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Bleaching Effect (bleaching + effect)
Selected AbstractsDevelopment of a Novel Oxidative Hair Color Based on a System with an Optimized Ratio of Higher Alcohol to Cationic SurfactantINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006T. Yamashita Oxidative hair color, the most commonly used for coloring hair, is characterized by its bleaching effect. This effect enables dark hair to be dyed in various bright colors. In order to enhance this bleaching effect, the concentration of either the alkalizing or oxidizing agent in the hair color base is generally increased. However, this method causes chemical damage to the hair. With the aim of finding methods to obtain an improved bleaching effect without increasing the amount of bleaching ingredients, the authors investigated the permeation mechanism. Cationic bases showed the highest bleaching effect and allowed greater penetration, permitting bleaching ingredients to enter the cortex of the hair more easily and diffuse more quickly. In addition, the molar ratios of higher alcohol (A) to cationic surfactant (C) as a function of the bleaching effect were also evaluated. The results showed an optimum range for this A/C ratio. The smoothness of the hair was also evaluated, revealing an optimum range for the A/C ratio. Based on these findings, a product with an A/C ratio that maximizes the bleaching effect and the smoothness of the hair was successfully developed. Comparison of this newly developed product with a conventional product verified that the new product has a greater bleaching effect and gives a beautiful depth of color while maintaining the silky smoothness of the texture of the hair. Part of this study was presented at the 23rd IFSCC Congress 2004, Orlando, Florida USA. [source] Photobleaching of Ga2S3 -GeS2 films prepared with pulsed laser depositionLASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Issue 5 2007A. Tverjanovich Abstract Influence of the illumination with energy above band gap on optical properties of the thin (x)(Ga2S3)(1-x)(GeS2) films prepared with Pulsed Laser Deposition was investigated. Observed photo-induced bleaching is due to photo-oxidation of Ge and possible Ga atoms. Increasing of Ga content in the film results in increasing of the bleaching effect. This process is limited by the rate of diffusion of oxygen. (© 2007 by Astro Ltd., Published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) [source] A novel characteristic of porous titanium oxide implantsCLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 6 2007Takashi Sawase Abstract Objective: The anatase form of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most common crystalline forms of TiO2 and is normally produced by oxidation of titanium via thermal oxidation or anodizing. This crystalline form exhibits photocatalytic activity when it is irradiated with ultraviolet A (UVA) light. The aim of the current study was to analyze the crystal structure of anodic-oxidized TiUnite® implants and to confirm the photocatalytic properties in vitro and in vivo. Material and methods: Cross-sectional observations by transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the surface crystal structure on the TiUnite implant. Subsequently, photocatalytic activity was confirmed by degradation of methylene blue, and hydrophilicity was measured based on the water contact angle. Furthermore, the in vivo effects of the photocatalytic activity of this compound were investigated. Results: An amorphous layer that was about 10 ,m thick was observed on the TiUnite implant surface. In the amorphous layer, the anatase form of the crystalline TiO2 was identified. Photocatalytic activity was clearly demonstrated by the bleaching effect of methylene blue under UVA illumination. The contact angle decreased from 44° to 11° after UVA illumination. Although these data suggest increased hydrophilicity for the TiUnite implant, the bone-to-metal contact at 4 weeks was not influenced. Conclusion: The anodic-oxidized TiUnite implant has inherent photocatalytic activity. UVA illumination increases the surface hydrophilicity of the implant. However, this increase in hydrophilicity does not improve bone apposition to the implant surface at 4 weeks. [source] Bleaching of indigo-dyed denim fabric by electrochemical formation of hypohalogenites in situCOLORATION TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Thomas Bechtold The use of hypochlorite, formed in situ by anodic oxidation of sodium chloride solution, for bleaching indigo-dyed denim has been studied at room temperature and at 50 °C. A direct relationship between the charge flow applied and the bleaching effect was observed. This enables consistent oxidative bleaching to be achieved by controlling the electrochemical process. The use of mixed anolytes containing small concentrations of bromide ions enhanced the bleaching effect considerably, even after lowering the temperature to room temperature. The molar concentration of bromide ions required was much lower than that of chloride in the anolyte. [source] | ||||||||||