Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Women's Position (women + position)
Selected AbstractsCommercial Hospital Discharge Packs for Breastfeeding WomenBIRTH, Issue 1 2001J. K. Gupta A substantive amendment to this systematic review was last made on 23 March 1999. Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. ABSTRACT Background: For centuries, there has been controversy around whether being upright (sitting, birthing stools, chairs, squatting) or lying down has advantages for women delivering their babies. Objectives: The objective of this review was to assess the benefits and risks of the use of different positions during the second stage of labour (i.e., from full dilatation of the cervix). Search strategy: Relevant trials are identified from the register of trials maintained by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group, and from the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Selection criteria: Trials were included which compared various positions assumed by pregnant women during the second stage of labour. Randomised and quasi-randomised trials with appropriate follow-up were included. Data collection and analysis: Trials were independently assessed for inclusion, and data extracted by the two authors. Disagreements would have been resolved by consensus with an editor. Meta-analysis of data is performed using the RevMan software. Main results: Results should be interpreted with caution as the methodological quality of the 18 trials was variable. Use of any upright or lateral position, compared with supine or lithotomy positions, was associated with: 1Reduced duration of second stage of labour (12 trials,mean 5.4 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9,6.9 minutes). This was largely due to a considerable reduction in women allocated to use of the birth cushion. 2A small reduction in assisted deliveries (17 trials,odds ratio (OR) 0.82, 95% CI 0.69,0.98). 3A reduction in episiotomies (11 trials,OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.64,0.84). 4A smaller increase in second degree perineal tears (10 trials,OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09,1.54). 5Increased estimated risk of blood loss > 500ml (10 trials,OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.34,3.32). 6Reduced reporting of severe pain during second stage of labour (1 trial,OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41,0.83). 7Fewer abnormal fetal heart rate patterns (1 trial,OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11,0.91). Reviewers' conclusions: The tentative findings of this review suggest several possible benefits for upright posture, with the possibility of increased risk of blood loss > 500 mL. Women should be encouraged to give birth in the position they find most comfortable. Until such time the benefits and risks of various delivery positions are estimated with greater certainty when methodologically stringent trials data are available, then women should be allowed to make informed choices about the birth positions in which they might wish to assume for delivery of their babies. Citation: Gupta JK, Nikodem VC. Women's position during second stage of labour (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software. [source] Women's Empowerment Through Home,based Work: Evidence from IndiaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2003Paula Kantor This article examines the extent to which home,based production in the garment sector of Ahmedabad, India, serves to empower its female participants, defining empowerment in terms of control over enterprise income and decision,making within the household. It places this question within the literatures on resource theory and bargaining models of the household, both of which posit that improved access to resources increases women's power in the household. This study highlights why access to resources may not lead so directly to improvements in women's position in the household in the Indian context. It then discusses why home,based work may be less empowering than sources of work outside of the home. The arguments about the empowerment potential of women's access to resources through home,based work are tested by examining, first, the determinants of control over the income generated by women in home,based garment production and, second, to what extent access to and control over income from this source translates into involvement in decisions which are atypically women's and yet important to their lives. The results provide a better understanding of the potential of home,based work to offer women in urban India a source of economic activity that also can translate into increased intra,household power. [source] Women and class structure in contemporary Japan1THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Sawako Shirahase ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to examine how to determine the class position of women, especially married women, in Japan. This study examines three different approaches to conceptualizing women's position in the class structure: the conventional approach, the individual approach, and the dominance approach. Since 1975, the overall rate of female labour force participation in Japan has increased, and given this growth, particularly of employees working outside home, I discuss whether the increased entry of women, particularly married women, into the labour market challenges the conventional way of assigning class positions to women by simply deriving them from their husband's class positions. The data set used in this study is derived from the 1995 Japanese Social Stratification and Mobility Survey. An examination of class distributions suggests that the pictures of macro-class structure provided by the conventional approach and the dominance approach show very little difference. Married women who belong to the female-dominant family still form a very small minority of all married women in the society. Furthermore, the male-dominant family shows the greatest stability over the life course whereas the female-dominant family, where the wife experiences with-drawal from the labour market, is least stable. The increasing number of married women in the labour market, thus, has not yet become a major threat to the conventional way of assigning women to a class position in contemporary Japan. Women, even among those working on a full-time basis, perceive their position in the stratification system using not only their own work, but also their husband's. In contrast, men's perception is determined by their own education and employment, not by their wives'. This asymmetry in the effect of the husband's class and of the wife's class on class identification is related not only to gender inequality within the labour market but also to the division of labour by gender within the household. [source] Compromising positions: emergent neo-Fordisms and embedded gender contractsTHE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2 2000Heidi Gottfried ABSTRACT This paper adopts a regulation framework to chart the emergence of neo-Fordism as a flexible accumulation regime and mode of social regulation. Neo-Fordism relies on old Fordist principles as well as incorporating new models of emergent post-Fordisms; old and new social relationships, in their particular combination, specify the trajectory of national variants. I argue that Fordist bargains institutionalized the terms of a compromise between labour, capital and the state. These bargains embedded a male-breadwinner gender contract compromising women's positions and standardardizing employment contracts around the needs, interests and authority of men. A focus on compromises and contracts makes visible the differentiated gender effects of work transformation in each country. [source] | ||||||||||