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Wheat Cultivars (wheat + cultivar)
Kinds of Wheat Cultivars Selected AbstractsCloning and Expression of Low Molecular Weight Glutenin Genes from the Chinese Elite Wheat Cultivar "Xiaoyan 54"JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Xin-Yu Wang Abstract The low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunits account for 40% of wheat gluten protein content by mass and these proteins are considered to significantly affect dough quality characteristics. Five new full-length LMW glutenin genes (designated LMW-5, LMW-7, LMW-42, LMW-58, and LMW-34) were isolated from the Chinese elite wheat cultivar "Xiaoyan 54" by PCR amplification of genomic DNA using a pair of degenerate primers designed from the conserved sequences of the N- and C-terminal regions of published LMW glutenin genes. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed that LMW-5 belongs to the LMW-i type genes and that the other four belong to LMW-m type genes. Sequence comparisons revealed that point mutations occasionally occurred in signal peptide and N-terminus domains and often existed in domain III and domain V. Small insertions and deletions are represented in the repetitive domain. There is a stop codon after amino acid position 110 in the repetitive domain of LMW-34, indicating that it is a pseudogene. The other four genes have complete open reading frames and the putative mature regions of these genes were subcloned into pET-30a expression vector and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis analysis showed that all proteins expressed in E. coli by the four genes could be related to B-group LMW glutenin subunits of wheat. (Managing editor: Li-Hui Zhao) [source] Allocation of Photosynthates and Grain Growth of Two Wheat Cultivars with Different Potential Grain Growth in Response to Pre- and Post-anthesis ShadingJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2003Z. Wang Abstract Grain yield in wheat is dependent on photosynthate production and allocation. Light intensity is one of the main factors affecting photosynthate production and allocation, and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine whether cultivars varying in grain number per spike and grain weight respond differently to pre-anthesis shading (PRE) and post-anthesis shading (POST), and to characterize the responses in production and allocation of photosynthate, yield and yield components, and spike traits. Both PRE and POST caused a decrease in both dry matter (DM) accumulation and allocation to grain. Cultivar Lumai 22, which has a large spike and large grains, was more sensitive to either PRE or POST. PRE reduced photosynthate production and partitioning to the spike in Lumai 22 at anthesis. In contrast, PRE had little influence on these parameters in the small-spike, small-grain cultivar Yannong 15. POST reduced the partitioning to the grain, especially in Lumai 22, for which marked reductions in biomass and grain yield were found for both the PRE and POST treatments. Changes in yield components attributable to shading varied with cultivars. The number of spikes m,2 was not affected by either PRE or POST. Lumai 22 was more seriously affected by shading than Yannong 15 in terms of grain number per spike and weight per grain. The decreases in grain number or weight per spikelet in both the PRE and POST treatments took place mainly in the upper and basal spikelets, especially in Lumai 22. We concluded that the adaptability of the small-spike, small-grain cultivar Yannong 15 to either PRE or POST was much greater than that of the large-spike, large-grain cultivar Lumai 22 in terms of many characteristics closely related to grain yield. Hence, we suggest that, in areas where low light intensity often occurs, the small-spike, small-grain cultivar would be more likely to produce high, stable grain yields. [source] Estimating Genetic Diversity in Durum and Bread Wheat Cultivars from Turkey using AFLP and SAMPL MarkersPLANT BREEDING, Issue 1 2008S. Alt Abstract Since 1925, more than 100 wheat varieties were developed and released in Turkey, and many more were introduced from abroad, but no systematic analysis of their genetic diversity has been performed yet. In this research, a total of 34 domestic and foreign cultivars (12 durum and 22 bread wheats), released in Turkey between 1936 and 2000, were fingerprinted by means of five amplified fragment length polymorphism and three selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) primer combinations, to evaluate their genetic variation and to determine the existence of cultivar-specific bands. Among the 344 amplicons scored, 214 were polymorphic. The primer combination EACG/MAGG yielded the highest number and the primer combination SAMPL,6/M AGA produced the lowest number of polymorphic bands. Most cultivars were molecularly very similar, although a few distinct ones (the durum wheat ,Kunduru,1149' and the bread wheat ,,kizce,96') were also identified. Seven cultivar-specific markers for different bread wheat cultivars (,Golia', ,Seri,82', ,Adana,99', ,Pandas' and ,Sertak,52') and six cultivar-specific markers for durum wheat cv ,Kunduru' were observed. Our results show that genetic diversity among old and present,day wheat cultivar commonly grown in Turkey is limited. [source] Predicting effective fungicide doses through observation of leaf emergencePLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2000N. D. Paveley Experimental data were used to test the hypothesis that the effective fungicide dose (ED) , the dose required to achieve a given level of disease suppression , varies in a predictable manner according to the pattern of development of the wheat canopy. Replicated and randomized field plots received a single systemic fungicide spray at either zero (control), 0·25, 0·5, 0·75 or 1·0 dose (the recommended dose), at one of eight timings from April to June. Wheat cultivars and locations for experiments were selected to promote epidemics of septoria tritici spot and yellow rust caused by Septoria tritici (anamorph of Mycosphaerella graminicola) and Puccinia striiformis, respectively. Logistic or exponential disease progress curves were fitted to disease severity data and used to estimate the date of disease onset (t0) and relative epidemic growth rate (r) on each leaf layer for each treatment. