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Body Fat Content (body + fat_content)
Selected AbstractsInfluence of herring (Clupea harengus) and herring fractions on metabolic status in rats fed a high energy dietACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 3 2009H. Lindqvist Abstract Aim:, Few dietary studies have looked beyond fish oil to explain the beneficial metabolic effects of a fish-containing diet. Our aim was to study whether addition of herring, or sub-fractions of herring, could counteract negative metabolic effects known to be induced by a high-fat, high-sugar diet. Methods:, Rats were given six different diets: standard pellets; high energy diet with chicken mince (HiE control); high energy diet with herring mince (HiE herring); and high energy diet with chicken mince and either herring oil (HiE herring oil), herring press juice, PJ (HiE PJ) or herring low molecular weight PJ (HiE LMW-PJ). Factors associated with the metabolic syndrome were measured. Results:, There were no differences in energy intake or body weight between the groups, but animals fed high energy diets had a higher body fat content compared with the pellet group, although not statistically significant in all groups. Mesenteric adipocyte size was smaller in the HiE herring oil group compared with the HiE control. Glucose clamp studies showed that, compared with the pellet group, the HiE control and HiE herring diets, but not the HiE herring oil diet, induced insulin resistance. Addition of herring or herring oil to the high energy diet decreased total cholesterol levels, triacylglycerols and the atherogenic index compared with the HiE control group. Conclusions:, The results suggest that addition of herring or herring oil counteracts negative effects on blood lipids induced by a high energy diet. The lipid component of herring thus seems to be responsible for these beneficial effects. [source] Abnormal vascular reactivity at rest and exercise in obese boysEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 2 2009L. Karpoff Abstract Background, Obese children exhibit vascular disorders at rest depending on their pubertal status, degree of obesity, and level of insulin resistance. However, data regarding their vascular function during exercise remain scarce. The aims of the present study were to evaluate vascular morphology and function at rest, and lower limb blood flow during exercise, in prepubertal boys with mild-to-moderate obesity and in lean controls. Materials and methods, Twelve moderately obese prepubertal boys [Body Mass Index (BMI: 23·9 ± 2·6 kg m,2)] and thirteen controls (BMI:17·4 ± 1·8 kg m,2), matched for age (mean age: 11·6 ± 0·6 years) were recruited. We measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and wall compliance and incremental elastic modulus, resting brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitrate-dependent dilation (NDD), lower limb blood flow during local knee-extensor incremental and maximal exercise, body fat content (DEXA), blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose. Results, Compared to lean controls, obese boys had greater IMT (0·47 ± 0·06 vs. 0·42 ± 0·03 mm, P < 0·05) but lower FMD (4·6 ± 2·8 vs. 8·8 ± 3·2%, P < 0·01) in spite of similar maximal shear rate, without NDD differences. Lower limb blood flow (mL min,1·100 g,1) increased significantly from rest to maximal exercise in both groups, although obese children reached lower values than lean counterparts whatever the exercise intensity. Conclusions, Mild-to-moderate obesity in prepubertal boys without insulin resistance is associated with impaired endothelial function and blunted muscle perfusion response to local dynamic exercise without alteration of vascular smooth muscle reactivity. [source] Metabolic phenotyping of mouse mutants in the German Mouse ClinicINTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2006Ralf ELVERT Abstract The German Mouse Clinic was established as a phenotyping center to provide the scientific community with systematic standardized phenotyping of mouse models from various genetic backgrounds. We found metabolic phenotypes in nine out of 20 mutant lines screened in a primary screen. Based on these findings, the mutants were analyzed in secondary and tertiary screens. Mice of a sample mutant line, isolated from the ENU-screen at the National Research Center for Environment and Health in Munich, were found to have lower body weight, consume less food, but have higher ratios of metabolized energy per unit body weight compared with their wild-type littermates. Basal metabolic rate and heat production were simultaneously increased by 16,18%, whereas body fat content was reduced by 11,16%. The combination of various parameters of energy consumption, expenditure and energy storage illustrate the metabolic demands of the sample mutant mouse line and demonstrate the utility of the powerful phenotyping tool used at the German Mouse Clinic. [source] Circulating leptin and body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 10 2005S. Karakas Summary Nutritional depletion and weight loss are two features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the association between low body mass index (BMI) and poor prognosis in patients with COPD is a common clinical observation. Mechanisms of weight loss are still unclear in COPD. Excessive energy expenditure partly due to increased work of breathing was shown, but other mechanisms have been searched for. Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that plays an important role in energy homeostasis and regulates body weight through control of appetite and energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of circulating leptin levels and measures of body composition in COPD patients. Thirty male COPD outpatients (mean age 66.3 ± 8.4) and 20 controls (mean age 65.9 ± 10.8) were included in the study. After standard spirometry and body composition measurements, serum leptin concentration was measured by ELISA assay. COPD patients were grouped according to BMI. Mean BMI was 19.01 ± 2.26 kg/m2 in group 1 (COPD patients with low BMI), 26.85 ± 4.51 in group 2 COPD (COPD patients with normal/high BMI) and 27.64 ± 2.75 kg/m2 in healthy controls (group 3). Mean serum leptin concentration was 1.41 ± 1.86 ng/ml in group 1, 2.60 ± 1.38 ng/ml in group 2 and 2.82 ± 1.46 ng/ml in group 3 (p = 0.002). Leptin correlated to not only BMI but also body weight, waist circumference, triceps and biceps skinfold thickness and body fat percent (p < 0.05 for all). Results of this study suggest that the cause of weight loss is not increased circulating leptin in COPD. Instead, leptin remains regulated in COPD and further decreased in patients with low BMI, probably as a compensatory mechanism to preserve body fat content, which should be evaluated in further studies. [source] Body composition and heat expenditure in broiler chickens fed diets with or without trans fatty acidsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1 2008M. Javadi Summary The effect of a diet containing trans fatty acids (TFA) on the fatty acid composition and fat accumulation was investigated in broiler chickens. Female broilers were fed a control or a TFA-containing diet. The difference between the diets was that a part of cis 18:1 in the control diet was replaced by the TFA. Body composition, energy balance and the fatty acid composition were examined. Over the time-period studied (15 days), the body fat content and the protein content did not differ significantly between the TFA-fed group and the control. In energy balance studies, total energy intake, energy loss in excreta, energy expenditure and energy storage did not differ between the treatments. Compared to the control diet, the TFA diet resulted in significantly higher amounts of 14:0 and 18:1n-7 and lower amounts of 18:1n-9 and 20:4n-6 in the body. In conclusion, the data suggest that feeding TFA for 15 days to female broilers had no effect on energy retention, energy expenditure and energy loss in excreta or in body composition in terms of fat and protein. Only the fatty acid composition in the body was affected by the treatment with TFA. In addition, 50% of ingested TFA was incorporated into the body fat. This may have a negative effect on the diethetic value of chicken meat. [source] Relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and carcass composition in fattening mutton: a comparison with ultrasound resultsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 9-10 2005M. Altmann Summary Positive relationships between circulating leptin concentrations and body fat content have been established in sheep when covering a rather broad range of age and/or body weight. The usefulness of leptin measurements for predicting carcass fat has yet to be evaluated specifically in fattening lambs. We therefore measured plasma leptin concentrations in 56 male lambs half and half Merino Mutton and Blackheaded Mutton. Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured by ultrasound 1 day before the lambs were slaughtered at 35 or 45 kg live weight. Carcass composition was determined by tissue dissection. The coefficients of correlations between leptin and the different amounts in fat depots ranged from 0.40 to 0.56 within the two live weight groups, and from 0.53 to 0.64 when taking the two groups together. Carcass fat percentage was estimated by leptin concentrations with the same accuracy (R2 = 0.34) as with ultrasound fat thickness. The accuracy was higher for leptin in the 35 kg-group whereas the accuracy was higher for ultrasound fat thickness in the 45 kg-group (R2 = 0.26 vs. 0.31). A combination of leptin and ultrasound fat thickness clearly enhanced the precision of estimation in all groups. Further investigations on the influence of factors such as breed, gender, duration of feed withdrawal or photoperiod on the association between leptin and carcass composition are necessary before the suitability of plasma leptin concentration for practical application can be evaluated. [source] Impact of changing diet regimes on Steller sea lion body conditionMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Shannon Atkinson Abstract A leading theory for the cause of the decline of Steller sea lions is nutritional stress, which led to chronic high juvenile mortality and possibly episodic adult mortality. Nutritional stress may have