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Kinds of Bodyweight Terms modified by Bodyweight Selected AbstractsInfluence of a high fibre diet on glycaemic control and quality of life in dogs with diabetes mellitusJOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE, Issue 2 2002P. A. GRAHAM A study was undertaken to evaluate a high fibre diet used in the management of 10 dogs with naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Following baseline measurements of health and glycaemic control, the dogs were fed a canned diet containing a blend of insoluble and soluble dietary fibres and were monitored during the ensuing four months. Switching to the high fibre diet was associated with significantly lower mean 24-hour and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations, which were maintained over the study period. The high fibre diet was also associated with significant reductions in plasma concentrations of fructosamine, glycated haemoglobin, free glycerol and cholesterol, and there were significant improvements in dog activity and demeanour. Bodyweight declined during the fourth month of feeding the diet, which is likely to have resulted from underfeeding relative to increased activity. The results indicate that a high fibre diet can significantly improve glycaemic control and quality of life in dogs with diabetes mellitus. [source] Effects of high potassium chloride supplementation on water intake, urine volume and nitrogen balance in miceANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010Iori MURAI ABSTRACT Sixteen ICR male mice were assigned to a control diet group or a KCl diet group in metabolic cages to clarify the effects of KCl supplementation on water intake, urine volume and N balance, and 5% of KCl was supplemented in KCl diets for 4 or 8 weeks. Bodyweight of KCl supplemented mice was significantly higher than that of control mice from 24 to 28 days after treatment. Feed intake, water intake and urine volume of KCl supplemented mice were significantly higher than those of control mice, and the increased water intake and urine volume in KCl supplemented mice were 4.49 and 4.15 g, respectively. Urinary N, K and Cl excretion were significantly higher in KCl supplemented mice. Although N retention was not significantly different between control and KCl supplemented mice, N retention in KCl supplemented mice tended to be lower. Serum creatinine concentration at 8 weeks after treatment was lower in KCl supplemented mice. Histological alteration using hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red staining was not found in the kidney of each mouse at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. These results suggest that high KCl supplementation increases water intake, urine volume and urinary N excretion in mice. [source] Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus infections in light bodyweight Merino lambsAUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 11 2007SJ McClure Objective To show that low bodyweight is a predisposing cause of high Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus burdens and egg counts in Merino lambs. Design A comparison was made, among lambs of different bodyweights, on the effect on immunity of a primary or secondary viable infection with T colubriformis or H contortus larvae. Procedure Sixty-one Merino lambs, 1 or 6 months of age, were penned indoors and given primary, or both primary and secondary, infection of T colubriformis or H contortus. Faecal egg counts, worm counts and parasite-specific immunoglobulin concentrations were examined for their relationships with bodyweight. Results Bodyweight at the start of a primary infection was correlated with worm burden, worm fecundity and jejunal IgA antibody concentration. Merino lambs weighing less than 23 kg at the time of first exposure to T colubriformis or H contortus had impaired ability to develop protective mucosal immunity and to resist homologous challenge. Conclusion If the goal is to ensure that lambs develop immunity before weaning, then every endeavour should be made to achieve the combination of critical bodyweight and exposure to moderate levels of nematode infection as soon as possible. [source] Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in children and young people undergoing blood or marrow and solid organ transplantationBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Lihua Zeng WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS PROJECT? , Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant drug used for the treatment and prevention of graft vs. host disease in blood or marrow transplantation and acute graft rejection in solid organ transplantation. , Mycophenolic acid (MPA) pharmacokinetics have not been thoroughly studied in paediatric blood or marrow transplant recipients and guidance for optimal dosing of mycophenolic acid in children is lacking. , Mycophenolic acid exhibits considerable inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic variability in adults and paediatric transplant recipients. , The AUC of mycophenolic acid over a 12 h dose interval at steady-state is generally agreed to be the most reliable metric associated with the risk of acute rejection. , Population pharmacokinetic analysis can utilize concentration information from both intensive sampling and sparse sampling to provide pharmacokinetic parameter estimates, estimates of inter- individual and intra-individual variability in these parameters and allows patient characteristics explaining inter-individual variability to be quantified. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS , This study is one of the first investigations in which a population pharmacokinetic modelling approach was applied to assess the pharmacokinetics of both intravenous and oral MMF in children and young people undergoing blood or marrow and solid organ transplantation. , Bodyweight and concomitant ciclosporin were found to influence MPA pharmacokinetics. , This study evaluated current dosing strategies and found that they may be suboptimal for children weighing less than 10 kg. AIMS To characterize the population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and evaluate dose regimens using a simulation approach and accepted therapeutic drug monitoring targets in children and young people undergoing blood or marrow, kidney and liver transplantation. METHODS MPA concentration,time data were collected using an age specific sampling protocol over 12 h. Some patients provided randomly timed but accurately recorded blood samples. Total and unbound MPA were measured by HPLC. NONMEM was employed to analyze MPA pharmacokinetic data. Simulations (n= 1000) were conducted to assess the suitability of the MPA dose regimens to maintain total MPA AUC(0,12 h) within the range 30 and 60 mg l,1 h associated with optimal outcome. RESULTS A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination best described MPA concentration,time data. Population