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Wheat Spikes (wheat + spike)

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Life Sciences85%

Selected Abstracts

Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Studies on Cellulose, Xylan and Pectin Degradation in Wheat Spikes Infected by Fusarium culmorum

JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2000
Z. Kang
The cell wall components cellulose, xylan and pectin in different tissues of noninoculated healthy and Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc-infected wheat spikes were localized by means of enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labelling techniques. The cell walls in the ovary, lemma and rachis of the healthy wheat spike showed labellings in different patterns and densities with cellulase-gold and xylanase-gold probes, as well as with the antipectin monoclonal antibody JIM7. The inter- and intracellular growth of the pathogen in the ovary, lemma and rachis of the infected wheat spike, not only caused pronounced alterations of cell walls and middle lamella matrices, but also led to marked modifications of cell wall components. The enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labellings in the infected host tissues revealed that the labelling densities for cellulose, xylan and pectin were significantly reduced in the cell walls of infected ovary, lemma and rachis as compared with corresponding healthy host tissues. The host cell walls in contact with or close to hyphae of the pathogen showed more marked morphological changes and much greater reduction of the labelling density than those in distance from the hyphae. These results provide evidence that F. culmorum may produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases and pectinases during infection and colonization of wheat spikes tissues. Furthermore, at the early stage of infection (e.g. 3 days after inoculation), the degradation of pectin was greater than that of cellulose and xylan in the cell walls of the same infected host tissues, indirectly suggesting that the pectinases may be secreted earlier or exert higher activities than cellulases and xylanases. Zusammenfassung Die Zellwandkomponenten Zellulose, Xylan und Pektin in verschiedenen Geweben von nicht inokulierten gesunden und Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. infizierten Weizenähren wurden mit Hilfe von Enzym-Gold- und Immun-Gold-Markierungstechniken nachgewiesen. Die Zellwände des Fruchtknotens der gesunden Ähre wiesen unterschiedliche Markierungsmuster und -dichten mit Zellulase-Gold- und Xylanase-Gold-Proben sowie mit dem monoklonalen Anti-Pektin Antikörper JIM7 auf. Das inter-und intrazelluläre Wachstum des Pathogens im Fruchtknoten, in der Deckspelze und Spindel der infizierten Ähre verursachte nicht nur ausgeprägte Veränderungen der Zellwände und der Matrix der Mittellamelle sondern führte auch zu deutlichen Modifikationen der Zellwandkomponenten. Die Enzym-Gold- und die Immun-Gold-Markierungen in den infizierten Wirtsgeweben ergaben deutlich verminderte Markierungsdichten für Zellulose, Xylan und Pektin in den Zellwänden des infizierten Fruchtknotens, der Deckspelze und Spindel im Vergleich zum entsprechenden gesunden Wirtsgewebe. Wirtszellwände, die sich in Kontakt mit den Hyphen oder in der Nähe der Hyphen des Pathogens befanden, zeigten deutlichere morphologische Veränderungen und stärkere Reduktionen der Markierungsdichten als die, die entfernt von Hyphen waren. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, da,F. culmorum zellwandabbauende Enzyme wie Zellulasen, Xylanasen und Pektinasen während der Infektion und Besiedlung der Gewebe von Weizenähren ausscheidet. Au,ierdem war im frühen Infektionsstadium (z. B. 3 Tage nach Inokulation) der Abbau von Pektin stärker als der von Zellulose und Xylan in den Zellwänden infizierter Wirtsgewebe. Dies deutet darauf hin, da, Pektinasen früher ausgeschieden werden oder stärkere Aktivität als Zellulasen und Xylanasen besitzen. [source]

Occurrence and Distribution of Microdochium and Fusarium Species Isolated from Durum Wheat in Northern Tunisia and Detection of Mycotoxins in Naturally Infested Grain

JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2009
Lobna Gargouri Kammoun
Abstract An outbreak of Fusarium Head Blight of durum wheat occurred in 2004 being localized in sub-humid and higher semi-arid region of Northern Tunisia. A mycological survey carried out throughout these regions, revealed that 78% of the prospected fields were infested. Results of the morphological and molecular identification, showed that the most common species isolated from diseased wheat spikes was Microdochium nivale var. nivale (63.5%), followed by Fusarium culmorum (26%), F. pseudograminearum (9%) and F. avenaceum (1.5%). To evaluate mycotoxin content of naturally infected grain, the amounts of trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grain from 45 fields were quantified by RIDASCREEN DON Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (ELISA). This study showed that the infection levels in freshly harvested grain were very low and the maximum deoxynivalenol (DON) level of the positive samples was 53 ppb. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of DON in naturally infected wheat grain sampled from Northern Tunisia. [source]

Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Studies on Cellulose, Xylan and Pectin Degradation in Wheat Spikes Infected by Fusarium culmorum

JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2000
Z. Kang
The cell wall components cellulose, xylan and pectin in different tissues of noninoculated healthy and Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc-infected wheat spikes were localized by means of enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labelling techniques. The cell walls in the ovary, lemma and rachis of the healthy wheat spike showed labellings in different patterns and densities with cellulase-gold and xylanase-gold probes, as well as with the antipectin monoclonal antibody JIM7. The inter- and intracellular growth of the pathogen in the ovary, lemma and rachis of the infected wheat spike, not only caused pronounced alterations of cell walls and middle lamella matrices, but also led to marked modifications of cell wall components. The enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labellings in the infected host tissues revealed that the labelling densities for cellulose, xylan and pectin were significantly reduced in the cell walls of infected ovary, lemma and rachis as compared with corresponding healthy host tissues. The host cell walls in contact with or close to hyphae of the pathogen showed more marked morphological changes and much greater reduction of the labelling density than those in distance from the hyphae. These results provide evidence that F. culmorum may produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases and pectinases during infection and colonization of wheat spikes tissues. Furthermore, at the early stage of infection (e.g. 3 days after inoculation), the degradation of pectin was greater than that of cellulose and xylan in the cell walls of the same infected host tissues, indirectly suggesting that the pectinases may be secreted earlier or exert higher activities than cellulases and xylanases. Zusammenfassung Die Zellwandkomponenten Zellulose, Xylan und Pektin in verschiedenen Geweben von nicht inokulierten gesunden und Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. infizierten Weizenähren wurden mit Hilfe von Enzym-Gold- und Immun-Gold-Markierungstechniken nachgewiesen. Die Zellwände des Fruchtknotens der gesunden Ähre wiesen unterschiedliche Markierungsmuster und -dichten mit Zellulase-Gold- und Xylanase-Gold-Proben sowie mit dem monoklonalen Anti-Pektin Antikörper JIM7 auf. Das inter-und intrazelluläre Wachstum des Pathogens im Fruchtknoten, in der Deckspelze und Spindel der infizierten Ähre verursachte nicht nur ausgeprägte Veränderungen der Zellwände und der Matrix der Mittellamelle sondern führte auch zu deutlichen Modifikationen der Zellwandkomponenten. Die Enzym-Gold- und die Immun-Gold-Markierungen in den infizierten Wirtsgeweben ergaben deutlich verminderte Markierungsdichten für Zellulose, Xylan und Pektin in den Zellwänden des infizierten Fruchtknotens, der Deckspelze und Spindel im Vergleich zum entsprechenden gesunden Wirtsgewebe. Wirtszellwände, die sich in Kontakt mit den Hyphen oder in der Nähe der Hyphen des Pathogens befanden, zeigten deutlichere morphologische Veränderungen und stärkere Reduktionen der Markierungsdichten als die, die entfernt von Hyphen waren. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, da,F. culmorum zellwandabbauende Enzyme wie Zellulasen, Xylanasen und Pektinasen während der Infektion und Besiedlung der Gewebe von Weizenähren ausscheidet. Au,ierdem war im frühen Infektionsstadium (z. B. 3 Tage nach Inokulation) der Abbau von Pektin stärker als der von Zellulose und Xylan in den Zellwänden infizierter Wirtsgewebe. Dies deutet darauf hin, da, Pektinasen früher ausgeschieden werden oder stärkere Aktivität als Zellulasen und Xylanasen besitzen. [source]

Differences in polymeric proteins among grains in spring wheat spikes

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 4 2006
A Andersson
Abstract A uniform amount and size distribution of polymeric proteins within grains in a spike might determine the stability of wheat quality. Two cultivars were grown to maturity in solution culture in a climate chamber. Nitrogen (N) in the form of nitrate was added daily and replaced with 15N before harvest. Plants were harvested during grain development. Protein composition and relationships of labelled N in grains from different spikelets within the spike were determined. Higher percentages of large unextractable polymeric proteins (%-LUPP) and total unextractable polymeric proteins (%-TUPP) were found in the lower- and uppermost spikelets in the spike compared with the middle ones for cv. WL, but not for cv. Sport. Both cultivars showed variations in the percentage of large unextractable monomeric proteins (%-LUMP) and total SDS-extractable protein (Tote) in the spikelets within the spike. The amount of total SDS-unextractable protein (Totu) did not vary for either of the cultivars. The spikelets within the spike showing high and low %-LUMP and Tote at maturity showed a similar behaviour shortly after flowering in cv. WL, but not in cv. Sport. The N concentration of SDS and sonicated extracts varied along the spikelets of the spike for both cultivars. The atom-% excess 15N decreased in cv. Sport SDS-extractable and -unextractable proteins and cv. WL albumins + globulins, gliadins and glutenins from grains at different spikelet positions along the spike. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

Geographic distribution and genetic diversity of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum on wheat spikes throughout China

PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
B. Qu
A large number of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum isolates were collected from wheat spikes from all regions in China with a history of fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemics. Isolates were analysed to investigate their genetic diversity and geographic distribution. Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) analyses of 437 isolates resolved both species, with 21% being F. graminearum (SCAR type 1) and 79% being F. asiaticum (SCAR type 5). AFLP profiles clearly resolved two groups, A and B, that were completely congruent with both species. However, more diversity was detected by AFLP, revealing several subgroups within each group. In many cases, even for isolates from the same district, AFLP haplotypes differed markedly. Phylogenetic analyses of multilocus DNA sequence data indicated that all isolates of SCAR type 1, AFLP group A were F. graminearum, whilst isolates of SCAR type 5, AFLP group B were F. asiaticum, demonstrating that it is an efficient method for differentiating these two species. Both species seem to have different geographic distributions within China. Fusarium graminearum was mainly obtained from wheat growing in the cooler regions where the annual average temperature was 15°C or lower. In contrast, the vast majority of F. asiaticum isolates were collected from wheat growing in the warmer regions where the annual average temperature is above 15°C and where FHB epidemics occur most frequently. This is the first report of the distribution of, and genetic diversity within, F. graminearum and F. asiaticum on wheat spikes throughout China. [source]