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Breast Cancer Risk (breast + cancer_risk)
Kinds of Breast Cancer Risk Terms modified by Breast Cancer Risk Selected AbstractsStress, Breast Cancer Risk, and Breast Self-Examination: Chronic Effects of Risk and Worry,JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2004Donna M. Posluszny Identifying the risk factors for breast cancer allows targeted prevention and surveillance of women with higher than average risk. Moreover, aggressive, regular surveillance is necessary if mortality is to be reduced by finding disease in its early, more treatable stages. However, learning that one is at risk may cause stress as women worry about developing breast cancer and the severity of its effects. This study examined the distress associated with breast cancer risk by measuring perceived stress, breast cancer worry, risk perception, and surveillance behavior in women with average and higher than average risk profiles. Women at higher risk reported more worry, intrusive thoughts, and emotional upset throughout the year of the study than did women with average risk. In addition, stress reduced adherence to regular breast self-examination. [source] The Relationship between Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk and MortalityNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 2 2003Article first published online: 16 SEP 200 Obesity is an established risk factor for postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, development of breast cancer. Evidence for a positive association between obesity and breast cancer mortality is mounting. Avoiding adult weight gain and maintaining a healthy body weight may contribute importantly to decreasing breast cancer risk and mortality, especially in postmenopausal women. [source] Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk: Limited Evidence of Genotypic and Exogenous Carcinogenic Factors and Their InteractionsTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 4 2010Henry T. Lynch MDArticle first published online: 29 APR 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Implementation of the Suggested Guidelines for Breast Cancer Risk, Genetics, and Risk Assessment: The Critical Need for Educating Practicing PhysiciansTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Shahla Masood MD Editor-in-Chief No abstract is available for this article. [source] Proceedings of the International Consensus Conference on Breast Cancer Risk, Genetics, & Risk Management, April, 2007THE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Gordon F. Schwartz MD Abstract:, A consensus conference including thirty experts was held in April, 2007, to discuss risk factors for breast cancer and their management. Four categories of risk were outlined, from breast cancer "average" through "very high" risk, the latter including individuals with high penetrance BRCA1/2 gene mutations. Guidelines for management of patients in each of these categories were discussed, with the major portion of the conference being devoted to individuals with BRCA1/2 mutations. Prevalence of these mutations in the general populations was estimated to be 1 in 250,500 individuals, with an increased prevalence in Ashkenazic Jews and other founder groups. Risk reduction strategies for these individuals include surveillance, with or without chemoprevention drugs, or surgical procedures to remove the organs at risk, i.e., bilateral mastectomy and/or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. These risk reduction strategies were evaluated fully, and recommendations were made for the care of patients in each of the risk categories. These guidelines for patient care were approved by the entire group of experts. [source] Anthropometry and Breast Cancer Risk in Nigerian WomenTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 5 2006FWACS, Michael N. Okobia MBBS Abstract: The recent upsurge in global obesity and the recognition of the role of metabolic syndrome and other correlates of obesity in the etiology of breast cancer and other chronic diseases has created the impetus for renewed interest in the role of anthropometric measures in breast cancer risk. This case-control study was designed to evaluate the role of anthropometric variables in breast cancer susceptibility in an indigenous sub-Saharan African population drawn from midwestern and southeastern Nigeria, a population grossly underreported in the global epidemiologic literature. Study participants were 250 women with breast cancer who were receiving treatment in the surgical outpatient clinics and surgical wards of four university teaching hospitals located in midwestern and southeastern Nigeria, while the controls were 250 age-matched women without breast cancer or other malignant diseases being treated for other surgical diseases in the same institutions between September 2002 and April 2004. Waist:hip ratio (WHR) was associated with a significant 2.5-fold increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48,4.41] and a 2-fold increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.04,2.53). Increasing height conferred a modestly nonsignificant increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 0.98,2.58). The study showed that WHR is a significant predictor of breast cancer risk in Nigerian women and measures to sustain increased physical activity and ensure healthy dietary practices are recommended to reduce the burden of obesity in the population. [source] Working the Night Shift May Increase Breast Cancer RiskCA: A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS, Issue 