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Year Old Children (year + old_child)
Selected AbstractsAsthma symptoms in rural living Tanzanian children; prevalence and the relation to aerobic fitness and body fatALLERGY, Issue 8 2009S. Berntsen Objective:, To determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children from a rural district in North-Tanzania, and their relationship to aerobic fitness and body fat. Methods:, In Manyara region in Tanzania, children (aged 9,10 years) were randomly selected to participate in the present cross-sectional study. Hundred and seventy two participants completed a video questionnaire showing the symptoms and signs of asthma. Lung function was measured by maximum forced expiratory flow-volume curves. Aerobic fitness was estimated from a standardized indirect maximal cycle ergometer test and sum of three skinfolds reflected body fat. Results:, Twenty four per cent reported asthma symptoms last year. Severe wheezing attacks last year were reported in 5% of the participants. Thirty seven per cent of the participants were underweight. Underweight children had significantly lower (P < 0.02) lung function (per cent of predicted). Lower body fat was associated with higher occurrence of asthma symptoms (odds ratio and 95% CI; 0.45 (0.22,0.95; P = 0.04). Aerobic fitness was not associated with asthma symptoms. Conclusions:, More than every fifth 9,10 year old child from a rural district in North-Tanzania reported asthma symptoms. Lower body fat was associated with higher occurrence of asthma symptoms, but aerobic fitness was not associated with asthma symptoms. [source] A comparison of differential reinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of a child's multiply controlled problem behaviorBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, Issue 4 2003Tiffany Kodak Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) with escape as the reinforcer were evaluated after an initial functional analysis indicated the problem behaviors exhibited by a 7 year old child were maintained by escape. When NCR and DRO did not decrease the problem behaviors, a second functional analysis was conducted and showed that the behaviors were maintained by attention and escape. DRO with attention and escape as reinforcers was compared to NCR with attention and escape as reinforcers for the treatment of the child's multiply controlled behavior problems. Results showed that DRO and NCR were both effective at reducing the problem behavior to low levels and increasing compliance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tricks of Festival: Children, Enculturation, and American HalloweenETHOS, Issue 2 2005CINDY DELL CLARK The American children's ritual, Halloween, involves an emergent, active and complex process rather than unidirectional socialization of children by adults. Inversions of meaning are prominent in Halloween through: 1) adult support for inverted, anti-normative themes, and 2) a turnabout by which children gain ascendance through costumed trick-or-treating. Based on interviews with six and seven year old children and their parents, as well as participant observation at Halloween events, Halloween's inversions had different interpretations for adults compared to children. For example the degree and quality of fear associated with Halloween varied between elders and children. Following the traumatic events of September 11, 2001, adult-rendered meanings of Halloween were shown to be unfixed and subject to modification. These findings raise critical questions about simplistic notions of socialization and cultural reduplication. [source] Concomitant developmental dental anomalies in Chinese children with dens evaginatusINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2006S. Y. CHO Summary., Aim., To determine the prevalence of concomitant developmental dental anomalies in a group of Chinese children with dens evaginatus. Methods., The dental records and orthopantomograms of 10,15 year old children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with dens evaginatus in a school dental clinic were reviewed retrospectively. Results., Four hundred and forty-eight of 7102 (6·3%) children were found to have dens evaginatus. Concomitant developmental dental anomalies were found in 77 children (17·2%). The most commonly seen dental anomalies in the study population were hypodontia, hyperdontia, microdontic maxillary lateral incisor, and dental impaction. The prevalence of these anomalies did not differ significantly to that found in the general Chinese population. When analysed separately, however, the prevalence of supernumerary premolars was found to be higher in children with dens evaginatus than in the general population, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0·01). Conclusion., Supernumerary premolars appeared to be more prevalent in Chinese children with dens evaginatus than in the general population. There may be an association of supernumerary premolars with dens evaginatus in this study population. [source] Families, food, and pester power: beyond the blame game?JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 4 2007David Marshall Given the moral and medical panic surrounding rising rates of childhood obesity, there has been much debate about who on what is to be blamed, with parents and HFSS (high fat, salt, and sugar) food advertising often censured for their role. In this paper, we review the literature on childhood obesity and pester power, and the broader context of consumer socialization within the family. We then discuss findings from a questionnaire and focus group study of 8,11 year old children in New Zealand exploring aspects of their advertising experiences and everyday snack food consumption. HFSS food ads were well-represented in their repertoire of favorite ads, and they reported being influenced by these. However, their accounts of snacking highlighted the extent to which their actual consumption was shaped by parental agendas and concerns. Although they gravitated towards less healthy snack foods, fruit, and vegetables were included in their categorization and repertoire of snacks, perhaps reflecting the level of monitoring and gatekeeping exerted by their parents, who established ground rules for snacking and in many cases directly controlled their access to snack foods, although the limits imposed varied according to context. The children were generally accepting of this, although they drew on a range of strategies and tactics to access their preferred