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White European (white + european)
Selected AbstractsThe prevalence of depressive symptoms in a white European and South Asian population with impaired glucose regulation and screen-detected Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comparison of two screening toolsDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 8 2010N. Aujla Diabet. Med. 27, 896,905 (2010) Abstract Aims, To compare the identification of prevalent depressive symptoms by the World Health Organization-5 Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) and Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for South Asian and white European people, male and female, attending a diabetes screening programme, and to explore the adequacy of the screening tools for this population. An additional aim was to further explore associations of depressive symptoms with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type2 DM). Methods, Eight hundred and sixty-four white European (40,75 years old) and 290 South Asian people (25,75 years old) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), detailed history and anthropometric measurements and completed the WHO-5 and CES-D. Depressive symptoms were defined by a WHO-5 score , 13, and CES-D score , 16. Results, Unadjusted prevalence of depressive symptoms with the WHO-5, for people with Type2 DM was 42.3% (47.4% in white European; 28.6% in South Asian) and for IGR 30.7% (26% in white European; 45.8% in South Asian). With the CES-D, the prevalence in Type2 DM was 27.2% (25.4% in white European; 31.8% in South Asian) and for IGR 30.7% (27.8% in white European; 40.7% in South Asian). Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms for sex or ethnicity were not identified. Odds ratios adjusted for age, sex and ethnicity showed no significant association of depression with Type2 DM or IGR, with either WHO-5 or CES-D. Agreement was moderate (, = 0.48, 95% confidence intervals 0.42,0.54), and reduced when identifying depressive symptoms in people with Type2 DM. For this group, a WHO-5 cut-point of , 10 was optimal. Conclusions, Depressive symptoms, identified by WHO-5 or CES-D, were not significantly more prevalent in people with Type2 DM or IGR. The WHO-5 and CES-D differed in their identification of depressive symptoms in people with Type2 DM, though discrepancies between sex and ethnicity were not identified. [source] Effect of ethnicity and gender on performance in undergraduate medical examinationsMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 11 2005Inam Haq Objective, To assess the effect of ethnicity and gender on medical student examination performance. Design, Cohort study of Year 3 medical students in 2002 and 2003. Setting, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Imperial College School of Medicine. Subjects, A total of 1216 Year 3 medical students, of whom 528 were male and 688 female, and 737 were white European and 479 Asian. Outcome measure, Performance in summative written and objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) in July 2002 and 2003. Results, White females performed best in all OSCEs and in 3 out of 4 written examinations. Mean scores for each OSCE and 2 out of 4 written examinations were higher for white students than for Asian students. The overall size of the effect is relatively small, being around 1,2%. Conclusion, Students of Asian origin, of both genders, educated in the UK, using English as their first language, continue to perform less well in OSCEs and written assessments than their white European peers. [source] Effective management of smoking in an oral dysplasia clinic in LondonORAL DISEASES, Issue 1 2006TWJ Poate Background:, Precancerous lesions precede the development of oral cancer; of several clinical types the most common is leukoplakia. The risk factors include tobacco and excess alcohol use and diets low in antioxidants. Studies concerning the management of risk factors related to oral precancer are meager. Objectives:, We investigated the effectiveness of smoking cessation at a dysplasia clinic among patients followed up for at least for 12 months. Methods:, Data from case notes relating to180 patients with white and red patches of oral mucosa (excluding other benign disorders confirmed by biopsy findings) attending a dysplasia clinic at a teaching hospital in London and seen by one consultant between 1993 and 2003 were transcribed. Effect of referring to a smoker's clinic to receive specialist help was evaluated against brief advice given at the dysplasia clinic ± medications. Results:, The mean age at the first visit was 48.5 years (±12.5), 65% were male, and 88% were white European. One hundred and sixty-two patients (90%) had used tobacco and 83% were current smokers. Of the smokers 95% had smoked over 10 years, the majority smoking over 10 cigarettes per day. Nine were alcohol misusers including two binge drinkers. One hundred and forty-six were diagnosed with oral leukoplakia, 16 with non-homogeneous types (speckled or nodular). Three patients were diagnosed with an erythroplakia. Nineteen per cent exhibited the presence of dysplasia and one subject had in situ carcinoma. Five patients in the sample quit smoking prior to arrival in the dysplasia clinic. Twenty-seven cases (20%) with oral leukoplakia quit smoking while registered as a patient at the