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were used to construct fungicide dose by spray timing response surfaces for each of the upper four leaves. A parsimonious function, with an exponential form in the dose,response dimension and a normal distribution in the timing dimension described a high proportion of the variation in AUDPC (R2 values ranging from 0·73 to 0·97). Consistent patterns of treatment effect were noted across pathogen species, leaf layers, sites and seasons. Fungicide applications that coincided with full leaf emergence delayed t0 on that leaf layer. Treatments applied after full leaf emergence did not delay t0, but reduced r. Progressively earlier or later treatments, or lower doses, had decreasing effects. AUDPC was affected more by t0 than r. AUDPC response surface parameter estimates showed that curvature of the dose,response was not affected by spray timing, but appeared to be a characteristic of the fungicide,pathogen combination. However, the lower asymptote of the dose,response curve, and hence the ED, varied substantially with spray timing. The pattern of change in ED with spray timing was consistent across a range of leaf layers, pathosystems and seasons, and the spray timing at which the ED was minimized varied only within a small range, around the time of leaf emergence. In contrast, variation in untreated disease severity, resulting from variation in initial inoculum and weather, was large. It was concluded that the main value of disease forecasting schemes may be in their capacity to predict the level of untreated disease, to which the economic optimum, or ,appropriate', dose relates. Spray timing determines the part of the canopy where disease will be efficiently controlled and hence the green leaf area saved. Timing decisions should relate to observations of emergence of those leaf layers important to yield. [source] Influence of Health and Environmental Information on Hedonic Evaluation of Organic and Conventional BreadJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008L.E. Annett ABSTRACT:, Grain from paired samples of the hard red spring wheat cultivar "Park" grown on both conventionally and organically managed land was milled and baked into 60% whole wheat bread. Consumers (n= 384) rated their liking of the bread samples on a 9-point hedonic scale before (blind) and after (labeled) receiving information about organic production. Consumers liked organic bread more (P < 0.05) than conventional bread under blind and labeled conditions. Environmental information about organic production did not impact consumer preference changes for organic bread, but health information coupled with sensory evaluation increased liking of organic bread. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and binary response (probit) regression models identified that postsecondary education, income level, frequency of bread consumption, and proenvironmental attitudes played a significant role in preference changes for organic bread. The techniques used in this study demonstrate that a combination of sensory and econometric techniques strengthens the evaluation of consumer food choice. [source] Cloning and Expression of Low Molecular Weight Glutenin Genes from the Chinese Elite Wheat Cultivar "Xiaoyan 54"JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Xin-Yu Wang Abstract The low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunits account for 40% of wheat gluten protein content by mass and these proteins are considered to significantly affect dough quality characteristics. Five new full-length LMW glutenin genes (designated LMW-5, LMW-7, LMW-42, LMW-58, and LMW-34) were isolated from the Chinese elite wheat cultivar "Xiaoyan 54" by PCR amplification of genomic DNA using a pair of degenerate primers designed from the conserved sequences of the N- and C-terminal regions of published LMW glutenin genes. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed that LMW-5 belongs to the LMW-i type genes and that the other four belong to LMW-m type genes. Sequence comparisons revealed that point mutations occasionally occurred in signal peptide and N-terminus domains and often existed in domain III and domain V. Small insertions and deletions are represented in the repetitive domain. There is a stop codon after amino acid position 110 in the repetitive domain of LMW-34, indicating that it is a pseudogene. The other four genes have complete open reading frames and the putative mature regions of these genes were subcloned into pET-30a expression vector and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis analysis showed that all proteins expressed in E. coli by the four genes could be related to B-group LMW glutenin subunits of wheat. (Managing editor: Li-Hui Zhao) [source] Studies on Symptom Development, Phenolic Compounds and Morphological Defence Responses in Wheat Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Fusarium Head BlightJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4-5 2002E. SIRANIDOU Abstracts Development of Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium culmorum, was evaluated in seven winter wheat cultivars and one spring wheat cultivar in an outdoor pot experiment. Of the cultivars studied, only the spring wheat cultivar Frontana exhibited resistance against initial infection by the fungus. Significantly higher amounts of free phenolic compounds were found in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of Frontana prior to and at all sampling times after inoculation, in comparison to the winter wheat cultivar Agent. Furthermore, the amount of p -coumaric acid increased significantly