mean estimates of MPA clearance, inter-compartmental clearance, volumes of distribution in the central and peripheral compartments, absorption rate constant and bioavailability were 6.42 l h,1, 3.74 l h,1, 7.24 l, 16.8 l, 0.39 h,1 and 0.48, respectively. Inclusion of bodyweight and concomitant ciclosporin reduced the inter-individual variability in CL from 54.3% to 31.6%. Children with a bodyweight of 10 kg receiving standard MPA dose regimens achieve an MPA AUC below the target range suggesting they may be at a greater risk of acute rejection. CONCLUSIONS The population pharmacokinetic model for MPA can be used to explore dosing guidelines for safe and effective immunotherapy in children and young people undergoing transplantation. [source] Population pharmacokinetic analysis of varenicline in adult smokersBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Patanjali Ravva WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT? , Several clinical pharmacology studies have characterized the pharmacokinetics of varenicline in young adult and elderly smokers and subjects with impaired renal function. , Varenicline pharmacokinetics is linear over the recommended dose range. , Varenicline total clearance is linearly related to its renal clearance. , Both are progressively reduced as renal function declines, which results in a progressive increase in varenicline systemic exposure and prolonged half-life. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS? , This work provides an integrated model-based analysis of varenicline pharmacokinetics across multiple studies in the target patient population. , The model describes the impact of patient-specific covariates, such as renal function, and provides a rationale for dose adjustment. , The resulting model also provides a means to predict individual-specific drug exposures to clinical responses in subsequent analyses. AIMS To characterize the population pharmacokinetics of varenicline and identify factors leading to its exposure variability in adult smokers. METHODS Data were pooled from nine clinical studies consisting of 1878 subjects. Models were developed to describe concentration,time profiles across individuals. Covariates were assessed using a full model approach; parameters and bootstrap 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using nonlinear mixed effects modelling. RESULTS A two-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination best described varenicline pharmacokinetics. The final population parameter estimates (95% CI) were: CL/F, 10.4 l h,1 (10.2, 10.6); V2/F, 337 l (309, 364); V3/F, 78.1 l (61.9, 98.9); Q/F, 2.08 l h,1 (1.39, 3.79); Ka, 1.69 h,1 (1.27, 2.00); and Alag, 0.43 h (0.37, 0.46). Random interindividual variances were estimated for Ka[70% coefficient of variation (CV)], CL/F (25% CV), and V2/F (50% CV) using a block covariance matrix. Fixed effect parameters were precisely estimated [most with % relative standard error < 10 and all with % relative standard error < 25], and a visual predictive check indicated adequate model performance. CL/F decreased from 10.4 l h,1 for a typical subject with normal renal function (CLcr = 100 ml min,1) to 4.4 l h,1 for a typical subject with severe renal impairment (CLcr = 20 ml min,1), which corresponds to a 2.4-fold increase in daily steady-state exposure. Bodyweight was the primary predictor of variability in volume of distribution. After accounting for renal function, there was no apparent effect of age, gender or race on varenicline pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS Renal function is the clinically important factor leading to interindividual variability in varenicline exposure. A dose reduction to 1 mg day,1, which is half the recommended dose, is indicated for subjects with severe renal impairment. [source] GREEN TEA EXTRACT IMPEDES DYSLIPIDAEMIA AND DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-DIABETIC RATSCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 12 2006PV Anandh Babu SUMMARY 1The efficacy of green tea extract (GTE) on serum and cardiac lipids was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. 2Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg bodyweight). Six weeks after the induction of diabetes, GTE was administered orally for 4 weeks (300 mg/kg bodyweight daily). Bodyweight, heart weight, heart weight : bodyweight ratio, blood glucose, serum and cardiac lipids were determined in experimental rats. 3In diabetic rats, there was a significant decrease in bodyweight with an increase in heart weight : bodyweight ratio and blood glucose. Diabetic rats had significantly increased serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein,cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein,cholesterol (HDL-C). In the hearts of diabetic rats, there was a significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids levels, with an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity. 4The administration of GTE to diabetic rats resulted in significant recovery in bodyweight, heart weight : bodyweight ratio and blood glucose levels. The administration of GTE reduced cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid and LDL-C levels, and increased HDL-C levels, in the serum of diabetic rats. In addition, GTE decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acids levels and lipoprotein lipase activity in the myocardium of diabetic rats. These beneficial effects of GTE are ascribed to its antihyperglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activity. In conclusion, green tea can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetes with a significant improvement in lipid metabolism. [source] Reduced gains in fat and fat-free mass, and elevated leptin levels in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosisACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 9 2004ML Ahmed Aim: Bodyweight is an important prognostic indicator in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), but the relationships between body composition and clinical outcomes are less clear. We have investigated the role of leptin (a potential satiety factor) and changes in body composition, height and weight with respect to age and clinical outcome. Methods: 143 children (77 boys) with CF and a median age (range) of 5.99 (2.27,17.98) y were followed with annual measurements of height, weight, skinfolds, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), Shwachman score assessment and fasting blood sample. Our control group comprised 40 children (20 boys, 20 girls) aged 8.6,10.2 y at recruitment who were participating in a longitudinal study of growth and puberty. Results: SD scores for height, weight and BMI decreased with age; fat and fat-free mass was lower in both sexes compared to controls. Shwachman score decreased with age in both sexes and was related to fat-free mass in girls, and to both fat-free and fat mass in boys. FEV1 decreased with age only in boys and was related to fat-free mass. Leptin