resulted from either poor quality or low abundance of prey. The objective of this study was to determine whether we could predict shifts in body condition (i.e., body mass or body fat content) over different seasons associated with a change in diet (i.e., toward lower quality prey). Captive Steller sea lions (n= 3) were fed three different diet regimes, where Diet 1 approximated the diet in the Kodiak area in the 1970s prior to the documented decline in that area, Diet 2 approximated the species composition in the Kodiak area after the decline had begun, and Diet 3 approximated the diet in southeast Alaska where the Steller sea lion population has been increasing for over 25 yr. All the animals used in this study were still growing and gained mass regardless of diet. Body fat (%) varied between 13% and 28%, but was not consistently high or low for any diet regime or season. Mean intake (in kg) of Diet 2 was significantly greater for all sea lions during all seasons. All animals did, however, tend to gain less body mass on Diets 2 and 3, as well as during the breeding and postbreeding seasons. They also tended to gain more mass during the winter and on Diet 1, though these differences were not statistically significant. Thus, changing seasonal physiology of Steller sea lions appears to have more impact on body condition than quality of prey, provided sufficient quantity of prey is available. Steller sea lions are opportunistic predators and are evidently able to thrive on a variety of prey. Our results indicate that Steller sea lions are capable of compensating for prey of low quality. [source] Potential association between endogenous leptin and sympatho-vagal activities in young obese Japanese womenAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Tamaki Matsumoto Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Notwithstanding recent intensive research, the underlying physiological mechanism of leptin as well as the etiology of obesity in humans remains elusive. The present study attempted to investigate the potential association between endogenous circulating leptin and sympatho-vagal activities in age- and height-matched obese and nonobese healthy young women. Plasma leptin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The autonomic nervous system activity was assessed during the resting condition by means of a recently devised power spectral analysis of heart rate variability, which serves to identify three separate frequency components, very low (VLO), low (LO), and high (HI). Plasma leptin concentrations were greater in the obese than in the control group (45.7 ± 5.89 vs. 11.2 ± 1.10 ng · ml,1, P < 0.01). As to the contribution of endogenous leptin to SNS activity, both the ratios of the VLO frequency component reflecting thermoregulatory sympathetic function and the global SNS index [(VLO + LO)/HI] to plasma leptin concentration were markedly reduced in the obese compared to the control group (VLO per leptin: 5.9 ± 1.39 vs. 37.8 ± 8.1 ms2 · ml · ng,1, P < 0.01; SNS index per leptin: 0.04 ± 0.008 vs. 0.33 ± 0.01 ml,,·,ng,1, P < 0.01). Additionally, a nonlinear regression analysis revealed that these ratios exponentially decreased as a function of body fat content (VLO per leptin r2 = 0.57, P < 0.01; SNS index per leptin r2 = 0.53, P < 0.01). Our data suggest that reduced sympathetic responsiveness to endogenous leptin production, implying peripheral leptin resistance, might be a pathophysiological feature of obesity in otherwise healthy young women. The findings regarding the association of leptin, body fat content, and SNS activity further indicate that the 30% of total body fat, which has been used as a criterion of obesity, might be a critical point at which leptin resistance is induced. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:8,15, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Breed difference and regulation of the porcine adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone sensitive lipase by TNF,ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 6 2009T. Shan Summary Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) are major novel triglyceride lipases in animals. The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in the porcine ATGL (pATGL) and HSL genes between Jinhua pigs (a fatty breed) and Landrace pigs (a leaner breed). In addition, the effect of TNF, and pATGL-specific siRNA (pATGL-siRNA) on the expression of pATGL and HSL in porcine adipocytes was also examined. Compared with Landrace pigs, the body weight (BW) of Jinhua pigs was lower (P < 0.01), while intramuscular fat content (in the longissimus dorsi muscle), as well as the back fat thickness and body fat content were higher (P < 0.01). The expression of pATGL and HSL mRNA in Jinhua pigs was lower (P < 0.01) in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and greater (P < 0.01) in longissimus dorsi muscle compared with Landrace pigs. In vitro treatment of porcine adipocytes with TNF, decreased (P < 0.01) the glycerol release and the gene expression of pATGL, HSL and PPAR, in porcine adipocytes. Furthermore, transfection with pATGL-siRNA significantly decreased (P < 0.01) the expression of pATGL, while