001) as dietary tannin level rose to 20 g kg,1 diet and beyond. The digestibilities of methionine and phenylalanine were also negatively affected (p < 0.01) at the highest level of dietary tannins, while phosphorus digestion was improved (p < 0.05) on diets containing tannin. Apart from an increase (p < 0.01) in the protein content of the jejunal mucosa of birds on the diet with 20 g tannin kg,1 diet, there were no significant effects of the MES on most of the variables assessed. The results demonstrate the negative effects of tannin, especially at high levels of inclusion in the diet. However, neither tannins nor MES influenced the activities of digestive enzymes assessed, suggesting that a wider range of factors may be involved in regulating the effects of tannins on poultry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Pharmacokinetics of tepoxalin and its active metabolite in broiler chickensJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2009S. DE BOEVER First page of article [source] Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in broiler chickensJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 5 2003J. Shen The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic disposition of florfenicol in broiler chickens were investigated after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral administrations of 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Plasma concentrations of florfenicol were determined by a high performance liquid chromatographic method in which plasma samples were spiked with chloramphenicol as internal standard. Plasma concentration,time data after i.v. administration were best described by a two-compartment open model. The elimination half-lives were 168 ± 43 and 181 ± 71 min, total body clearance 1.02 ± 0.17 and 1.02 ± 0.16 L·kg/h, the volume of distribution at steady-state 4.99 ± 1.11 and 3.50 ± 1.01 L/kg after i.v. injections of 15 and 30 mg/kg b.w., respectively. Plasma concentration,time data after i.m. and oral administrations were adequately described by a one-compartment model. The i.m. bioavailability and the oral bioavailability of florfenicol were 95, 98 and 96, 94%, respectively, indicating that florfenicol was almost absorbed completely after i.m. and oral administrations of 15 and 30 mg/kg b.w. [source] Microsatellite markers associated with quantitative trait loci controlling antibody response to Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis in young broilersANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 6 2002R. Yunis A unique resource population was produced to facilitate detection of microsatellite markers associated with quantitative trait loci controlling antibody (Ab) response in broiler chickens. Three F1 males were produced by mating two lines divergently selected on Ab response to Escherichia coli vaccination. Each F1 male was mated with females from four genetic backgrounds: F1, high-Ab line (HH), low-Ab line and commercial line, producing three resource families, each with four progeny types. About 1700 chicks were immunized with E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis vaccines. Selective genotyping was conducted on the individuals with highest or lowest average Ab to E. coli and S. enteritidis within each progeny type in each sire family. Twelve markers were significantly associated with Ab to E. coli and six of them were also associated with Ab to S. enteritidis, mostly exhibiting a similar low effect (, 0.35 phenotypic SD) in all progeny types. Four markers exhibited a highly significant and much larger effect (,1.7 SD), but only in progeny of females from the HH, suggesting that a backcross to the high parental line should be preferred over the commonly used F2 population. Results from two markers suggested a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 2 around 400 cM. The marker MCW0083, significant in two sire families, is closely linked to the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) gene, known to be associated with the control of T-cell transformation in humans. [source] Feeding of different levels of metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, fecal microflora, volatile fatty acids and villi height in broilersANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Teck C. LOH ABSTRACT The effects of feeding different dosages of metabolite combination of L. plantarum RS5, RI11, RG14 and RG11 strains (Com3456) on the performance of broiler chickens was studied. A total of 504 male Ross broilers were grouped into 7 treatments and offered different diets: (i) standard corn-soybean based diet (negative control); (ii) standard corn-soybean based diet +100 ppm neomycin and oxytetracycline (positive control); (iii) standard corn-soybean based diet + 0.1% metabolite combination of L. plantarum RS5, RI11, RG14 and RG11 strains (Com3456); (iv) standard corn-soybean based diet + 0.2% of Com3456; (v) standard corn-soybean based diet + 0.3% of Com3456 (vi) standard corn-soybean based diet + 0.4% of Com3456 and (vii) standard corn-soybean based diet + 0.5% of Com3456. Supplementation of Com3456 with different dosages improved growth performance, reduced Enterobacteriaceae and increased lactic acid bacteria count, and increased villi height of small intestine and fecal volatile fatty acid concentration. Treatment with 0.4% and 0.2% Com3456 had the best results, especially in terms of growth performance, feed conversion ratio and villi height among other dosages. However, the dosage of 0.2% was