levels by age and by fat mass were higher in CF children compared to controls. Conclusion: Despite improvements in management, contemporary children with CF still gain less body fat and fat-free mass and are shorter than controls. The higher leptin levels we observed may be due to stimulatory effects of inflammatory cytokines and we postulate that they may contribute to the anorexia, poor weight gain and growth of these children. [source] Phenotypic diagnosis of dwarfism in six Friesian horsesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008W. BACK Summary An extreme form of abnormal development, dwarfism, is common in man and some animals, but has not been officially reported in horses. Within the Friesian horse breed, congenital dwarfism has been recognised for many years, but no detailed report exists on its phenotype. The most salient feature of the dwarf syndrome is the physeal growth retardation in both limbs and ribs. Affected animals have approximately 25% shorter fore- and hindlimbs and approximately 50% reduced bodyweight. Post natal growth is still possible in these animals, albeit at a slower rate: the head and back grow faster than the limbs and ribs leading to the characteristic disproportional growth disturbance. Thus, mature dwarfs exhibit a normal, but a relatively larger head conformation, a broader chest with narrowing at the costochondral junction, a disproportionally long back, abnormally short limbs, hyperextension of the fetlocks and narrow long-toed hooves. Furthermore, a dysplastic metaphysis of the distal metacarpus and metatarsus is radiographically evident. Microscopic analysis of the growth plates at the costochondral junction shows an irregular transition from cartilage to bone, and thickening and disturbed formation of chondrocyte columns, which is similar to findings in osteochondrodysplasia. [source] Effects of oral electrolyte supplementation on endurance horses competing in 80 km ridesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S36 2006F. SAMPIERI Summary Reasons for performing study: There is no evidence that use of oral electrolyte pastes enhances performance in competing endurance horses. Objective: To ascertain whether oral administration of a high dose (HD) of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) to endurance horses would differentially increase water intake, attenuate bodyweight (bwt) loss and improve performance when compared to a low dose (LD). Methods: A randomised, blinded, crossover study was conducted on 8 horses participating in two 80 km rides (same course, 28 days apart). Thirty minutes before and at 40 km of the first ride 4, horses received orally 0.2 g NaCl/kg bwt and 0.07 g KCl/kg bwt. The other 4 received 0.07 g NaCl/kg bwt and 0.02 g KCl/kg bwt. Horses received the alternate treatment in the second ride. Data were analysed with 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures (P<0.05). Results: Estimated water intake was significantly greater with HD both at the 40 km mark and as total water intake; however, differences in bwt loss and speed between HD and LD were not found. Treatment significantly affected serum Na+, Cl,, HCO3, pH and water intake, but not serum K+ or bwt. Serum Na+ and Cl, were significantly higher at 80 km when horses received HD, but no differences were found in early recovery. Venous HCO3 and pH were significantly lower throughout the ride and in early recovery when horses received HD. Conclusions and potential relevance: Other than enhancing water intake, supplementing endurance horses with high doses of NaCl and KCl did not provide any detectable competitive advantage in 80 km rides. Further, the elevated serum electrolyte concentrations induced with HD might not be appropriate for endurance horses. [source] Body composition in young Standardbreds in training: relationships to body condition score, physiological and locomotor variables during exerciseEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S36 2006C. LELEU Summary Reasons for performing study: Body composition is an essential factor in athletic performance of human sprinters and long distance runners. However, in horses, many questions remain concerning relationships between body composition and performance in the different equine activities. Objectives: To determine relationships between body composition, body score, physiological and locomotor variables in a population of young Standardbreds in training. Methods: Twenty-four 2-year-old Standardbreds were studied, body condition on a scale 0,5 and bodyweight recorded, and height at withers measured. Percentage of fat (%F), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were estimated echographically. During a standardised exercise test on the track, velocity, heart rate, respiratory frequency and blood lactate concentrations were measured. V4 and V200 (velocity for a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/1 and velocity of 200 beats/min) calculated. Basic gait variables were measured at 3 different speeds with an accelerometric device. Results: Body composition variables: %F and FM were significantly related to body condition score and physiological variables. Body score was highly correlated to %F (r=0.64) and FM (r = 0.71). V4 was negatively correlated to %V (r=-0.59) and FM (r = -0.60), P<0.05. V200 was also negatively related to %F and FM, (r=-0.39 and r = -0.37, respectively, P<0.1). No relationships were found between body composition and gait characteristics. Conclusions: Body composition was closely related to indirect measurements of aerobic capacity, which is a major factor of athletic performance in middle distance running horses. Potential relevance: As in human athletes, trainers should take special note to evaluate optimal bodyweight and body composition of race horses to optimise performance. [source] Effects of short-term training on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in Standardbred horsesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S36 2006L. STEWART-HUNT Summary Reasons for performing study: Increased insulin sensitivity occurs after a period of exercise training, but the mechanisms underlying this training-associated increase in insulin action have not been investigated. Objective: To examine the effects of short-term endurance training (7 consecutive days) and a subsequent period of inactivity (5 days) on whole body insulin sensitivity and GLUT-4 protein and the activities of glycogen synthase (GS) and hexokinase (HK) in skeletal muscle. It was hypothesised that training would increase insulin sensitivity in association with increased GLUT-4 protein and activities of GS and HK, but that these changes would be transient, returning to baseline after 5 days of inactivity. Methods: Seven mature Standardbred horses completed training consisting of 7 consecutive days of 45 min of treadmill exercise at a speed that elicited 55% of pretraining maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak). Insulin sensitivity