in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of the cultivar Frontana 2 days after inoculation compared to that in uninoculated spike tissues. However, the amounts of ferulic acid between inoculated and healthy plant tissues did not differ. Ultrastructural studies indicated more pronounced structural defence responses, such as cell wall appositions, in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana compared with the susceptible Agent 3 days after inoculation. Immunogold labelling of lignin revealed no differences in the density of gold particles on the cell walls of healthy lemma tissue in the two cultivars. However, density of particles increased in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana on cell walls adjacent to the fungal cells, 3 days after inoculation. The susceptible cultivar Agent showed little or no response to the infection. Phenolic compounds appear to play a role in the resistance of the cultivar Frontana to F. culmorum. [source] Development of a bulgur-like product using extrusion cookingJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 7 2003Hamit Köksel Abstract In this study we (1) developed a new bulgur-like foodstuff using a durum wheat cultivar and an extrusion technique, (2) investigated the physicochemical properties of the extrudates produced and (3) sensorially evaluated the end-product after cooking. Durum wheat was processed in a laboratory-scale co-rotating twin-screw extruder with different levels of moisture content of the feed (367, 417 and 455,g,kg,1), screw speed (150 and 200,rpm) and feed rate (2.4 and 2.9,kg,h,1) to develop the bulgur-like product. The effects of extrusion conditions on system variables (die pressure and specific mechanical energy (SME)), physical properties (die swell and bulk density), pasting properties (peak, trough and final viscosities) and cooking and sensory properties of the bulgur-like products were determined. The results indicated that increased feed moisture content resulted in significant decreases in the die pressure and SME values of the extruded durum wheat products. As the moisture content and screw speed increased, the changes in die swell values were not significant. The lowest die swell and highest bulk density values were obtained at the highest feed moisture content. The extrusion variables also affected the pasting properties of the extrudates. Significant increases in each of the pasting properties occurred when the moisture content of the feed was increased. Some of the sensory properties (bulkiness, firmness, stickiness and taste,aroma) improved significantly as the feed moisture content increased, indicating better quality. Increased feed moisture content significantly improved cooking quality as determined by a decrease in colorimetric test results. Extrusion seems to be promising for the production of dry, relatively inexpensive bulgur-like products with acceptable sensory properties. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Aphid parasitoids detect that an alien plant was present nearby during their developmentPHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2002H. F. Van Emden Abstract Glasshouse and laboratory experiments were conducted with Aphidius rhopalosiphi parasitizing Metopolophium dirhodum to test whether the presence in the same environment of another plant species (tomato or marigold) induced aerial allelopathy in wheat plants. Emerging parasitoids were offered the choice of two odours of wheat plants in an olfactometer , wheat grown alone and wheat grown in the presence of the second plant species. Female parasitoids responded more strongly than males, but both sexes preferred the odour of wheat grown in the environment in which they had developed (i.e. with or without the second plant species present). Moving the tomato plants from the cages where they had been placed with wheat to the cages that had previously had wheat alone just before the aphid mummy formed showed that the odour environment the emerging parasitoid responded to was that of the mummy rather than that of the developing parasitoid larva. From this it was concluded that the parasitoids in the olfactometer were responding not only to wheat volatiles, but also to tomato volatiles absorbed on the surface of the mummy and encountered by the emerging adult parasitoid. By excising the parasitoid pupa from the mummy formed on one wheat cultivar, and offering the emerging parasitoids the surface of aphid mummies formed on a different cultivar, it was confirmed that olfactometer responses represented a learning of the chemistry of the surface of the mummy encountered at or after emergence. [source] Estimating Genetic Diversity in Durum and Bread Wheat Cultivars from Turkey using AFLP and SAMPL MarkersPLANT BREEDING, Issue 1 2008S. Alt Abstract Since 1925, more than 100 wheat varieties were developed and released in Turkey, and many more were introduced from abroad, but no systematic analysis of their genetic diversity has been performed yet. In this research, a total of 34 domestic and foreign cultivars (12 durum and 22 bread wheats), released in Turkey between 1936 and 2000, were fingerprinted by means of five amplified fragment length polymorphism and three selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) primer combinations, to evaluate their genetic variation and to determine the existence of cultivar-specific bands. Among the 344 amplicons scored, 214 were polymorphic. The primer combination EACG/MAGG yielded the highest number and the primer combination SAMPL,6/M AGA produced the lowest number of polymorphic bands. Most cultivars were molecularly very similar, although a few distinct ones (the durum wheat ,Kunduru,1149' and the bread wheat ,,kizce,96') were also identified. Seven cultivar-specific markers for different bread wheat cultivars (,Golia', ,Seri,82', ,Adana,99', ,Pandas' and ,Sertak,52') and six cultivar-specific markers for durum wheat cv ,Kunduru' were observed. Our results show that genetic diversity among old and present,day