recommended due to its lower concentration yielding a similar effect as 0.4% supplementation. These results indicate that 0.2% is an optimum level to be included in the diets of broiler in order to replace antibiotic growth promoters. [source] Effect of L-carnitine on proliferative response and mRNA expression of some of its associated factors in splenic mononuclear cells of male broiler chicksANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Kazuaki TAKAHASHI ABSTRACT The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on mitogen (concanavalin A, Con A) induced proliferation of mononuclear cells (MNC) in the spleen was investigated in broiler chickens at different ages. Day-old chickens were fed a diet supplemented with or without L-carnitine (100 ppm) for 24 days. The carnitine-supplemented group showed greater proliferation of MNC in the spleen in response to Con A than that of the control group at 24 days of age. In addition, at 24 days of age the carnitine-supplemented group showed higher expression of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-, mRNA, but lower expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the Con A-stimulated splenic MNC than the control group. The enhancement effect of L-carnitine on MNC proliferation and IL-2 mRNA expression was not found in chicks at 14 days of age. Addition of L-carnitine (50 nmol/mL) to the culture medium enhanced proliferation and IL-2 mRNA expression of splenic MNC obtained from 24-day-old but not from 14-day-old broiler chickens. The results suggest that L-carnitine is capable of enhancing MNC proliferation in broiler chickens at 24 days of age partly through increasing IL-2 and IFN-, production and decreasing NO production. [source] The number of taste buds is related to bitter taste sensitivity in layer and broiler chickensANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Ken-ichi KUDO ABSTRACT The relationship between taste sensitivity and the number of taste buds using a bitter tastant, quinine hydrochloride, was investigated in White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, and broiler chickens. The White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red strains were able to perceive 2.0 mmol/L quinine hydrochloride, but the taste sensitivity of Rhode Island Red chickens was higher than that of White Leghorn chickens. Broiler chickens perceived 0.5 mmol/L quinine hydrochloride. The number of taste buds in the White Leghorn strain was the lowest, then the Rhode Island Red strain, with the number of taste buds highest in the broiler chickens. The number of taste buds was well correlated with bitter taste sensitivity. Therefore, we suggest that the number of taste buds is a vital factor in the perception of bitter taste and may be useful in selecting appropriate feeds for chickens. [source] Effect of high moisture storage of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) with or without feed enzymes on growth and nutrient utilization in broiler chickensANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Satish Jagannath MANWAR ABSTRACT Effect of reconstitution of pearl millet with or without enzymes on its utilization in broiler chickens was studied. The pearl millet grains were reconstituted by adding water to raise the moisture level to 30%, followed by storage in sealed plastic buckets with or without feed enzymes (0.5 g/kg) for 21 days at room temperature (25°C). Subsequently, the grains were sun-dried to reduce the moisture content up to 10% to avoid mould growth. Nine dietary treatments were formulated incorporating pearl millet either raw with or without enzymes or reconstituted with or without enzymes in maize-soya based control diet replacing maize at 50 and 75% levels. The birds fed on diets containing enzyme reconstituted pearl millet accrued higher body weight than maize based control diet. Addition of enzymes to raw pearl-millet based diet improved the body weight gain significantly. The reconstitution of pearl millet with or without enzymes increased (P < 0.01) the dietary nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values and the highest improvement (6.11%) was recorded in diets containing pearl millet reconstituted with enzymes at 75% level of maize replacement. The percent nitrogen retention in pearl millet based diets was comparable to maize based control diet. It may be concluded that the supplementation of the feed enzymes or reconstitution of pearl millet may improve the utilization of pearl millet in broiler chickens. [source] Effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation in chicken breast meatANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Satoshi KAWAHARA ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation in breast meat of broiler chickens. Broiler chickens (28-day-old females) were fed diets containing experimental oils at 20 g/kg diet for 28 days. The experimental oils consisted of either a 2:0, 1:1, or a 0:2 (wt : wt) ratio of safflower oil (high linoleic acid content) to a commercial CLA mixture. In this study, dietary CLA supplementation significantly increased the composition and content of CLA in chicken meat. The predominant CLA in meat from birds with supplemented diets was the cis -9, trans -11 isomer. The proportion of saturated fatty acid in meat significantly increased with increasing CLA supplementation, with a corresponding decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid. Dietary CLA also reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in raw