was determined by rate of glucose disposal (M) during the last 60 min of a 120 min euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) performed before (-2 days) and at 1 and 6 days following training. VO2peak was measured before (UT) and after (TR) training and the period of inactivity (IA). Results: Training resulted in a 9% increase in mean VO2peak (P<0.05) that was maintained following inactivity (IA). Mean M values were more than 2-fold higher (P<0.05) in TR than in UT. Mean M was also higher (P<0.05) in IA when compared to UT. GLUT-4 protien abundancewas more than 10-fold higher in TR and IA (P<0.001) than in UT. Pre-EHC GS activity and GS fractional velocity were increased (P<0.05) in TR when compared to UT and IA. Pre-EHC HK activity was increased (P<0.05) in IA when compared to UT and TR. Muscle glycogen was 66% lower (P<0.05) in TR than in UT and IA. Conclusions: Short-term training resulted in increases in whole body insulin sensitivity, and GLUT-4 protein content and glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle. The enhancements in insulin sensitivity, GLUT-4 protein and glycogen synthase activity were still evident after 5 days of inactivity. Potential relevance: Insulin resistance in equids has been associated with obesity and predisposition to laminitis. Regular physical activity may mitigate risk of these conditions via enhancement of insulin sensitivity and/or control of bodyweight. [source] The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horseEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 8 2004I. D. WIJNBERG Summary Reasons for performing study: Systematically performed EMG needle examination of muscles provides essential information about the functional aspects of the motor unit. However, clinical studies in which information is given on the diagnostic and discriminative values of electromyography (EMG) in the horse are scarce. Objectives: To determine to what extent inclusion of EMG analysis in clinical examination contributes to determination of type and localisation of abnormality. Methods: EMG analysis, complete clinical examination and diagnosis of 108 horses (mean ± s.d. age 7.5 ± 3.8 years; bodyweight 548 ± 86 kg; height 1.67 ± 0.07 m) were performed, and results without and with EMG analysis compared. Results: Without EMG, myopathy and neuropathy were diagnosed in 20 and 58 horses, respectively, and with EMG in 17 and 82 horses. EMG changed localisation in myopathy and neuropathy in 12 and 37% of cases, respectively. Lesions in the C1-T2, T2-L3 and L3-S3 segments were, respectively, diagnosed without EMG in 7, 11 and 30%, and with EMG in 27, 7 and 17% of cases. Where no clinical diagnosis could be made prior to EMG, many patients appeared to be suffering from localised cervical lesions (29%) or generalised neuropathy (54%). Conclusions and potential relevance: The assistance of EMG in discriminating between normal, neuropathy and myopathy, and in locating pathology, contributes to diagnosis of neuromuscular problems. [source] External skeletal fixation in the management of equine mandibular fractures: 16 cases (1988,1998)EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2001K. A. BELSITO Summary Fifty-three cases of equine mandibular fractures were managed surgically from 1988,1998, of which 16 (30%) were repaired by external skeletal fixation (ESF). Three surgical methods were utilised: transmandibular 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into fibreglass casting material or nonsterile dental acrylic (methyl methacrylate - MMA) bars reinforced with steel; transmandibular 9.6 mm self-tapping threaded pins ± 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel; and 4.5 mm or 5.5 mm ASIF cortical bone screws incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel or a ventral MMA splint. Fourteen horses were presented to the hospital for fixator removal at an average of 56.2 days. At removal, fractures were stable and occlusion of incisor and cheek teeth was considered adequate. Complications of the procedure occurred in 3 horses. Two horses with persistent drainage and ring sequestra from pin tracts required curettage 4 or 5 months after ESF removal. A third horse required replacement of the original fibreglass ESF with MMA bars to regain access to open, infected wounds. Another horse required removal of the second premolar at the time of fixator removal because the tooth root had been damaged in the original injury. ESF for the surgical management of mandibular fractures in horses has produced good results, with incisive and cheek tooth alignment reestablished in all horses. Horses that were managed via ESF had a rapid return to full feed and did not require any supplementation via nasogastric tube or oesophagostomy to maintain bodyweight or hydration status. [source] Acetyl- l -carnitine improves aged brain functionGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2010Satoru Kobayashi The effects of acetyl- l -carnitine (ALCAR), an acetyl derivative of l -carnitine, on memory and learning capacity and on brain synaptic functions of aged rats were examined. Male Fischer 344 rats were given ALCAR (100 mg/kg bodyweight) per os for 3 months and were subjected to the Hebb,Williams tasks and AKON-1 task to assess their learning capacity. Cholinergic activities were determined with synaptosomes isolated from brain cortices of the rats. Choline parameters, the high-affinity choline uptake, acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and depolarization-evoked ACh release were all enhanced in the ALCAR group. An increment of depolarization-induced calcium ion influx into synaptosomes was also evident in rats given ALCAR. Electrophysiological studies using hippocampus slices indicated that the excitatory postsynaptic potential slope and population spike size were both increased in ALCAR-treated rats. These results indicate that ALCAR increases synaptic neurotransmission in the brain and consequently improves learning capacity in aging rats. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S99,S106. [source] Switch to oral hypoglycemic agent therapy from insulin injection in patients with type 2 diabetesGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2008Takashi Okamoto Aim: We aimed to determine the feasibility of substituting thiazolidinedione-based therapy for insulin injection therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Thirty-six subjects (17 men and 19 women) aged 67.8 ± 11.3 years with an average insulin dose of 0.46 ± 0.17 U/kg bodyweight, a duration of insulin therapy of 6.1 ± 8.2 years and an average hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 6.8 ± 1.3% were switched from insulin injection therapy to pioglitazone, glimepiride and voglibose combination therapy. Results: The number of subjects achieving HbA1c levels of less than 7% at 4 months was 30. The success rate of switch therapy was 83% (30/36). HbA1c was significantly reduced from 6.7 ± 1.3% to 5.9 ± 0.7% at 4 months after the switch (P < 0.01) in 32 patients who completed the planned 4-month study. No adverse effects including heart failure, liver dysfunction or severe hypoglycemia were observed. The insulin dose and the maximum blood glucose on the switch day were significantly lower and the age was significantly higher in the subjects who achieved HbA1c less than 7% at 4 months compared to those who did not (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Thiazolidinedione-based oral combination therapy may efficiently and safely substitute relatively high-dose insulin injection therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. [source] Validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in Japanese elderly peopleGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2008Akiko Hagiwara Aim: In Japan, there are no valid and reliable physical activity questionnaires for elderly people. In this study, we translated the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) into Japanese and assessed its validity and reliability. Methods: Three hundred and twenty-five healthy and elderly subjects over 65 years were enrolled. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between PASE scores and an accelerometer (waking steps and energy expenditure), a physical activity questionnaire for adults in general (the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, JALSPAQ), grip strength, mid-thigh muscle area per bodyweight, static valance and bodyfat percentage. Reliability was evaluated by the test,retest method over a period of 3,4 weeks. Results: The mean PASE score in this study was 114.9. The PASE score was significantly correlated with walking steps (, = 0.17, P = 0.014), energy expenditure (, = 0.16, P = 0.024), activity measured with the JALSPAQ (, = 0.48, P < 0.001), mid-thigh muscle area per bodyweight (, = 0.15, P = 0.006) and static balance (, = 0.19, P = 0.001). The proportion of consistency in the response between the first and second surveys was adequately high. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the PASE score was 0.65. Conclusions: The Japanese version of PASE was shown to have acceptable validity and reliability. The PASE is useful to measure the physical activity of elderly people in Japan. [source] Feed and feeding quality of imported grass hays as evaluated by newly proposed gradesGRASSLAND SCIENCE, Issue 2 2007Yoshitsugu Niwa Abstract In conjunction with investigating the quality of imported grass hays, the present study set out to develop an evaluation standard. A total of 123 hay samples were tested: 70 of timothy hay, 23 of sudangrass hay, 20 of oat hay and 10 of bermudagrass hay. Crude protein content, nitrogen cell wall free extract (NCWFE) content, Oa (organic a fraction in cell wall, non-lignified portion of cell wall) content and Ob (organic b fraction in cell wall, lignified portion of cell wall) content were measured for each sample, and the values of these were used as the basis for the determination of digestible carbohydrate content and dry matter intake (DMI). The variation in crude protein, NCWFE, Oa and Ob content within each grass species was large. The coefficients of variation for the chemical composition of all 123 samples were 24.9% for crude protein, 37.4% for NCWFE, 30.7% for Oa and 11.0% for Ob. Because variation in composition was large, variations in digestible carbohydrate content and DMI within each species were also large. On the basis of the mean values of chemical composition, it was determined that the harvesting period was after the flowering stage. Evaluation standards were set using a five-point scale (5, excellent; 4, good; 3, medium; 2, low; 1, poor), based on the 123 samples tested in the present study, using the mean values and standard deviations of chemical parameters, digestible carbohydrate content and DMI. Consequently, in assessing DMI (per bodyweight of 600 kg), a grade of 5 was given for values of 14.3 kg or higher, 4 for values between 11.5 and 14.3 kg, 3 for values between 8.7 and 11.5 kg, 2 for values between 5.9 and 8.7 kg, and 1 for values lower than 5.9 kg. [source] Successful angiographic embolization of recurrent elbow and knee joint bleeds in seven patients with severe haemophiliaHAEMOPHILIA, Issue 1 2009R. KLAMROTH Summary., In haemophilic joints with high-grade arthropathy, bleeds occur that do not respond to replacement therapy of the deficient coagulation factor. The reason may be pathologically reactive angiogenesis in chronic synovitis. Seven patients with severe haemophilia A or haemophilia B experienced recurrent massive bleeds of one elbow joint or knee joint in the absence of trauma. After initial application of factor VIII or IX (fVIII/fIX; 50 IU kg,1 bodyweight), there was only slow and never complete relief of symptoms. Despite intensive secondary prophylaxis maintaining the plasma level of factor concentrate at minimum 50%, new massive bleeds at the same location occurred. Vascular bleeding was suspected. Angiography of the arteries was performed via the femoral artery. Vessels identified as potential bleeding sources were embolized with embolization fluid (ONYX) in eight joints (six elbow and two knee joints). Under low-dose prophylactic treatment (15 IU fVIII or fIX per kg bodyweight for three times per week), no recurrent severe bleed unresponsive to coagulation factor replacement occurred after a mean observation time of 16 months after embolization. The consumption of factor concentrate decreased to one-third of the amount consumed before embolization. In conclusion, angiographic embolization with a non-adhesive liquid embolic agent might be considered as a promising therapeutic and coagulation factor saving option in joint bleeds not responding to replacement of coagulation factor to normal levels. [source] Safety and efficacy of a plasma-derived monoclonal purified factor VIII concentrate during 10 years of follow-upHAEMOPHILIA, Issue 6 2007E. P. MAUSER-BUNSCHOTEN Summary., In 1995, AAFACT®, a new monoclonal purified factor VIII concentrate (FVIII), derived from human plasma, was introduced in the Netherlands. The monoclonal purification based production process includes a viral inactivation step by solvent/detergent treatment. Products manufactured according to this procedure, for example Hemofil M® are used worldwide. The aim of the present study was to assess inhibitor development in a large cohort of previously treated patients (PTPs) who were followed up for 10 years. In addition, efficacy, HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission, and allergic reactions were monitored. All 165 patients with severe haemophilia A (FVIII < 1%) known at the van Creveldkliniek who ever used AAFACT® during the period from October 1995 to September 2005 were included. Two of them were previously untreated patients (PUPs) and two others had <50 exposure days. Data on FVIII consumption, number of exposures, bleedings and hospitalization days were collected from start of AAFACT® until last