wheat cultivar commonly grown in Turkey is limited. [source] Evaluation of common wheat cultivars for tan spot resistance and chromosomal location of a resistance gene in the cultivar ,Salamouni'PLANT BREEDING, Issue 4 2006W. Tadesse Abstract A total of 50 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were evaluated for resistance to tan spot, using Pyrenophora tritici-repentis race 1 and race 5 isolates. The cultivars ,Salamouni', ,Red Chief', ,Dashen', ,Empire' and ,Armada' were resistant to isolate ASC1a (race 1), whereas 76% of the cultivars were susceptible. Chi-squared analysis of the F2 segregation data of hybrids between 20 monosomic lines of the wheat cultivar ,Chinese Spring' and the resistant cultivar ,Salamouni' revealed that tan spot resistance in ,Salamouni' was controlled by a single recessive gene located on chromosome 3A. This gene is designated tsn4. The resistant cultivars identified in this study are recommended for use in breeding programmes to improve tan spot resistance in common wheat. [source] Effect of the ph1b mutant on chromosome pairing in hybrids between Dasypyrum villosum and Triticum aestivumPLANT BREEDING, Issue 4 2001M. Q. Yu Abstract Chromosome pairing was analysed in F1 hybrids of the wheat cultivar ,Chinese Spring' (CS) and its ph1b mutant (CSphlb) with Dasypyrum villosum. On average, 1.61 chromosomes per cell paired in the hybrid CS ×D. villosum, but 14.43 in the hybrid CS ph1b×D. villosum. Genomic fluorescence in situ hybridization (GISH) revealed three types of homoeologous association between wheat (W) and D. villosum (D) chromosomes (W-D, D-W-W and D-W-D) in pollen mother cells of the CS ph1b×D. villosum hybrid, and only one type (W-W), in the CS ×D. villosum hybrid. Both F1 hybrids were self-sterile. The seed set of the backcross of CS ×D. villosum with CS was 6.67% and that of CS ph1b×D. villosum with CS or CS ph1b was only 0.45%. The chromosome number of BC1 plants varied from 48 to 72. Translocations of chromosome segments or entire arms between wheat and D. villosum chromosomes were detected by GISH in the BC1 plants from the backcross of CS ph1b×D. villosum to CS ph1b. [source] Integration of AFLP markers into an RFLP-based map of durum wheatPLANT BREEDING, Issue 5 2000C. Lotti Abstract Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a powerful technique which can readily be applied to a wide range of species for mapping purposes. AFLPs were added to a linkage map of durum wheat constructed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The mapping population included 65 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the durum wheat cultivar ,Messapia' and accession ,MG4343' of the wild Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Körn.). Genomic DNA was digested with MseI (4-cutter) and Sse83871 (8-cutter). Using a silver-staining protocol, 14 primer combinations revealed 421 clearly scorable amplicons including 100 polymorphisms. The presence of nine pairs of bands linked in repulsion phase with each pair generated by one primer combination suggested the presence of codominant alleles; sequence analysis of four band pairs confirmed their codominant nature. The integration of 80 AFLP loci extended the map in several telomeric regions, reduced the size of four large gaps present in the previous map, and eliminated one gap. The new map obtained after the inclusion of the 80 AFLP loci and eight additional RFLP loci spans 2063cM which represent a 52.6% increment compared with the previous map. Compared with the distribution of RFLPs, no significant clustering of AFLP markers was observed. [source] Molecular markers linked to the Aegilops variabilis -derived root-knot nematode resistance gene Rkn-mn1 in wheatPLANT BREEDING, Issue 2 2000D. Barloy Abstract Aegilops variabilis no. 1 is the only known source of resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi in wheat. Previous studies showed that a dominant gene, Rkn-mn1, was transferred to a wheat translocation line from the donor Ae. variabilis. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on the wheat cultivar ,Lutin', on Ae. variabilis, on a resistant disomic addition line and on a resistant translocation line. For genetic and molecular studies, 114-117 BC3F2 plants and F3 -derived families were tested. Five DNA and one isozyme marker were linked to Rkn-mn1. Three RAPD markers flanking the Rkn-mn1 locus were mapped at 0 cM (OpY16 -1065), 0.8 cM (OpB12 -1320) and 1.7 cM (OpN20 -1235), respectively. Since the Rkn-mn1 gene remained effective, its introduction into different wheat cultivars by marker-assisted selection is suggested. [source] Molecular marker-facilitated pyramiding of different genes for powdery mildew resistance in wheatPLANT BREEDING, Issue 1 2000J. Liu Abstract Breeding durable resistance to pathogens and pests is a major task for modern plant breeders and pyramiding different resistance genes into a genotype is one way of achieving this. Three powdery mildew resistance gene combinations, Pm2+Pm4a, Pm2+Pm21, Pm4a+Pm21 were successfully integrated into an elite wheat cultivar ,Yang047,. Double homozygotes were selected from a small F2 population with the help of molecular markers. As the parents were near-isogenic lines (NILs) of ,Yang158,, the progenies showed good uniformity in morphological and other non-resistance agronomic traits. The present work illustrates the bright prospects for the utilization of molecular markers in breeding for host resistance. [source] Comparative proteomic and transcriptional profiling of a bread wheat cultivar and its derived transgenic line overexpressing a low molecular weight glutenin subunit gene in the endospermPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 14 2008Federico Scossa Abstract We carried out a parallel transcriptional and proteomic comparison of seeds from a transformed bread wheat line that overexpresses a transgenic low molecular weight glutenin subunit gene relative to the corresponding nontransformed genotype. Proteomic analyses