dysplasia clinic: 17 of 100 subjects quit with brief advice ± medications and 10 of 30 following referral to the smoker's clinic. The difference between the two groups was significant for point prevalence abstinence at the last visit to the clinic (minimum 12 months follow up). Out of a total of 180 precancer cases managed in the dysplasia clinic (mean follow up 4.2 years) three patients subsequently developed invasive carcinoma during follow up. Conclusions:, Smoking cessation needs to be an integral component of management of cases attending a dysplasia clinic and referring to smoker's clinics could help to improve the effectiveness of managing patients with oral precancer to quit smoking. [source] Comparison of patch test results among white Europeans and patients from the Indian subcontinent living within the same communityJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 10 2008DA Fairhurst Abstract Background, There are few studies comparing the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis among different racial groups living within the same community. Objectives, The objectives of this study were to compare white European patients with Fitzpatrick's skin phototypes (FSP) I to IV and patients from Indian, Pakistan and Bangladesh with FSP V living within the same community. Referral rates for patch testing, incidence of contact allergies and differences in contact allergens found were assessed. Method, All patients referred to the Contact Dermatitis Unit at Dewsbury and District Hospital between 2004 and 2006, inclusive, were included in the study. All patients were patch tested to the British Contact Dermatitis Society standard series, plus other series according to their clinical history, occupational history and clinical findings. Results, Four hundred and thirty-five consecutive patients from the patch testing clinic were included in the study. Fewer patients from the Indian subcontinent underwent patch testing (11.5%) than would have been expected for the size of the local population (18%). Fewer patients from the Indian subcontinent (44%) had one or more positive reactions compared with the white European patients (56%). No significant differences in the contact allergens responsible were detected between the two racial groups. Conclusion, There is a lower incidence of positive patch test results among patients with racial origins from the Indian subcontinent compared with white Europeans. This modest difference could be explained by a lower average age within the study population, and increased or differing exposure to contact allergens rather than demonstration of variability in the susceptibility to develop contact sensitivities following equal exposure. [source] Importance of Cryphonectria parasitica stromata production and intermediate-pigmented isolates in spread of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 on grafted American chestnut treesFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2008E. P. Hogan Summary Large, surviving American chestnut trees, grafted in 1980, were inoculated in 1982 and 1983 with four ,white' European (French and Italian) hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria parasitica infected with Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). Spread of Italian CHV1-Euro7, indicated by nucleotide sequence analysis of CHV1 isolates, and a high level of blight control, occurred on these trees for over 20 years. However, the means by which CHV1 spreads and the possible role of stromata production in that spread are unknown. In this study, 249 C. parasitica isolates were recovered from stromata excised from natural cankers on the grafted trees and plated on an agar medium; 5.2% of the stromata yielded white phenotype isolates, 9.2% yielded intermediate-pigmented isolates (30,70% pigmentation) and the remainder were normal-pigmented isolates. For comparison, cankers artificially established on blight-free, forest-clear-cut American chestnut trees, following inoculation with three Italian white hypovirulent strains, were evaluated in a similar manner. Of 241 C. parasitica isolates recovered from stromata, 66.4% had a white colony phenotype, 19.1% had an intermediate-pigmented phenotype and the remainder were normal-pigmented isolates. For single conidia collected from stromata and plated, nearly equal frequencies of only white and intermediate-pigmented colony phenotypes were obtained. Following dsRNA extraction and electrophoresis, 21 of 33 intermediate-pigmented isolates were positive for CHV1. Some normal pigmented isolates also were positive for CHV1. Single-sporing a CHV1-positve, normal-pigmented, natural-canker, stroma isolate (Str 1) from the grafts resulted in several deeply red-orange pigmented (JR) isolates as well as some white isolates. The dsRNA in the JR isolate was extracted and cDNAs made by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for part of a region (p29) in ORF A. Nucleotide sequencing indicated 100% identity to CHV1 present in the inoculated Italian white strain, Ep 47. The results indicate that stromata production on the grafted trees may contribute to CHV1 spread, and the presence of CHV1 in intermediate-pigmented isolates and some normal pigmented isolates indicates these isolates, often overlooked, may be important in CHV1 spread and the high level of blight control on the grafted trees. [source] | ||||||||||