it had no effect on the expression of HSL. Treatment with 25 ng/ml TNF, in conjunction with pATGL-siRNA significantly decreased (P < 0.01) the expression of pATGL and HSL in cultured porcine adipocytes. These results provide useful information to further the understanding of the function of pATGL and HSL in porcine lipid metabolism, which should be applicable to the regulation of fat deposition and improvement of meat quality. [source] Myostatin null mice respond differently to dietary-induced and genetic obesityANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2010Anna C. DILGER ABSTRACT Our objective was to determine sensitivity of myostatin null (MN) mice to obesity induction by dietary or genetic means. To induce dietary obesity, 3-week-old wild type (WT) and MN mice were fed diets with 60% calories (HF) or 10% calories from fat (LF) for 4 weeks. MN mice did gain body fat on the HF diet but to a lesser extent than WT mice. Body weight and fat content was similar in MN mice fed HF and LF diets. To induce genetic obesity, the MN mutation was incorporated into leptin db/db (DB) mice generating mice homozygous for each mutation (MNDB). Nine-week-old MNDB mice were obese, similar to DB mice. Body weight, body fat content, fat pad weight and adipocyte size were all increased in MNDB mice compared to MN and WT mice and were quite similar to DB mice. However, fasting blood glucose, an indicator of insulin resistance and diabetes, was reduced in MNDB mice compared to DB mice. These results indicate that MN mice gain less body fat than WT on a HF diet, but the MN mutation does not alter fat accumulation caused by DB mutation. Thus, MN mice are not always resistant to obesity development. [source] The relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and the distribution of body fat in crossbred steersANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2003Tomoya YAMADA Abstract The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between plasma leptin levels and fat distribution in crossbred steers. Twenty-four crossbred steers (Japanese Black × Holstein) were used in this study. Six steers belonged to the growing phase (11 months of age), and 18 steers to the finishing phase (from 21 to 28 months of age). Plasma leptin levels correlated positively with body fat weight (r = 0.807, P < 0.01), body fat percentage (r = 0.802, P < 0.01), visceral fat weight (r = 0.807, P < 0.01), visceral fat percentage (r = 0.780, P < 0.01), subcutaneous fat weight (r = 0.745, P < 0.01), subcutaneous fat percentage (r = 0.734, P < 0.01), intermuscular fat weight (r = 0.793, P < 0.01), intermuscular fat percentage (0.775, P < 0.01), renal fat weight (r = 0.694, P < 0.01), renal fat percentage (r = 0.642, P < 0.01), subcutaneous fat thickness (r = 0.755, P < 0.01), intermuscular fat thickness (r = 0.721, P < 0.01), beef marbling score (r = 0.706, P < 0.01) and the crude fat content of Musculus longissimus thoracis (r = 0.592, P < 0.01). The location of fat deposits did not affect the correlation values. However, when steers were divided into growing (n = 6) and finishing (n = 18) groups, there was no significant correlation between plasma leptin levels and the carcass characteristics related to fat deposition (fat weight, fat percentage, carcass traits) in either group. These results suggest that plasma leptin levels in crossbred steers positively correlate with body fat content and carcass traits when these parameters vary widely. [source] Measurement of total body composition changes of common carp by computer tomographyAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2003Csaba Hancz Abstract The crude fat and protein content of the total body was estimated by X-ray computer tomography (CT) and determined by chemical analyses during a feeding experiment with sexually matured common carp. Between 21 and 35 serial scans were taken of altogether 41 fish and samples from the homogenized body were prepared for chemical analyses. Experimental fish with an average body weight of 1453 g originated from a commercial stock of mirror carp. Two feeding regimes (carp feed and carp feed+ad libitum maize) were applied for 57 days and followed by a fasting period of 27 days. Both feeding regimes significantly increased the crude fat content of the whole body that did not decrease during fasting in spite of high water temperature (22°C). No significant changes were observed in crude protein content. The variables used for producing the prediction equations were taken from the density values of the Hounsfield scale, on a range between ,90 and +160, by summing the frequencies within each interval of 10 values. Whole body fat content could be estimated with R2=0.89,0.91 accuracy with the principal component analysis using data of all (seven) body regions and only dorsal fin region respectively. Adequate linear regression model could not be calculated by the same procedure for crude protein. Three-dimensional ,volumetric' estimation of fat tissue was also carried out on the basis of fat index showing high correlation with measured fat content. The changes of body composition of individual fish can be followed by sequential CT scanning. [source] | |||||||||||||