showed that, during seed development, several classes of endosperm proteins were differentially accumulated in the transformed endosperm. As a result of the strong increase in the amount of the transgenic protein, the endogenous glutenin subunit, all subclasses of gliadins, and metabolic as well as chloroform/methanol soluble proteins were diminished in the transgenic genotype. The differential accumulation detected by proteomic analyses, both in mature and developing seeds, was paralleled by the corresponding changes in transcript levels detected by microarray experiments. Our results suggest that the most evident effect of the strong overexpression of the transgenic glutenin gene consists in a global compensatory response involving a significant decrease in the amounts of polypeptides belonging to the prolamin superfamily. It is likely that such compensation is a consequence of the diversion of amino acid reserves and translation machinery to the synthesis of the transgenic glutenin subunit. [source] Beauvericin Decreases Cell Viability of WheatCHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 8 2009Antonia, robárová Abstract Recently, beauvericin (BEA) has been recognized as an important toxic compound synthesized by several Fusarium strains, infecting maize, wheat, and rice, worldwide. The effects of BEA on mammalian cells have been studied; however, its effects on the function of host plant cells are largely unknown. The purpose of our work was to assess whether BEA can affect the root and leaf cells of wheat cultivar (cv.) ,Arina' seedlings, using a cytotoxicity assay and fluorescence microscopy. Toxigenicity during wheat germination was higher in BEA-treated wheat seedlings than in non-treated seedlings (control). Leaf primordial, situated at the base and the tips of treated leaves, were more affected by BEA compared to the control when assayed in medium for cell viability measured by luminescent equipment. BEA-Treated plant cells secrete adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the extracellular matrix and invoke more luminescence by luciferase than the non-treated seedlings. Our results were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy following ,4,,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole' (DAPI) staining and by confocal microscopy. In addition, the bioluminescent protein luciferase was observed in the intracellular space indicating presence of ATP. The incidence of nuclear fragmentation increased significantly in cells of seedlings treated with BEA at 40,,M concentration implying that the intracellular phytotoxin BEA plays an important role, possibly as a mediator in cell-death signalling. [source] Lignan profile in seeds of modern and old Italian soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars as revealed by CE-MS analysesELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 22 2007Giovanni Dinelli Professor Abstract The health-promoting effects of whole-grain consumption have been attributed in part to their unique phytochemical contents and profiles. Wheat is an important component of the human diet; however, little is known about the phytochemical profiles of different wheat varieties, especially of old wheats. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of lignans, a class of phytochemicals with proved health benefit effects, of four modern and six old Italian soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. In this work, we describe the first analytical method involving CE coupled to MS (CE-MS) used to identify and quantify lignan compounds in grains of different cultivars of wheat. Total lignan content determined by CE-ESI-MS was 2.60,±,0.21 and 5.00,±,1.30,,g/g dry seed weight for modern and old cultivars, respectively. Secoisolariciresinol and pinoresinol were detected in all ten investigated soft wheat cultivars, whereas arctigenin, hinokinin, and syringaresinol were exclusively detected in old genotypes. Significant differences between modern and old cultivars were also observed for the number of glycosidic forms. Results highlighted the high content and unique composition in lignans of old cultivars suggesting their uses into a wide range of regular and speciality food products naturally enriched with health-promoting compounds. [source] Classification of protein content and technological properties of eighteen wheat varieties grown in IranINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2006Mohammad Ali Sahari Summary The best method for wheat planning and its food industrial usage is evaluation of its technological properties. Classification of protein content and some technological properties of eighteen important Iranian wheat cultivars were investigated. Statistical analysis revealed, highest protein content (11%), protein quality (SDS = 35.6 mL), hardness degree (63%), in Rooshan of Karaj (I), Zagroos of Ahvaz (K) and Marvdasht of Karaj (O) varieties, respectively. On the basis of the quality, the Zagross of Ahvaz (K), Zarrine of Aurumieh (L), Rooshan of Karaj (I), and Chamran of Ahvaz (D) varieties were recognized for their farinograph and extensograph characteristics (water absorption = 61,65%, dough development time = 2.3,5.3 min, dough stability to break down = 15,19.3 min, mixing tolerance index = 22.3,32.3 BU, valorimetry index = 55,64.3 Unit, maximum resistance to extension = 134,450 BU, dough energy = 11.3,100.3 cm2 and extensibility = 156,179 mm). The dendrogram was classified into four groups and in general, the wheat cultivar K was the most separated from the other cultivars, followed by L and I. [source] Studies on the quality of Turkish flat breads based on blends of triticale and wheat flourINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2005kuner Summary The effect of different levels of triticale flour on the rheological and sensory characteristics of a range of Turkish flat breads made with blends of triticale with two bread wheat cultivars (K,nac, 97 and Daǧda, 94) was studied. Wheat flour was replaced