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Bottom Area (bottom + area)
Selected AbstractsNumerical study of influences of buoyancy and solutal Marangoni convection on flow structures in a germanium-silicon floating zoneCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2005K. Lin Abstract This paper presents a numerical study of Marangoni flows in a floating zone of germanium-silicon crystals, which was performed by using a commercial finite element program FIDADTM. The numerical results point out that for fluids with a small Pr number the influence of buoyancy forces cannot be ignored in the numerical model. Furthermore, the competition between the thermocapillary (TC) and solutocapillary (SC) flows in the floating zones was qualitatively examined. If the TC flow is as strong as that in the Si-rich floating zone, the SC flow may be restricted to the bottom area near the free surface. Otherwise, the SC flow may overcome the TC flow and induce a surface transfer of species. The numerical predictions agree well with the previous experiment results. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Adding microstrip line at the bottom of PCB for enhancing antenna bandwidthMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 9 2010B.-G. Cho Abstract In this article, added microstrip line at the bottom area of printed circuit board (PCB) is proposed for improving the bandwidth of GSM900, DCS1800, and PCS1900. By printing the microstrip line at the bottom area of PCB, frequency bandwidth of slim-type cellular phone which has a low-profile monopole antenna is improved. Dimension of the microstrip line is 45 mm × 9 mm. The width and length of the microstrip line is modified for good bandwidth. The measured return loss of the antenna is better than 7.3 dB for low and high band. Measured peak gains of the proposed antenna present 3.41, 5.48, and 5.95 dBi in each band, respectively. Details of the antenna design are described. Its performances are also presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1984,1988, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25399 [source] Towards a simple dynamic process conceptualization in rainfall,runoff models using multi-criteria calibration and tracers in temperate, upland catchmentsHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 3 2010C. Birkel Abstract Empirically based understanding of streamflow generation dynamics in a montane headwater catchment formed the basis for the development of simple, low-parameterized, rainfall,runoff models. This study was based in the Girnock catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland, where runoff generation is dominated by overland flow from peaty soils in valley bottom areas that are characterized by dynamic expansion and contraction of saturation zones. A stepwise procedure was used to select the level of model complexity that could be supported by field data. This facilitated the assessment of the way the dynamic process representation improved model performance. Model performance was evaluated using a multi-criteria calibration procedure which applied a time series of hydrochemical tracers as an additional objective function. Flow simulations comparing a static against the dynamic saturation area model (SAM) substantially improved several evaluation criteria. Multi-criteria evaluation using ensembles of performance measures provided a much more comprehensive assessment of the model performance than single efficiency statistics, which alone, could be misleading. Simulation of conservative source area tracers (Gran alkalinity) as part of the calibration procedure showed that a simple two-storage model is the minimum complexity needed to capture the dominant processes governing catchment response. Additionally, calibration was improved by the integration of tracers into the flow model, which constrained model uncertainty and improved the hydrodynamics of simulations in a way that plausibly captured the contribution of different source areas to streamflow. This approach contributes to the quest for low-parameter models that can achieve process-based simulation of hydrological response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Lipid characterization of both wild and cultured eggs of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) throughout the embryonic developmentAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2009A.V. SYKES Abstract The present work reports a characterization of mean wet weight and moisture, the lipid class and fatty acid (FA) composition from the total lipids (TL), of both culture and wild eggs of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, throughout the embryonic development. Additionally, reproductive data, such as the number of spawnings, number and mean weight of eggs and duration of spawning period of cultured cuttlefish is provided. Both types of eggs were similar in mean wet weight, moisture content, TL content and lipid composition throughout embryonic development. Females from the cultured group spawned 13 times and laid 8654 eggs in 64 days, with a mean weight of 0.607 ± 0.179 g. A sex ratio of 1.57 (11, for 7,) promoted an individual fecundity of 787 eggs/, (the biggest until now on our culture facilities), which might be related to increased bottom areas. The TL increased with day/stage of embryonic development (P < 0.05) only in the cultured egg group. However, no differences were found on TL between culture and wild eggs at the same day/stage (P > 0.05). Eggs displayed predominant levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), cholesterol and triacylglycerol at the end of embryonic development. Polar and neutral lipids of both eggs groups remained consistently proportional (,50% for each lipid fraction) and a significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed in phosphatidylserine, PE and free FA throughout the embryonic development. In either egg type and day, 16:0, 18:0, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 accounted for approximately 70 g Kg,1 of all FA and saturated and n-3 totals seemed to have the same proportion in the cuttlefish eggs. The present results suggest that lipids are not used as energetic substrate but as structural components in cuttlefish egg. [source] | ||||||||||