meat during storage at 4°C for 5 days. These results provide evidence that CLA feeding is a practical strategy not only for adding nutritional benefits to chicken meat but also for improving meat quality including oxidative stability. [source] A study on feeding hazelnut kernel oil meal as a protein source for broiler chickensANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Guray ERENER ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKM) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets for broiler. A total of 450 one-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated randomly to three treatment groups of 150 birds each in a randomized design. Each treatment group consisted of five replicates each of 30 chicks. All diets (in mash form) were formulated to meet nutrient concentrations recommended for broilers. The experiment lasted for six weeks. In the experiment, an SBM control (SBM) diet was compared to two HKM diets, replacing 50 (50HKM) and 100% (HKM) of SBM protein, respectively. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers were adversely affected (P < 0.05) by the HKM diets at 42 days of age. Broilers fed 50HKM and HKM had growth performances similar (P > 0.05). The carcass yield and abdominal fat pads of birds fed diets with SBM were higher (P < 0.05) than those of chicks fed the 50HKM and HKM diets. The edible inner organ weight of chicks fed diets with HKM was the heaviest (P < 0.05). It is concluded that SBM cannot be replaced even up to 50% with HKM in commercial broiler diet. [source] Changes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene expression of chicken abdominal adipose tissue with different age, sex and genotypeANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Kan SATO ABSTRACT Peroxisome proliferatior-activated receptor gamma (PPAR,) is a transcription factor that regulates adipocyte differentiation, and the activation of PPAR, increases fat deposition in growing chickens. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the levels of PPAR, gene expression were related to fat pad weight in abdominal adipose tissue in growing chickens with different genotype and sex. Body weight and abdominal adipose tissue weight in broiler chickens (Ross strain) were higher than the other genotypes (Road Island Red, White Leghorn, and Japanese native poultry (Tsushima)) at 3 and 5 weeks of age. PPAR, mRNA expression in abdominal adipose tissue tended to increase with age, as evidenced by higher expression levels at 5 weeks than at 1 week of age in all sex and genotype of chickens. In broiler chickens, the PPAR, expressions were significantly higher than the other genotypes. PPAR, mRNA expression levels in abdominal adipose tissue of female chickens rapidly increased at 3 weeks, and were unchanged until 5 weeks, while those in male chickens gradually increased until 5 weeks. In addition, abdominal adipose tissue weight was correlated with PPAR, expression levels. These results demonstrated that PPAR, gene expression is a useful marker of fat deposition in chickens, suggesting that PPAR, is a key factor of fat accumulation in chicken abdominal fat pad. [source] Chapter 6: Maize with Increased Lysine (Lysine Maize,LY038)COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2008Article first published online: 30 JAN 200 ABSTRACT:, Data and information provided in this case study relate to a crop derived by modern biotechnology, in which a specific nutrient (lysine) has been increased in maize grain.Lysine maize is a feed ingredient with enhanced nutritional characteristics for poultry and swine and provides an alternative to adding supplemental lysine to diets for these animals. Lysine maize is in an advanced state of development; therefore, extensive unpublished data and information are presented to demonstrate that (1) Lysine maize,and the feeds and foods derived from it,are as safe as those derived from conventional maize,and (2) the increased lysine in Lysine maize grain produces the intended nutritional benefit for broiler chickens when compared to a diet containing conventional maize grain and a crystalline lysine supplement. These conclusions are based on a detailed molecular characterization of Lysine maize,a safety assessment of the introduced protein,a safety and nutritional assessment of the LY038 crop,and a comparison of the agronomic and phenotypic properties of maize hybrids with and without the Lysine maize trait. Although Lysine maize is a specialty crop for use in animal feed,its safety for both animals and humans must be demonstrated. Free lysine is significantly increased in Lysine maize by the introduction of the dapA gene (cordapA) from Corynebacterium glutamicum that encodes a form of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (cDHDPS) that is insensitive to lysine feedback inhibition.Analysis of lysine anabolic and catabolic pathways in maize identified 6 metabolites that might change as a consequence of the introduction of cDHDPS insensitive to lysine-feedback inhibition. The results of compositional analysis demonstrated that Lysine maize grain is comparable to conventional maize, with the exception of the intended increase in lysine and a corresponding increase in 2 products of lysine catabolism,saccha-ropine and -aminoadipic acid. Therefore, the safety and/or nutritional implication of these 3 compounds under the conditions of use were the focus of additional assessments and found to not present either a safety or nutritional problem. [source] | |||||||||||||