with triticale flour at 20, 40, 50, 60 and 80% levels. Bread samples were tested for shape and symmetry, crust colour, crumb colour and structure, mouth-feel, taste and aroma and flexibility. All bread types had high overall sensory scores and they were considered acceptable. Analysis of variance (anova) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Daǧda, 94 and Triticale blends are more suitable than K,nac, 97 and Triticale blends for bazlama, yufka and lavash production. Results show that Triticale-wheat flour blends can be successfully used for the production of flat breads. Dough and sensory properties of triticale-wheat flour blends were highly cultivar specific and dependent on blend proportion. [source] Phytate and mineral content in different milling fractions of some Pakistani spring wheatsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Faqir M. Anjum Six Pakistani wheat cultivars, namely C-273, Inqulab-91, Pasban-90, Parwaz-94, Shahkar-95 and Rohtas-90, were included in the present study. The kernel weight of the wheat cultivars varied from 31.43 to 36.76 g (per thousand kernels), Parwaz-94 having the highest and Rohtas-90 having the lowest. The test weight of cultivars ranged from 70.23 (Shakar-95) to 76.13 kg hL,1 (Pasban-90). The bran contained the highest amount of phytic acid (6.12%) in C-273 followed by whole-wheat flour (2.23%) in Inqulab-91, and straight-grade flour (0.24%) in Parwaz-94. The phytate content was reduced during the baking of bread and chapati. The bread scores and other quality characteristics varied significantly among cultivars. The total bread scores ranged from 35.20 to 42.00, out of a possible fifty, with Parwaz-94 being the highest. The concentration of minerals varied widely in different milling fractions of various wheat cultivars. The concentration of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn ranged from 5.00 to 52.50, 26 to 147.50, 0.00 to 97.00, 9.0 to 80.80 ppm, respectively, in different milling fractions of the wheat cultivars. The total chapati scores ranged from 22.40 to 24.20 of a possible score of 30. The minimum chapati scores were found in Rohtas-90 and Parwaz-94, while Inqulab-91 produced the maximum score. [source] Heat Shock Protein in Developing Grains in Relation to Thermotolerance for Grain Growth in WheatJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010P. Sharma-Natu Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvs DL 153-2 and HD 2285 (relatively tolerant), HD 2329 and WH 542 (relatively susceptible), were grown under normal (27 November) and late (28 December) sown conditions. In another experiment, these cultivars were grown under normal sowing and at anthesis stage, they were transferred to control (C) and heated (H) open top chambers (OTCs). Under late sowing, wheat cultivars were exposed to a mean maximum temperature of up to 3.6 °C higher than normal sowing and in H-OTCs, mean maximum temperature was 3.2 °C higher than C-OTCs during grain growth period. Heat susceptibility index (S) for grain growth and grain yield was determined at maturity in both the experiments. The level of heat shock protein (HSP 18) in the developing grains was determined in C- and H-OTC grown plants and in normal and late sown plants by Western blot analysis. The moderately high temperature exposure increased the accumulation of HSP 18 in the developing grains. The relatively tolerant cultivars, as also revealed from S, showed a greater increase in HSP 18 compared with susceptible types in response to moderate heat stress. An association of HSP 18 with thermotolerance for grain growth in wheat was indicated. [source] Changes in Frost Resistance of Wheat Young Ears with Development During Jointing StageJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008X. Zhong Abstract During the jointing stage, the frost resistance of young ears (FRYE) was tested each day for the main stem, and also for the first, second and third tillers of the wheat cultivars Jinmai 47 and Jing 411. At the same time, the developmental progression of young ears (DPYE) of the same four shoots was also recorded each day. In the shoots of both cultivars, FRYE decreased as development advanced through the jointing stage. FRYE dropped off particularly sharply at the point when the anther connective tissue formation phase (ACFP) started. Shoots developing later, though with lower levels of soluble sugar, tended to suffer less from frost injury than those developing earlier. Frost resistance of 12 cultivars (six early- and six late-maturing) was evaluated at ACFP. The results indicate that only one cultivar (Xin 11) is frost resistant, with no significant differences appearing among the other 11 cultivars. The results suggest that DPYE is an important factor affecting FRYE. Evaluation of frost resistance of wheat cultivars should thus be performed at the same phase to obtain a true measure of frost resistance. The early ACFP phase is suggested as being the most appropriate one for frost resistance evaluation. [source] Relationship between Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Grain Yield in Spring Wheat Cultivated under Different Water RegimesJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2007Xing Xu Abstract In C3 plants, carbon isotope discrimination (,) has been proposed as an indirect selection criterion for grain yield. Reported correlations between , and grain yield however, differ highly according to the analyzed organ or tissue, the stage of sampling, and the environment and water regime. In a first experiment carried out in spring wheat during two consecutive seasons in the dry conditions of northwest Mexico (Ciudad Obregon, Sonora), different water treatments were applied, corresponding to the main water regimes available to spring wheat worldwide, and the relationships between , values of different organs and grain yield were examined. Under terminal (post-anthesis) water stress, grain yield was positively associated with , in grain at maturity and in leaf at