snacks. We conclude by considering the implications of this study for parents who seek to provide their children with a healthy diet and others concerned about health and public policy, and we suggest some avenues for developing knowledge in this area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Children and adults are differentially affected by presentation modality in the DRM paradigmAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Maya M. Khanna Using the Deese,Roediger,McDermott (DRM) method for free recall, we examined mode of list presentation and association type in 8,9 year old children and adults. Participants verbally recalled lists of associates that were presented orally (Experiment 1) or visually (Experiment 2). Lists consisted of semantic associates (e.g. hound, puppy, etc.), phonological associates (e.g. log, dot, etc.) and both semantic and phonological associates (e.g. hound, dot, etc.) to a nonpresented lure word (e.g. dog). Interestingly, the ratio of false to true recall was higher in children than adults only when lists were presented orally. These results suggest that children rely more on sublexical information or item-specific information than adults when reading lists, and, thus, are less likely to activate the critical lure via lexical associations. Furthermore, these results suggest that information processing differences at encoding between children and adults need to be taken into account when interpreting free recall studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Abducted by a UFO: prevalence information affects young children's false memories for an implausible eventAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Henry Otgaar This study examined whether prevalence information promotes children's false memories for an implausible event. Forty-four 7,8 and forty-seven 11,12 year old children heard a true narrative about their first school day and a false narrative about either an implausible event (abducted by a UFO) or a plausible event (almost choking on a candy). Moreover, half of the children in each condition received prevalence information in the form of a false newspaper article while listening to the narratives. Across two interviews, children were asked to report everything they remembered about the events. In both age groups, plausible and implausible events were equally likely to give rise to false memories. Prevalence information increased the number of false memories in 7,8 year olds, but not in 11,12 year olds at Interview 1. Our findings demonstrate that young children can easily develop false memories of a highly implausible event. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of parental perception of neighbourhood deprivation and family environment characteristics on pro-social behaviours among 4,12 year old childrenAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 4 2010Andre M. N. Renzaho Abstract Objective: To assess the effect family environment stressors (e.g. poor family functioning and parental psychological distress) and neighbourhood environment on child prosocial behaviour (CPB) and child difficulty behaviour (CDB) among 4-to-12 year old children. Methods: Analysis of the 2006 Victorian Child Health and Wellbeing Survey (VCHWS) dataset derived from a statewide cross-sectional telephone survey, with a final total sample of 3,370 children. Results: Only family functioning, parental psychological distress, child gender, and age were associated with CPB, explaining a total of 8% of the variance. Children from healthily functioning families and of parents without any psychological distress exhibited greater prosocial behaviours than those from poorly functioning families and of parents with mental health problems. Neighbourhood environment was not found to contribute to CPB. A total of eight variables were found to predict CDB, explaining a total of 16% of the variance. Poor family and parental psychological functioning as well as poor access to public facilities in the neighbourhood were associated with conduct problems in children. Conclusion: Our results point to the importance of the family environment in providing a context that fosters the development of empathic, caring and responsible children; and in buffering children in exhibiting behaviour difficulties during the formative years of life. Programs aimed at promoting prosocial behaviours in children need to target stressors on the family environment. [source] A case-control study of risk factors for asthma in New Zealand childrenAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2001Kristin Wickens Objective: As in other English-speaking countries, asthma is a major and increasing health problem in New Zealand. This study examined the risk factors for asthma in children aged 7,9. Methods: Cases and controls were randomly selected from participants in the Wellington arm of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Cases were children with a previous diagnosis of asthma and current medication use (n=233), and controls were children with no history of wheezing and no diagnosis of asthma (n=241). Results: After controlling for confounders, factors significantly associated with asthma were maternal (OR=3.36, 95% Cl 1.88,5.99) and paternal asthma (OR=2.67, 95% Cl 1.42,5.02), and male sex (OR=1.81, 95% Cl 1.17,2.81). Children from social classes 5 and 6 or with unemployed parents (OR=2.32, 95% Cl 1.22,4.44) were significantly more likely to have asthma than children in social classes 1 and 2. There was no significant association between having polio vaccination (OR=2.48, 95% Cl 0.83,7.41), hepatitis B vaccination (OR=0.66, 95% Cl 0.42,1.04) or measles/mumps/rubella vaccination (OR=1.43, 95% Cl 0.85,2.41) and asthma. Conclusions: This study has confirmed the associations of family history and lower socio-economic status with current asthma in 7,9 year old children. The role of vaccinations requires further research. [source] Obesity in 4 year old children more prevalent in girls and in municipalities with low socioeconomic level.ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 11 2009Acta Paediatr 200, Bergström E, Blomquist HK No abstract is available for this article. [source] Topical intranasal corticosteroids in 4-11 year old children with persistent bilateral otitis media with effusion in primary care: double blind randomised placebo controlled trialCLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Article first published online: 11 APR 2010 First page of article [source] | |||||||||||||