clinical and laboratory evaluation while on this product. At the end of follow-up, 91 patients were still using this plasma-derived FVIII. Median age at start of follow-up was 26 years (range 1,52). None of the patients reported lack of efficacy. Median FVIII consumption per patient during follow-up was 2058 IU kg,1 bodyweight per year, and median number of exposures was 148 per year. During 1029 patient-years of follow-up, one inhibitor was diagnosed in a previously treated patient PTP. This patient developed high titre inhibitor following surgery for which he, during 1 week, had been treated with continuous infusion with recombinant FVIII. No inhibitor occurred during 68 cases of surgery using continuous infusion with AAFACT®. No viral transmissions or other adverse events occurred during 10 years of follow-up; AAFACT® appeared to be an effective and safe FVIII product. [source] Continuous infusion of factor concentrates in children with haemophilia A in comparison with bolus injectionsHAEMOPHILIA, Issue 3 2006C. BIDLINGMAIER Summary., Although the concept of continuous infusion (CI) of factor concentrates is well known, prospective paediatric data are rare. We present a prospective open-labelled non-randomized study focusing on safety, efficacy and factor VIII (FVIII) usage compared with bolus injections (BI) in children. In 43 consecutive patients (0.5,17 years; median: 9.6) undergoing different operations, CI was started with an initial FVIII-bolus of 70 IU kg,1 bodyweight, followed by a median infusion rate of 4.4 IU kg,1 h,1 (range: 2.8,9.5) dose adjusted for daily FVIII levels (target: 60,80%). No direct serious adverse events occurred; however, two out of 43 patients, both from the group of four patients with less than 20 exposure days (ED) before starting CI, developed a high-responding inhibitor. Two CI patients showed mild thrombophlebitis or rash. Infusion rates needed to achieve adequate FVIII levels were highly predictable and could be reduced because of decreasing FVIII clearance. Bleeding, requiring additional boli, was observed in eight out of 43 patients. Therapy duration and factor usage of CI were influenced by the procedure, but not by the product used or thrombophilia. Twelve of these CI patients were compared with 12 contemporary consecutive age- and procedure-matched BI patients. Compared with BI patients, CI patients saved 30% FVIII (812.9 vs. 563.2 IU kg,1, P < 0.006). We conclude that CI forms a safe and effective method for perioperative care in children and reduces factor usage. Because of the unknown risk of inhibitor development, we will use CI only in patients beyond 20 ED. [source] Afferent pathway dysfunction in children with primary nocturnal enuresisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 2 2010Linya Lv Objectives: To investigate afferent pathway dysfunction in children with primary nocturnal enuresis by measuring pudendal somatosensory evoked potential and tibial somatosensory evoked potential. Methods: Subjects with primary nocturnal enuresis, 36 boys and 18 girls, aged from 5 to 16 years, were enrolled in this study: 24 subjects had complicated primary enuresis (CPE) and 30 subjects had monosymptomatic primary enuresis (MPE). There were no differences in bodyweight or gender between the MPE and CPE groups (P > 0.05). All of the children underwent physical examination, urine analysis, urinary ultrasound and spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Only subjects without urological and neurological abnormalities (with the exception of spina bifida occulta, which was found in some of the patients) were included in this neurophysiological study. Results: There were 20 children who were positively recorded with pudendal somatosensory evoked potential in the CPE group, and all of the children in the MPE group were positively recorded (P < 0.05). Positive records of tibial somatosensory evoked potential were successfully achieved in both groups. Furthermore, the pudendal and tibial conductive velocity were slower as compared to the normal range, especially in children in the CPE group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Afferent pathway function may be impaired by some factors, which should be considered by both clinicians and parents. [source] Self-sterilizing catheters with titanium dioxide photocatalyst thin films for clean intermittent catheterization: Basis and study of clinical useINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 5 2007Yuki Sekiguchi Objective: Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) requires a large number of disposable catheters or a large amount of water and disinfectant. We made titanium dioxide (TiO2)-coated catheters for CIC using technology we have developed previously, and examined the photocatalytic antibacterial effect of this catheter using only light energy and the safety of this type of catheter for practical clinical use. Methods: TiO2 -coated catheters were filled with bacterial cell suspensions and illuminated with a 15-W black-light lamp for testing antibacterial potency. Next, we soaked control toxic materials (zinc diethyldithiocarbamate) and the tips of TiO2 -coated catheters in M05 medium, and evaluated cell toxicity from the numbers of V79 colonies in these dilutions. Then, bodyweight curves and histological tissue changes were observed over a period of time in mouse-transplanted TiO2 -coated catheters and control catheters. Finally, we investigated the use of these TiO2 -coated catheters in 18 patients by questionnaire and bacterial culture of TiO2 -coated catheters and control catheters. Results: The survival rate of Escherichia coli in the liquid inside the TiO2 catheter decreased to a negligible level within 60 min under ultraviolet (UV)-A illumination. The survival rate of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens also decreased to a negligible level within 60 min. V79 cells showed no cytotoxicity of this catheter, and there was no difference in bodyweight or foreign body reaction between mouse-transplanted TiO2 -coated catheters and control catheters. In a preliminary clinical analysis of 18 patients who voluntarily used this catheter, the rate of positive bacterial culture of the tips of TiO2 -coated catheters was 20% versus 60% for conventional catheters after 4 weeks of use. Conclusion: TiO2 -coated silicone catheters were easily sterilized under certain light sources and were shown to be safe in an experiment using cultured cells and in animal experiments. Sterilizing catheters with TiO2 photocatalyst thin films are expected to be used clinically for clean intermittent catheterization after proper modification based on this study. [source] Prevalence and inheritance of canine elbow dysplasia in German RottweilerJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 6 2000R. Beuing Summary A total of 2114 scores of elbow arthrosis from the official screening programme of the German Rottweiler Breeding Association (ADRK) were analysed in respect of prevalence and genetic disposition. 