anthesis, confirming results previously obtained under Mediterranean environments. Under early (pre-anthesis) water stress and residual moisture stress, the association between grain , and yield was weaker and highly depended on the quantity of water stored in the soil at sowing. No correlation was found between , and grain yield under optimal irrigation. The relationship between , and grain yield was also studied during two consecutive seasons in 20 bread wheat cultivars in the Ningxia region (Northern China), characterized by winter drought (pre-anthesis water stress). Wheat was grown under rainfed conditions in two locations (Guyuan and Pengyang) and under irrigated conditions in another two (Yinchuan and Huinong). In Huinong, the crop was also exposed to salt stress. Highly significant positive associations were found between leaf and grain , and grain yields across the environments. The relationship between , and yield within environments highly depended on the quantity of water stored in the soil at sowing, the quantity and distribution of rainfall during the growth cycle, the presence of salt in the soil, and the occurrence of irrigation before anthesis. These two experiments confirmed the value of , as an indirect selection criterion for yield and a phenotyping tool under post-anthesis water stress (including limited irrigation). [source] Characterization of Wheat Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers Associated with the H11 Hessian Fly Resistance GeneJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 8 2006Dhia Bouktila Abstract In Tunisia, the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor Say is a major pest of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.). Genetic resistance is the most efficient and economical method of control of this pest. To date, 31 resistance genes, designated H1,H31, have been identified in wheat. These genes condition resistance to the insect genes responsible for virulence. Using wheat cultivars differing for the presence of an individual Hessian fly resistance gene and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, we have identified a polymorphic 386-bp DNA marker (Xgmib1-1A.1) associated with the H11 Hessian fly resistance gene. Blast analysis showed a high identity with a short region in the wild wheat (T. monococcum) genome, adjacent to the leaf rust resistance Lr10 gene. A genetic linkage was reported between this gene (Lr10) and Hessian fly response in wheat. These data were used for screening Hessian fly resistance in Tunisian wheat germplasm. Xgmib1-1A.1-like fragments were detected in four Tunisian durum and bread wheat varieties. Using these varieties in Hessian fly breeding programs in Tunisia would be of benefit in reducing the damage caused by this fly. (Managing editor: Li-Hui Zhao) [source] Variation in Aggressiveness of Stagonospora nodorum Isolates in North DakotaJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008S. Ali Abstract Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by Stagonospora nodorum, is an important disease in the northern Great Plains of the United States and in other wheat-producing regions in the world. SNB can be managed by different strategies including the use of resistant cultivars. Genetic variation in the pathogen populations is one of the important factors in the development of durable resistant cultivars. Our main objective was to determine variation in aggressiveness/virulence in the 40 isolates of S. nodorum collected from various locations in North Dakota. To achieve this goal, we tested the isolates on two susceptible wheat cultivars (cvs ,ND495' and ,Alsen') and two resistant wheat cultivars (cvs ,Erik' and ,Salamouni') , two-leaf-stage seedlings under controlled conditions. Aggressiveness of each isolate was characterized by the two epidemiological parameters: percent necrotic leaf area (% NLA) and lesion type (LT) 8 days post-inoculation. The isolates differed significantly (P , 0.05) for % NLA and LT, and were grouped into three aggressiveness groups (AG): low, medium and highly aggressive. Four isolates (S50, S57, S66 and S89) induced 18,26% NLA and were included into the low aggressive group (AG 1). Three isolates (S15, S39 and S89) induced 57,59% NLA and were considered highly aggressive (AG 3). Thirty-three isolates were medium aggressive (AG 2). No relationship between AG and mating types was observed. There were significant (P , 0.05) differences in % NLA and LT among wheat cultivars. Significant wheat cultivars by isolates interaction was also demonstrated, suggesting evidence for the existence of host specificity in this system. Overall, our results indicate that S. nodorum isolates prevalent in North Dakota varied greatly in their aggressiveness and that AG 3 isolates can be utilized in breeding wheat for resistance to SNB. [source] Components of Partial Disease Resistance in Wheat Detected in a Detached Leaf Assay Inoculated with Microdochium majus using First, Second and Third Expanding Seedling LeavesJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2006R. A. Browne Abstract The use of first, second and third expanding seedling leaves of wheat (L1, L2 and L3 respectively), inoculated with conidial suspensions of Microdochium majus (syn. Microdochium nivale var. majus) in a detached leaf assay, for detecting components of partial disease resistance (PDR) was investigated across a range of wheat cultivars. Incubation periods (period from inoculation to first appearance of symptoms; a dull grey,green water-soaked lesion) and latent periods (period from inoculation to the first appearance of sporodochia) were longest and lesions smallest on L3. The expression of PDR components on L2 was intermediate to those on L1 and L3. The longer latent periods on L3 typically occurred after leaf senescence contrasting with latent periods on L1 and L2 where sporulation most frequently occurred on relatively green leaf tissue. Cultivar differences in the first appearance of symptoms, incubation period, which