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Boolean Logic (boolean + logic)
Selected AbstractsA connectionist production system which can perform both modus ponens and modus tollens simultaneouslyEXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 1 2000Minoru AsogawaArticle first published online: 16 DEC 200 Modus ponens is used in forward inference and backward inference, where the truth of the conclusion is inferred from the truth of the premise. In modus tollens, the falseness of the premise is inferred from the falseness of the conclusion. Although modus ponens is used in general connectionist production systems, modus tollens is rarely used, except in Quinlan's proposed INFERNO system and in the system proposed by Thornber. A connectionist production system called ConnPS that can perform both modus ponens and modus tollens simultaneously is described. Compared to the INFERNO system, one of the advantages of ConnPS is its supervised learning ability. The rules and examples given as external knowledge are often erroneous and incomplete. In ConnPS, these rules can be refined by using the supervised learning. Both positive and negative examples are presented to ConnPS, onto which the external rules and observations are mapped. Moreover, ConnPS's implementations of implications, conjunctions, disjunctions and negation are intuitively consistent with Boolean logic. [source] Circuits, computers, and beyond Boolean logic,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, Issue 5-6 2007Tamás Roska Abstract Historically, the invention of the stored programmable computer architecture, introduced by John Von Neumann, was also influenced by electrical circuit implementation aspects, as well as tied to fundamental insight of logic reasoning. It can also be considered as a mind-inspired machine. Since then, the implementation of logic gates, control and memories has developed independently of the architecture. The Cellular Wave Computer architecture (IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 1993; 40:163,173; Electron. Lett. 2007; 43:427,449; J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 2003; 5(2):539,562) as a spatial,temporal universal machine on flows has also been influenced by circuit aspects of very large-scale integration (VLSI) technology, as well as some motivating living neural circuits, via the cellular nonlinear (neural) network (CNN). It might be considered as a brain-inspired machine. In this paper, after summarizing the main properties of the Cellular Wave Computer, we highlight a few basic properties of this new kind of computer and computing. In particular, phenomena related to (i) the one-pass solution of a set of implicit equations due to real-time spatial array feedback, (ii) the true random signal array generation via the insertion of the continuous physical noise signals, (iii) the finite synchrony radius due to the functional delay of wires, as well as to (iv) biology relevance. We also show that the Cellular Wave Computer is performing spatial,temporal inference that goes beyond Boolean logic, a characteristic of living neural circuits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A tandem MS precursor-ion scan approach to identify variable covalent modification of albumin Cys34: a new tool for studying vascular carbonylationJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 11 2008Giancarlo Aldini Abstract We developed a liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) approach based on precursor-ion scanning and evaluated it to characterize the covalent modifications of Cys34 human serum albumin (HSA) caused by oxidative stress and reactive carbonyl species (RCS) adduction. HSA was isolated and digested enzymatically to generate a suitable-length peptide (LQQCPF) containing the modified tag residue. The resulting LQQCPF peptides were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS in precursor-ion scan mode and further characterized in product-ion scan mode. The product ions for precursor-ion scanning were selected by studying the MS/MS fragmentation of a series of LQQCPF derivatives containing Cys34 modified with different ,,,-unsaturated aldehydes and di and ketoaldehydes. We used a Boolean logic to enhance the specificity of the method: this reconstitutes a virtual current trace (vCT) showing the peaks in the three precursor-ion scans, marked by the same parent ion. The method was first evaluated to identify and characterize the Cys34 covalent adducts of HSA incubated with 4-hydroxy-hexenal, 4-hydroxy- trans -2-nonenal (HNE) and acrolein (ACR). Then we studied the Cys34 modification of human plasma incubated with mildly oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and the method easily identified the LQQCPF adducts with HNE and ACR. In other experiments, plasma was oxidized by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) HCl (AAPH) or by Fe2+/H2O2. In both conditions, the sulfinic derivative of LQQCPF was identified and characterized, indicating that the method is suitable not only for studying RCS-modified albumin, but also to check the oxidative state of Cys34 as a marker of oxidative damage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] On representation and approximation of operations in Boolean algebrasINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 5 2001I. R. Goodman Several universal approximation and universal representation results are known for non-Boolean multivalued logics such as fuzzy logics. In this paper, we show that similar results can be proven for multivalued Boolean logics as well. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||