45.8% showed no signs of arthritis, 40.6% were scored in Grade 1 with minor osteophytes and 13.6% were affected by arthritis of clinical relevance (Grade 2 and 3). REML estimates showed a heritability of 28% and a litter variance of 6.4%. The only significant environmental fixed effect was gender. 39.1% of the male and 51.5% of the female were free from ED which corresponds with 19.2% of the male and only 8.8% of the female in the critical ED classes of Grade 2 and 3. Differences between the years of examination could be explained by genetic gain. Month of birth as well as age at examination, in the range covered by this study, was not significant. It was stated that the effect of bodyweight should be tested before starting a breeding programme. Zusammenfassung 2114 Bewertungen der Ellbogenarthrose aus dem offiziellen Screening des Allgemeinen Deutschen Rottweiler Klub (ADRK) wurden in Hinblick auf Häufigkeit und genetische Praedisposition untersucht. 45,8% der Tiere hatten keine Anzeichen von Arthrose, 40,6% wurden mit Grad 1, geringgradige Osteophythenbildung, bewertet und 13,6% waren mit Arthrosen Grad 2 und 3 von klinischer Relevanz behaftet. REML-Schätzungen zeigten eine Heritabilität von 28% und eine wurfbedingte Varianz von 6.4%. Der einzige signifikante fixe Umwelteffekt war der Einfluß des Geschlechtes. 39,1% der Rüden und 51,5% der Hündinnen waren ED-frei. Das korrespondiert damit, daß 19,2% der Rüden und nur 8,8% der Hündinnen in die kritischen ED-Klassen 2 und 3 eingestuft wurden. Unterschiede zwischen den Untersuchungsjahren konnten als genetischer Trend erklärt werden. Der Geburtsmonat sowie das Alter beim Röntgen, zumindest in dem Altersbereich, den diese Studie umfasste, waren nicht signifikant. Es wurde als wichtig angesehen, den Einfluß des Körpergewichtes näher zu prüfen, bevor ein Zuchtprogramm begonnen wird. [source] The use of endogenous nitrogen for microbial crude protein synthesis in the rumen of growing bullsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2000H. Kluth Summary The objective of this study was to quantify endogenous nitrogen (N) recycled for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Four growing bulls (Schwarzbuntes Milchrind; bodyweight: 240,310 kg) with duodenal T-shaped cannulas were fed diets containing four levels of crude protein content (200, 156, 102 and 63 g/kg dry matter, respectively). The diets were based on wheat, barley, tapioca meal, soybean extracted meal, dried beet pulp, meadow hay and straw. The diets had an energy level of 11.1, 10.9, 10.2 and 9.6 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Faeces and urine were collected in four 7-day balance periods. Duodenal flow rate was estimated by TiO2, pelleted with grain, as a marker. The relationship between urine N excretion, the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum, ruminal N balance and N retention were examined and the amount of endogenous N available for microbial protein synthesis without negative effects on the N retention was determined. It can be concluded that up to 16% of the microbial N supply could be covered by recycled endogenous N, but N retention should not be decreased by more than 1.5 residual standard deviations of maximal N retention. [source] Population pharmacokinetic investigation of disopyramide by mixed effect modelling using routine clinical pharmacokinetic data in Japanese patientsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2005E. Yukawa PhD Summary Objective:, To estimate the population pharmacokinetic parameters of disopyramide using non-linear mixed effects modelling. Method:, A total of 148 serum levels from 109 patients (61 males and 48 females) receiving disopyramide were collected. Results:, The final pharmacokinetic model was Cl (L/h) = 3·75·TBW0·567·AGE,0·374·Conc,0·719·1·48DOSE , 5, Vd (L/kg) = 4·13 and ka (h,1) = 0·363, where Cl is total body clearance, Vd is apparent volume of distribution, ka is absorption rate constant, TBW is total bodyweight (kg), AGE is age (years), Conc is the concentration of disopyramide (,g/mL), and DOSE , 5 = 1 for patient received 5 mg/kg/day of disopyramide dosage or over and 0 otherwise. Conclusion:, Application of the findings in this study to patient care may permit selection of an appropriate initial maintenance dosage to achieve target disopyramide concentrations and the desired therapeutic effect. [source] Effect of Yam (Dioscorea alata Compared to Dioscorea japonica) on Gastrointestinal Function and Antioxidant Activity in MiceJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 7 2006Cheng-Chin Hsu ABSTRACT:, Effects of Chinese yam (Dioscorea alata) and Japanese yam (Dioscorea japonica) on gastrointestinal functions including intestinal microflora and intestinal enzymes' activities, as well as antioxidant protection against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative damage, in Balb/cA mice were examined. In part I, mice were fed yam-supplemented diet for 4 or 8 wk, and killed with carbon dioxide. In part II, mice were fed yam-supplemented diet for 4 wk, and followed by intraperitoneal LPS treatment (i.p. 4 mg/kg bodyweight). The intake of Chinese yam and Japanese yam significantly changed intestinal microflora, in which the colony numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were increased and the colony numbers of Clostridium perfringens were decreased (P < 0.05). The intake of both Chinese and Japanese yams also significantly elevated the activity of leucine aminopeptidase and lipase (P < 0.05), and the activities of sucrase and maltase were increased only in 20% yam-treated groups (P < 0.05). The preintake of yam significantly alleviated subsequent LPS-induced oxidative injury by decreasing lipid oxidation level and fibronectin production and elevating superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.05). Both Chinese and Japanese yams contained dietary fibers, polyphenols, and flavonoids, which may contribute to the observed gastrointestinal function and antioxidant protection. These results suggest that both Chinese yam and Japanese yam were beneficial for intestinal health and oxidation prevention. [source] TLR4 monoclonal antibody blockade suppresses dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis in miceJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Yi Liu Abstract Background and Aim:, Ulcerative colitis (UC) refers to a kind of inflammatory bowel disease, of which the accurate pathogenesis is not yet well understood. Recently, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the TLR4 signaling pathway have been proved as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of UC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TLR4 monoclonal antibody on dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model. Methods:, We evaluated the effects of the TLR4 monoclonal antibody (TLR4mAb) on the development of dextran-sulfate-sodium-(DSS)-induced colitis. Tissue samples were evaluated