occurred before any leaf senescence was observed, correlated significantly across all leaf positions. Similarly cultivar differences in latent period were correlated for L1 and L2. However, latent periods on L3, which were the least consistent between cultivars across experiments, were not correlated with those of L1 or L2 in any experiment. The results indicate that due to the delay in sporulation until after leaf senescence, observations on latent period in L3 are less representative of what occurs in the whole plant where infection of living tissue is of greatest interest. This work indicates that the selection of the first or second expanding leaf of wheat is optimal for the use in the detached leaf assay using M. majus for studying components of PDR. [source] Ultrastructural and Immunocytochemical Studies on Effects of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus , Infection on Fusarium Head Blight, Caused by Fusarium graminearum, in Wheat PlantsJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Y. Liu Abstract The interactions between barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, were studied in the two winter wheat cultivars (cvs.), Agent (susceptible to FHB) and Petrus (moderately resistant to FHB), using ultrastructural and immunocytochemical methods. Infections of wheat plants of both cvs. by BYDV increased susceptibility to FHB. BYDV infection caused numerous cytological changes in lemma tissue of both cvs. such as formation of vesicles in the cytoplasm, degradation of fine structures of chloroplasts of both cvs. and accumulation of large starch grains in the chloroplasts. Electron microscopical studies showed that the development of F. graminearum on spike surfaces was not affected in BYDV-infected plants. After penetration and intercellular growth in lemma tissue, defence responses to Fusarium infections were markedly reduced in BYDV-diseased plants compared to the tissue of virus-free plants. At sites of contact of fungal cells with host tissue, depositions of cell wall material were distinctly less pronounced than in tissues of virus-free plants of cv. Petrus. Detection of , -1,3-glucanases and chitinases in lemma tissue of cv. Agent revealed no appreciably increased accumulation of both defence enzymes in F. graminearum -infected virus-free and BYDV-infected tissues compared to the non-infected control tissue. On the other hand, in cv. Petrus, infection with F. graminearum induced a markedly enhanced activity of both enzymes 3 days after inoculation. The increase of both enzyme activities was less pronounced in BYDV-infected plants than in tissue exclusively infected with F. graminearum. Cytological studies suggest that in contrast to the susceptible cv. Agent postinfectional defence responses may play still an important role in the resistance of the moderately resistant cv. Petrus to FHB. [source] Progress in Wheat Resistance to Spot Blotch in BangladeshJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2006A. B. Siddique Abstract Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is considered one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the warm areas of South Asia. Over the past 20 years, wheat breeding efforts in the region have improved spot blotch resistance in susceptible commercial cultivars. This study assessed resistance and spot blotch-induced yield losses in newly released wheat cultivars developed in Bangladesh since the release of the landmark wheat variety ,Kanchan'. Replicated field studies were conducted during the 2003 and 2004 wheat seasons at two sites: a farmer's field and a research station in a warm region of Bangladesh where spot blotch has been a serious problem. Spot blotch affected 60% of the crop and caused yield losses of from 2% to 22%. Disease severity and disease-induced grain yield reductions were less in wheat genotypes developed since 1983, with a corresponding trend towards higher yield in newly developed varieties. The level of resistance to spot blotch in the new cultivars and advanced breeding lines represents considerable progress in breeding for resistance over the past two decades. [source] Studies on Symptom Development, Phenolic Compounds and Morphological Defence Responses in Wheat Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Fusarium Head BlightJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4-5 2002E. SIRANIDOU Abstracts Development of Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium culmorum, was evaluated in seven winter wheat cultivars and one spring wheat cultivar in an outdoor pot experiment. Of the cultivars studied, only the spring wheat cultivar Frontana exhibited resistance against initial infection by the fungus. Significantly higher amounts of free phenolic compounds were found in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of Frontana prior to and at all sampling times after inoculation, in comparison to the winter wheat cultivar Agent. Furthermore, the amount of p -coumaric acid increased significantly in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of the cultivar Frontana 2 days after inoculation compared to that in uninoculated spike tissues. However, the amounts of ferulic acid between inoculated and healthy plant tissues did not differ. Ultrastructural studies indicated more pronounced structural defence responses, such as cell wall appositions, in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana compared with the susceptible Agent 3 days after inoculation. Immunogold labelling of lignin revealed no differences in the density of gold particles on the cell walls of healthy lemma tissue in the two cultivars. However, density of particles increased in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana on cell walls adjacent to the fungal cells, 3 days after inoculation. The susceptible cultivar Agent showed little or no response to the infection. Phenolic compounds appear to play a role in the resistance of the cultivar Frontana to F. culmorum. [source] | ||||||||||||||||