1 2002Article first published online: 31 DEC 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Breast cancer risk is not increased in individuals with TWIST1 mutation confirmed Saethre,Chotzen syndrome: An Australian multicenter studyGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 7 2009Paul A. James Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome involving craniosynostosis, craniofacial abnormalities, and syndactyly. A recent Scandinavian study reported an increased risk of breast cancer in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of SCS. Because of the potential importance of this finding, we organized a multicenter study enrolling people with TWIST1 mutation confirmed SCS to determine if an increased risk of cancer is present. This study did not identify any cases of breast or ovarian cancer in a cohort of equivalent power to that reported previously. These results provide clinical reassurance that at present there is no evidence for breast cancer screening above standard practice for individuals with SCS. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] ERBB2, TBX2, RPS6KB1, and MYC alterations in breast tissues of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriersGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 1 2004Camilo Adem Breast cancer risk is greatly increased in women who carry mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Because breast cancer initiation is different between BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and women who do not carry mutations, it is possible that the mechanism of breast cancer progression is also different. Histopathologic and genetic studies have supported this hypothesis. To test this hypothesis further, we utilized a large cohort of women who underwent therapeutic mastectomy (TM) and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (PM). From this cohort, we developed case groups of women with a family history of breast cancer with BRCA1/2 deleterious mutations, with unclassified variant alterations, and with no detected mutation and matched these cases with sporadic controls from the same TM and PM cohort. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on paraffin sections by use of dual-color probes for ERBB2/CEP17, MYC/CEP8, TBX2/CEP17, and RPS6KB1/CEP17. All malignant and benign lesions, including putative precursor lesions, were studied. The invasive cancers from deleterious mutation carriers had a higher prevalence of duplication of MYC (P = 0.006) and TBX2 (P = 0.0008) compared to controls and a lower prevalence of ERBB2 amplification (P = 0.011). Coduplication of MYC and TBX2 was common in the in situ and invasive lesions from the deleterious mutation carriers. The odds ratio of having a BRCA1/2 mutation is 31.4 (95% CI = 1.7,569) when MYC and TBX2 are coduplicated but ERBB2 is normal. Unclassified variant carriers/no mutation detected and sporadic controls had a similar prevalence of alterations, suggesting that hereditary patients with no deleterious mutations follow a progression pathway similar to that of sporadic cases. With the exception of one atypical ductal hyperplasia lesion, no putative precursor lesion showed any detectable alteration of the probes tested. There was no significant intratumoral heterogeneity of genetic alterations. Our data confirm that a specific pattern of genomic instability characterizes BRCA1/2 -related cancers and that this pattern has implications for the biology of these cancers. Moreover, our current and previous results emphasize the interaction between phenotype and genotype in BRCA1/2 -related breast cancers and that a combination of morphologic features and alterations of ERBB2, MYC, and TBX2 may better define mechanisms of tumor progression, as well as determine which patients are more likely to carry BRCA1/2 mutations. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dietary intakes of ,-6 and ,-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2009Anne C.M. Thiébaut Abstract Experimental studies suggest detrimental effects of ,-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and beneficial effects of ,-3 PUFAs on mammary carcinogenesis, possibly in interaction with antioxidants. However, PUFA food sources are diverse in human diets and few epidemiologic studies have examined whether associations between dietary PUFAs and breast cancer risk vary according to food sources or antioxidant intakes. The relationship between individual PUFA intakes estimated from diet history questionnaires and breast cancer risk was examined among 56,007 French women. During 8 years of follow-up, 1,650 women developed invasive breast cancer. Breast cancer risk was not related to any dietary PUFA overall; however, opposite associations were seen according to food sources, suggesting other potential effects than PUFA per se. Breast cancer risk was inversely associated with ,-linolenic acid (ALA) intake from fruit and vegetables [highest vs. lowest quintile, hazard ratio (HR) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63, 0.88; p trend < 0.0001], and from vegetable oils (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71, 0.97; p trend 0.017). Conversely, breast cancer risk was positively related to ALA intake from nut mixes (p trend 0.004) and processed foods (p trend 0.068), as was total ALA intake among women in the highest quintile of dietary vitamin E (p trend 0.036). A significant interaction was also found between ,-6 and long-chain ,-3 PUFAs, with breast cancer risk inversely related to long-chain ,-3 PUFAs in women belonging to the highest quintile of ,-6 PUFAs (p interaction 0.042). These results emphasize the need to consider food sources, as well as interactions between fatty acids and with antioxidants, when evaluating associations between PUFA intakes and breast cancer risk. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Interactions between genetic and reproductive factors in breast cancer risk in a population-based sample of African-American familiesGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Valérie Chaudru Abstract Incidence of breast cancer (BC) varies among ethnic groups, with higher rates in white than in African-American women. Until now, most epidemiological and genetic studies have been carried out in white women. To investigate whether interactions between genetic and reproductive risk factors may explain part of the ethnic disparity in BC incidence, a genetic epidemiology study was conducted, between 1989 and 1994, at the Howard University Cancer Center (Washington, DC), which led to the recruitment of 245 African-American families. Segregation analysis of BC was performed by use of the class D regressive logistic model that allows for censored data to account for a variable age of onset of disease, as implemented in the REGRESS program. Segregation analysis of BC was consistent with a putative dominant gene effect (P < 0.000001) and residual sister-dependence (P < 0.0001). This putative gene was found to interact significantly with age at menarche (P = 0.048), and an interaction with a history of spontaneous abortions was suggested (P = 0.08). A late age at menarche increased BC risk in gene carriers but had a protective effect in non-gene carriers. A history of spontaneous abortions had a protective effect in gene carriers and increased BC risk in non-gene carriers. Our findings agree partially with a similar analysis of French families showing a significant gene × parity interaction and a suggestive gene × age at menarche interaction. Investigating gene × risk factor interactions in different populations may have important implications for further biological investigations and for BC risk assessment. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:285,297, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Histopathological features of breast cancer in carriers of ATM gene variantsHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006R L Balleine Aims:, Germline variants in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene have been implicated in increased breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether the histopathology of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers is distinctive or resembles the described BRCA1 mutation-associated phenotype. Methods:, The histopathological features of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers from multiple-case breast cancer families were compared with matched controls. The test group included 21 cases of in situ and/or invasive cancer from carriers of either the IVS10-6T,G, 2424V,G or 1420L,F ATM variants in the absence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. An additional four invasive cancers from carriers of a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation in the context of a familial ATM variant were also examined. Results:, The histopathology of breast cancers in ATM variant-only carriers was not significantly different from controls and known features of BRCA1 mutation-associated cancer were rarely seen. In contrast, these features were prominent in the small group of cases with a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation. Conclusions:, Breast cancer occurring in carriers of ATM variants is not associated with distinctive histopathological features and does not resemble the tumour phenotype commonly observed in BRCA1 mutation carriers. [source] Serum levels of vitamin D, PTH and calcium and breast cancer risk,a prospective nested case,control studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 9 2010Martin Almquist Abstract Previous studies indicate that calcium and its regulating hormones, i.e., parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D, might affect breast cancer risk. Evidence also suggests that this relationship could be influenced by menopausal status and BMI. We examined breast cancer risk related to prediagnostic serum levels of vitamin D (25OHD2 and 25OHD3), PTH and calcium using a nested case,control design within the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. There were 764 incident breast cancer cases, and 764 controls were selected by incidence density matching, using age as the underlying time scale, matching on calendar time at inclusion, menopausal status and age at inclusion. Using logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for breast cancer risk in different quartiles of the analyzed factors. All analyses were adjusted for risk factors for breast cancer, and for levels of albumin, creatinine and phosphate. Analyses were repeated stratified for BMI and menopausal status, and for low vs. high levels of 25OHD3, PTH and calcium. There was a weak, nonsignificant inverse association between breast cancer risk and 25OHD3, and the OR for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles, as compared to the first, were 0.84 (0.60,1.15), 0.84 (0.60,1.17) and 0.93 (0.66,1.33). Serum calcium was positively associated with breast cancer in premenopausal women (OR for the 4th quartile = 3.10:1.33,7.22 and p for quartile trend = 0.04), and in women with BMI > 25 (OR for the 4th quartile = 1.94:1.12,3.37 and p for trend < 0.01). There was no association between baseline serum PTH and breast cancer risk. [source] The association of plasma androgen levels with breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer risk factors among postmenopausal womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2010Kim N. Danforth Abstract Although androgens may play an etiologic role in breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers, little is known about factors that influence circulating androgen levels. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 646 postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study to examine associations between adult risk factors for cancer, including the Rosner/Colditz breast cancer risk score, and plasma levels of testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). All analyses were adjusted for age, laboratory batch and other cancer risk factors. Free testosterone levels were 79% higher among women with a body mass index of ,30 vs. <22 kg/m2 (p -trend <0.01) and 25% higher among women with a waist circumference of >89 vs. ,74 cm (p -trend = 0.02). Consuming >30 g of alcohol a day vs. none was associated with a 31% increase in DHEA and 59% increase in DHEAS levels (p -trend = 0.01 and <0.01, respectively). Smokers of ,25 cigarettes per day had 35% higher androstenedione and 44% higher testosterone levels than never smokers (p -value, F -test = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). No significant associations were observed for height or time since menopause with any androgen. Testosterone and free testosterone levels were ,30% lower among women with a hysterectomy vs. without (both p -values < 0.01). Overall breast cancer risk was not associated with any of the androgens. Thus, several risk factors, including body size, alcohol intake, smoking and hysterectomy, were related to androgen levels among postmenopausal women, while others, including height and time since menopause, were not. Future studies are needed to clarify further which lifestyle factors modulate androgen levels. [source] Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2009Cai-Xia Zhang Abstract The effect of vegetable and fruit consumption on breast cancer risk is controversial. We examined the association between vegetable and fruit intake and breast cancer risk in a hospital-based case,control study conducted in Guangdong, China. Four hundred and thirty-eight cases were frequency matched to 438 controls by age (5-year interval) and residence (rural/urban). Dietary intake was assessed by face-to-face interviews using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for various potential confounders. Total vegetable and fruit intake was found to be inversely associated with breast cancer risk. The ORs of the highest quartile relative to the lowest quartile of total vegetable and fruit intake were 0.28 (95% CI 0.18,0.43) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.34,0.82), respectively. Consumption of individual vegetable and fruit groups such as dark green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, carrots and tomatoes, banana, watermelon/papaya/cantaloupe were all inversely and significantly related with breast cancer risk. An inverse association was also observed for vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and fiber intake. These data indicate that greater intake of vegetables and fruits is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer among Chinese women residing in Guangdong. © 2009 UICC [source] Low-risk factor profile, estrogen levels, and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 8 2009Naja Hulvej Rod Abstract Obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and postmenopausal hormone use are known modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. We aim to measure incidence rates of breast cancer for women with favorable levels on all 4 risk factors (BMI , 30 kg/m2, alcohol <1 drink/week, physically active and no current hormone use) and to evaluate their associations with estrogen. The 5,054 postmenopausal women in the Copenhagen City Heart Study were asked about risk factors at baseline in 1981,3 and were followed until 2002 in the Danish Cancer Registry, with <0.1% loss to follow-up. Estradiol was measured in a subset of 1,042 women. During follow-up, 263 women developed breast cancer. Twenty-six percent of the women had a favourable risk factor profile, and their breast cancer rates were markedly lower (154 per 100,000 years) than women with 3+ risk factors (460 per 100,000 years). One, two and three risk factors were associated with hazard ratios of 1.38 (95% CI: 0.99; 1.92), 1.84 (1.26; 2.67) and 2.79 (1.59; 4.88) compared to women with a favourable profile. Each of the risk factors was associated with estrogen. In conclusion, the risk of breast cancer was markedly lower for women with a favourable risk profile than for other women and lower estrogen levels is a possible explanation. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Dietary intakes of ,-6 and ,-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2009Anne C.M. Thiébaut Abstract Experimental studies suggest detrimental effects of ,-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and beneficial effects of ,-3 PUFAs on mammary carcinogenesis, possibly in interaction with antioxidants. However, PUFA food sources are diverse in human diets and few epidemiologic studies have examined whether associations between dietary PUFAs and breast cancer risk vary according to food sources or antioxidant intakes. The relationship between individual PUFA intakes estimated from diet history questionnaires and breast cancer risk was examined among 56,007 French women. During 8 years of follow-up, 1,650 women developed invasive breast cancer. Breast cancer risk was not related to any dietary PUFA overall; however, opposite associations were seen according to food sources, suggesting other potential effects than PUFA per se. Breast cancer risk was inversely associated with ,-linolenic acid (ALA) intake from fruit and vegetables [highest vs. lowest quintile, hazard ratio (HR) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63, 0.88; p trend < 0.0001], and from vegetable oils (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71, 0.97; p trend 0.017). Conversely, breast cancer risk was positively related to ALA intake from nut mixes (p trend 0.004) and processed foods (p trend 0.068), as was total ALA intake among women in the highest quintile of dietary vitamin E (p trend 0.036). A significant interaction was also found between ,-6 and long-chain ,-3 PUFAs, with breast cancer risk inversely related to long-chain ,-3 PUFAs in women belonging to the highest quintile of ,-6 PUFAs (p interaction 0.042). These results emphasize the need to consider food sources, as well as interactions between fatty acids and with antioxidants, when evaluating associations between PUFA intakes and breast cancer risk. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A case,control study on the dietary intake of mushrooms and breast cancer risk among Korean womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2008Seo Ah Hong Abstract To evaluate the association between dietary mushroom intake and breast cancer risk, a total of 362 women between the ages of 30 and 65 years who were histologically confirmed to have breast cancer were matched to controls by age (±2 years) and menopausal status. Mushroom intake was measured via a food frequency questionnaire that was administered by well-trained interviewers. The associations between the daily intake and the average consumption frequency of mushrooms with breast cancer risk were evaluated using matched data analysis. Both the daily intake (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.30,0.78, p for trend 0.030) and the average consumption frequency of mushrooms (4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.35,0.82, p for trend 0.008) were inversely associated with breast cancer risk after adjustment for education, family history of breast cancer, regular exercise [,22.5 MET (metabolic equivalent)-hr/week], BMI (body mass index, Kg/m2), number of children and whether they are currently smoking, drinking or using multivitamin supplements. Further adjustments were made for energy-adjusted carbohydrate, soy protein, folate and vitamin E levels, which tended to attenuate these results. After a stratification was performed according to menopausal status, a strong inverse association was found in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04,0.54, p for trend = 0.0058 for daily intake; OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05,0.54, p for trend = 0.0037 for average frequency), but not in premenopausal women. In conclusion, the consumption of dietary mushrooms may decrease breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Endogenous sex hormones, prolactin and mammographic density in postmenopausal Norwegian womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 11 2007Yngve Bremnes Abstract The associations between endogenous sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women are well established. Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, and possibly an intermediate marker. However, the results from studies on the associations between endogenous sex hormones and mammographic density are conflicting. The authors examined the associations between circulating levels of sex hormones, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and prolactin and mammographic densities among postmenopausal women not currently using postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT). The authors also examined if insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels influenced the association between estrogen and mammographic density. Altogether, 722 postmenopausal participants in the Norwegian governmental mammographic screening program had endogenous hormone concentrations measured. Mammograms were classified according to percent and absolute mammographic density using a previously validated computer-assisted method. After adjustment for age, number of children, age at menopause, body mass index and HT use, both plasma concentrations of SHBG (p -trend = 0.003) and estrone (p -trend = 0.07) were positively associated with percent mammographic density. When the analyses were stratified according to median IGF-I concentration, the weak association between estrone and mammographic density was strengthened among women with IGF-I levels below median, while the association disappeared among women with over median IGF-I levels (p for interaction = 0.02). In summary, the authors found a positive association between plasma SHBG levels and mammographic densities among 722 postmenopausal Norwegian women not currently using HT. Further, the authors found a positive but weak association between plasma estrone concentration and mammographic density, which appeared to be modified by IGF-I levels. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of developing breast cancer in a population-based prospective cohort study in Washington County, MDINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2007Lisa Gallicchio Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and the development of breast cancer, and to assess whether this association differed by estrogen receptor (ER) subtype. Data were analyzed from 15,651 women participating in CLUE II, a cohort study initiated in 1989 in Washington County, MD. Medication data were collected at baseline in 1989 and in 1996. Incident cases of invasive breast cancer occurring from baseline to March 27, 2006 were identified through linkage of cohort participants with the Washington County Cancer Registry and the Maryland State Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate the risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for breast cancer associated with medication use. Among women in the CLUE II cohort, 418 invasive breast cancer cases were identified during the follow-up period. The results showed that self-reported use of NSAIDs in both 1989 and in 1996 was associated with a 50% reduction in the risk of developing invasive breast cancer compared with no NSAID use in either 1989 or 1996 (RR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.28, 0.91). The protective association between NSAID use and the risk of developing breast cancer was consistent among ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers, although only the RR for ER-positive breast cancer was statistically significant. Overall, findings from this study indicate that NSAID use is associated with a decrease in breast cancer risk and that the reduction in risk is similar for ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] MC1R common variants, CDKN2A and their association with melanoma and breast cancer riskINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 11 2006Tadeusz D, bniak Abstract We sought to examine the association between MC1R variants and the risk of melanoma and breast cancer in Polish population. We also determined the prevalence of compound heterozygous carriers of MC1R and CDKN2A (A148T) variants. We examined 500 unselected melanoma cases, 511 consecutive invasive breast cancer patients, 800 newborns, 421 healthy adults matched for sex and age with the melanoma cases and 511 healthy women matched for sex and age with the breast cancer cases. A statistically significant association of all 4 MC1R variants with the melanoma risk was found. For the R151C variant p value was 0.000008 and odds ratio 2.9; for the V60L variant p value was 0.007 and OR 1.78; for the R160C p was 0.006 and OR 1.76; for the R163Q p was 0.015 and odds ratio 2.1. None of the compound heterozygotes were significantly over-represented among any of the melanoma cases, the highest OR (4.2) observed in patients harbouring the A148T variant in CDKN2A and the R151C variant in MC1R. Positive association was found between carrying any of the MC1R variants and (i) increased occurrence of melanoma among I degree relatives of the carriers; (ii) increased occurrence of melanoma on UV-non-exposed skin areas. We also observed a tendency of increased risk of multiple melanomas among carriers of MC1R variants. The haplotype analysis demonstrates that MC1R variants do not co-occur in cis, compound carriers have both alleles affected. We found no association with the MC1R variants and breast cancer risk. In conclusion, the results of this population-based study show herein that MC1R variants are associated with increased melanoma risk in the Polish population. The risk of disease seems to be increased additively for patients harbouring also the CDKN2A common variant A148T. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Flaxseed attenuates the tumor growth stimulating effect of soy protein in ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF-7 human breast cancer xenograftsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2006Niina M. Saarinen Abstract In several epidemiological studies, a phytoestrogen-rich diet containing lignans and isoflavones is associated with reduced breast cancer risk, but experimental findings are controversial. In postmenopausal mammary cancer xenograft model, flaxseed (FS), a rich source of plant lignans, reduced breast cancer growth, while soy protein (SP), a rich source of isoflavones, enhanced it. The intake of phytoestrogens is increasing particularly among postmenopausal women, emphasizing the importance of elucidating their interactive effects on breast cancer. Our study determined the effect of FS and SP diets, alone and in combination, on the established human breast cancer MCF-7 tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic nude mice. Tumor bearing mice were divided into 4 groups and fed for 25 weeks either the basal diet (BD), or BD supplemented with 10% FS, 20% SP or 10% FS and 20% SP. After estrogen deprivation, FS regressed the tumor size similar to that of control. SP initially regressed the tumors but starting at week 13, the tumors regressed significantly less than in control and 43% of the tumors were regrowing until the end of the experiment and were significantly larger in size than in control. The combination of SP with FS reduced the tumor growth similar to that of control, as suggested also by the reduced tumor cell proliferation index. In conclusion, dietary FS did not stimulate the growth of estrogen responsive MCF-7 cancers in ovariectomized mice, while long-term consumption of SP did. Furthermore, FS reduced the tumor growth stimulating effect of SP to the same level as control, suggesting tumor growth attenuating effect of FS. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A history of cancer in the husband does not increase the risk of breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 12 2006Eva Negri Abstract Spouses share the home environment, and dietary and other lifestyle habits. Furthermore, a cancer diagnosis in the husband is a stressful event for the wife also. Thus, a history of cancer in the husband may be an indicator of breast cancer risk. We investigated the issue in a large Italian multicentric case-control study on 2,588 women with incident breast cancer and 2,569 female hospital controls, admitted for acute, non neoplastic diseases. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.0 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.7,1.4) for a history of any type of cancer in the husband, 1.0 (95% 0.4,2.7) for stomach, 0.7 (95% 0.2,2.3) for intestinal (chiefly colorectal), 0.9 (95% CI 0.5,1.7) for lung, and 1.3 (95% CI 0.4,4.3) for prostate cancer. The OR was close to unity also when data were analyzed in separate strata of patient's or husband's age, patient's education, or vital status of the husband. This study suggests that women whose husband had a diagnosis of cancer are not at increased risk of breast cancer, although results for individual cancer sites should be interpreted with caution, due to small numbers. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Preschool diet and adult risk of breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2006Karin B. Michels Abstract Events before puberty may affect adult risk of breast cancer. We examined whether diet during preschool age may affect a woman's risk of breast cancer later in life. We conducted a case-control study including 582 women with breast cancer and 1,569 controls free of breast cancer selected from participants in the Nurses' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study II. Information concerning childhood diet of the nurses at ages 3,5 years was obtained from the mothers of the participants with a 30-item food-frequency questionnaire. An increased risk of breast cancer was observed among woman who had frequently consumed French fries at preschool age. For one additional serving of French fries per week, the odds ratio (OR) for breast cancer adjusted for adult life breast cancer risk factors was 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12,1.44). Consumption of whole milk was associated with a slightly decreased risk of breast cancer (covariate-adjusted OR for every additional glass of milk per day = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.82,0.99). Intake of none of the nutrients calculated was related to the risk of breast cancer risk in this study. These data suggest a possible association between diet before puberty and the subsequent risk of breast cancer. Differential recall of preschool diet by the mothers of cases and controls has to be considered as a possible explanation for the observed associations. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether the association between preschool diet and breast cancer is reproducible in prospective data not subject to recall bias. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Coffee consumption and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2006André Nkondjock Abstract Although there are several plausible biologic mechanisms whereby coffee consumption might influence the risk of breast cancer, epidemiologic evidence is limited. We assessed the association between coffee consumption and breast cancer risk among high-risk women who carry BRCA mutations. We performed a matched case-control analysis on 1,690 women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation from 40 centers in 4 countries. Average lifetime coffee consumption was estimated via a self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. After adjustment for potential confounders, the ORs for breast cancer in BRCA carriers who habitually drank 0, 1,3, 4,5 and 6 or more cups of coffee were 1.00, 0.90 (95% CI 0.72,1.12), 0.75 (95% CI 0.47,1.19) and 0.31 (95% CI 0.13,0.71; p -trend = 0.02). The effect was limited to the consumption of caffeinated coffee. These results suggest that among women with BRCA gene mutation, coffee consumption is unlikely to be harmful and that high levels of consumption may in fact be related to reduced breast cancer risk. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] c-MYC Asn11Ser is associated with increased risk for familial breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2005Michael Wirtenberger Abstract c-MYC is a multifaceted protein that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Its crucial role in diverse cancers has been demonstrated in several studies. Here, we analysed the influence of the rare c-MYC Asn11Ser polymorphism on familial breast cancer risk by performing a case-control study with a Polish (cases n = 349; controls n = 441) and a German (cases n = 356; controls n = 655) study population. All cases have been tested negative for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. A joint analysis of the Polish and the German study population revealed a 54% increased risk for breast cancer associated with the heterozygous Asn11Ser variant (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.05,2.26, p = 0.028). The breast cancer risk associated with this genotype increases above the age of 50 years (OR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.20,4.21, p = 0.012). The wild-type amino acid Asn of this polymorphism is located in the N-terminal MYC transactivation domain and is highly conserved not only among most diverse species but also in the N-MYC homologue. Due to the pivotal role of c-MYC in diverse tumours, this variant might affect the genetic susceptibility of other cancers as well. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Education and risk of breast cancer in the Norwegian-Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2004Tonje Braaten Abstract A positive relationship between level of education and female breast cancer risk is well supported by scientific evidence, but few previous studies could adjust for all relevant potential confounding factors. The authors' purpose was to examine how risk for breast cancer varies with level of education and to identify factors that explain this variation, using data from a prospective cohort study including 102,860 women from Norway and Sweden who responded to an extensive questionnaire in 1991/1992; 1,090 incident primary invasive breast cancer cases were revealed during follow-up, which ended in December 1999. The Cox Proportional Hazards Model was used to calculate relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Women with more than 16 years of education had a 36% increased risk compared to the lowest educated (7,9 years) (Age adjusted RR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.68). This relationship was slightly stronger among postmenopausal (RR 1.51) than among premenopausal (RR 1.25) women. In both groups, however, the relative risk estimates turned close to unity by adjustment for parity, age at first birth, body mass index (BMI), height, age at menarche, menopausal status, use of oral contraceptives and consumption of alcohol. The overall multivariate relative risk among the highest educated women was 1.04 (95% CI 0.82,1.32). The results of our study suggest a clear positive gradient in risk for breast cancer by level of education, which can be fully explained by established breast cancer risk factors. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Association of kallikrein expression in nipple aspirate fluid with breast cancer riskINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2004Edward R. Sauter Abstract Human kallikreins (hK) 2, 3, 6 and 10 are expressed in breast and prostate tissue. hK2 and hK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA) are used to screen for prostate cancer. hK6 and hK10 are downregulated in breast cancer compared to normal breast tissue. We demonstrated that levels of PSA in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) are lower in women with breast cancer than in normal women. We hypothesize that the expression of hK2, 3, 6 and 10 are related and important in detecting breast cancer. The goals of this study are to determine the level of expression of kallikreins in NAF and serum, the association of hK2, 3, 6 and 10 in NAF, and the association of each of the kallikreins with breast cancer. In NAF from 275 women, hK3, 6 and 10 were detectable in , 90% and hK2 in 74% of samples analyzed. NAF levels were highest for hK6 and lowest for hK2, regardless of cancer and menopausal status. hK3 was detectable in 15/29 (52%) and hK2 in 0/29 serum samples collected from 6 women. hK2 and hK3 were concentrated in NAF vs. matched serum. The 4 kallikreins were associated with the exception of hK2 with hK6 or hK10. PSA levels were higher in normal pre- than postmenopausal subjects (but not women with breast cancer), whereas levels of hK2, 6 and 10 did not differ by menopausal status. hK2 and PSA were associated with both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer; hK6 and 10 were not. hK2 and PSA were more associated with pre- than postmenopausal breast cancer. Using logistic regression, PSA and menopausal status provided the best model of breast cancer prediction, with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 39%. In conclusion, 4 kallikreins are expressed in NAF. hK2 and PSA, and hK6 and hK10 are highly associated. Higher premenopausal PSA levels suggest the influence of ovarian steroids. PSA shows the most promise in aiding in the early detection of breast cancer. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] CHEK2*1100delC and male breast cancer risk in IsraelINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2004Tal Ohayon No abstract is available for this article. [source] Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the XPG gene: Determination of role in DNA repair and breast cancer riskINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2003Rajiv Kumar Abstract In this study we determined the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the XPG gene on DNA repair and breast cancer susceptibility. Ninety individuals, with previously studied DNA repair rate at 24 hr of 2 types of UV-specific cyclobutane pyrimidines dimers (CPDs) in skin were genotyped for XPG polymorphism at codon 1104 (exon 15 G>C; Asp > His). The repair rate of TT=C dimer was similar in both wild-type GG homozygotes and GC heterozygotes, whereas, for TT=T, dimer repair was non-significantly (Student's t -test, p = 0.34) lower in GC heterozygotes than wild-type GG homozygotes. Genotyping of 220 breast cancer cases and 308 controls for the same single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 15 of the XPG gene exhibited marginally significant increased frequency of the variant allele (,2 3.84, p = 0.05; OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.0,1.8) in cases (C-allele 0.29) compared to controls (C-allele 0.24). Combined heterozygote and variant homozygote genotype frequency was also higher in cases than controls (,2 4.79, p = 0.03; OR 1.50, 95%CI 1.04,2.16). © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||