by the disease activity index and histopathological score. Meanwhile, the mucosal mRNA expression of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-,, interferon-, and interleukin-1, were analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The mucosal protein P38-MAPK, c-jun and c-fos expressions of the TLR4-P38MAPK pathway were analyzed using Western blot. Results:, After the treatment with TLR4mAb against DSS-induced colitis, the bodyweight was significantly increased and both disease activity index and histopathological score were decreased significantly. Furthermore, the mucosal expression of messenger RNA of tumor necrosis factor-,, interferon-, and interleukin-1, were observed to be 8,15-fold more than the baseline, whereas the mucosal expressions of P38MAPK and c-jun were found to be decreased. Conclusion:, Blocking TLR4 by TLR4mAb can prevent the development of DSS-induced colitis through the TLR4-P38MAPK-c-jun pathway. [source] Ferucarbotran expands area treated by radiofrequency ablation in rabbit liversJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 7pt2 2008Tatsuya Miyake Abstract Background and Aim:, Several studies have examined the factors involved with expansion of the coagulation volume following radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Ferucarbotran contains superparamagnetic iron oxide that generates heat in a radiofrequency electric field and may have an effect on the area affected by RFA. We attempted to determine whether ferucarbotran administration expands radiofrequency-ablated volume using a rabbit model. Methods:, A total of 15 male Japanese white rabbits (16 weeks old) were used and divided into three groups of five each. A 1-mL saline solution was given intravenously into a dorsal ear vein in the control group, whereas 1 mL ferucarbotran solution (0.016 mL/kg bodyweight) was given to the common-dose group and 1 mL of a twofold concentrated ferucarbotran solution (0.032 mL/kg bodyweight) was given to the high-dose group. RFA was performed with a cool-tip electrode 4 h after the administration and immediately thereafter the rabbits were killed, and the volume of the ablated area measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Following the MRI analysis, the rabbit's livers were resected, and the maximum short axis diameter of the ablated area in each was measured. Results:, None of the rabbits died during the RFA procedure. The volume of the ablated area estimated on MR images in the ferucarbotran-administered groups was larger than that in the control group. Further, our macroscopic assessment showed that the maximum short axis diameter had a tendency to increase with ferucarbotran administration. Conclusion:, Ferucarbotran may expand the area treated by RFA. [source] More economic 25 mg 13C-urea breath test can be effective in detecting primary Helicobacter pylori infection in childrenJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Yao-Jong Yang Abstract Background and Aim:, The high cost of the 13C-urea breath test (UBT) limits its wide application for both epidemiological and clinical studies for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection. This study examined if a lower-dose UBT, applying 1 mg/kg of bodyweight (maximum 25 mg, UBT25), could introduce cost savings while preserving high diagnostic yields for primary H. pylori infection. Methods:, Children aged less than 16 years were recruited after obtaining consent. Those children with administration of antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors within 1 month of the tests were excluded. Positive tests for both the UBT with 50 mg urea (UBT50) and the H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) were qualifying criteria for H. pylori infection. Negative results for both indicated non-infection. The UBT25 was conducted 1 week after the UBT50. The cut-off points for the UBT25 ranging from 2, to 5, were examined for their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates. Results:, A total of 153 children were recruited (55% male; mean age 9.1 ± 3.5 years). Both the UBT50 and HpSA test were positive in 18 (13.1%) and negative in 119 children, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the UBT25 were optimally achieved at 88.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.4,100) and 95.0% (95% CI: 91.1,99.9), judged with a cut-off point at 3.5,. The diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher for children older than 7 years than for those younger than 7 years (98%vs 85%, P = 0.009). Conclusion:, Lower-dose UBT titration by bodyweight can cut costs while maintaining a highly reliable method to screen primary H. pylori infection in children older than 7 years, which is generally beyond school age. [source] ,Pseudo-aldosteronism' induced by intravenous glycyrrhizin treatment of chronic hepatitis C patientsJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 7 2001Tekla GJ Van Rossum Abstract Background and Aims: Treatment with intravenous glycyrrhizin reduces the progression of liver disease caused by chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhizin, inhibits the renal conversion of cortisol to cortisone by inhibiting the enzyme 11,-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase in the kidney. The resulting excess of cortisol subsequently stimulates the mineralocorticoid receptor, leading to pseudo-aldosteronism with hypertension, hypokalemia and eventually renin and aldosterone suppression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of pseudo-aldosteronism after treatment of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) patients with increasing doses of intravenous glycyrrhizin. Methods: Forty-four HCV patients with chronic hepatitis or compensated cirrhosis were treated with intravenous glycyrrhizin 6 × 200 mg/week, 3 × 240 mg/week or 3 × 0 mg/week (placebo) for 4 weeks. In all patients, bodyweight, blood pressure and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, cortisol, DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), renin and aldosterone were measured before, and at 0 and 4 weeks after treatment. Results: Within the placebo group, no significant changes were observed. Within the 1200 mg group systolic blood pressure was significantly higher at the end of treatment, while aldosterone was significantly lower; at the end of the follow-up period these values had returned to baseline. The changes from baseline in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the end of treatment were significantly higher in the 1200 mg group compared to the placebo group. The changes in aldosterone and potassium concentrations at the end of treatment increased with increasing dosage, although not significantly. Conclusion: Hepatitis C virus patients with chronic hepatitis or compensated cirrhosis show minor reversible symptoms of pseudo-aldosteronism after treatment with 1200 mg glycyrrhizin weekly for 4 weeks. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||