Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
West
Kinds of West Terms modified by West Selected AbstractsAPPLYING NORTH'S LAWS OF MOTION TO THE EDGE OF THE WESTECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2009Saad Azmat This paper uses Douglass North's theories of institutional economics to explain progress in Muslim Spain. It argues that it was efficient economic institutions in the guise of a free-market economy where the property rights of different strata of society were well protected, which ensured lasting prosperity. This paper postulates that while a population explosion could have been responsible for the initial growth in Spain, it was an efficient formal,informal institutional matrix that ensured a high level of long-term growth. [source] CAN GLOBALISATION DEPRESS LIVING STANDARDS IN THE WEST?ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2005E. J. Mishan This article argues that unguarded optimism among liberal economists in the West as to the social and economic consequences of globalisation is misguided. Increased and freer international trade may depress living standards in the West as firms move production to those countries where factors of production (including labour) are cheaper and immigrants from poorer countries depress wages in wealthier nations. [source] THE NON-PENNSYLVANIA TOWN: DIFFUSION OF URBAN PLAN FORMS IN THE AMERICAN WEST,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2006MICHAEL P. CONZEN ABSTRACT. Wilbur Zelinsky's classic 1977 account of the Pennsylvania town as a cultural place type,the urban component of the nationally influential Pennsylvanian culture region,acknowledged that it was not exported intact across the successive western frontiers of the United States. But, aside from Edward Price's specialized study of courthouse squares, we know little that is systematic about how town-planning ideas diffused across the continent. This investigation offers evidence from the Willamette Valley in Oregon of the eventual variety and geographical distribution of town-platting conventions that developed in this Pacific Coast "destination' setting and the possible provenance in the Ohio Valley of certain early Oregonian town-plan features. The evidence raises questions about the resilience of town-planning conventions in light of the distance carried, cultural time lags, and changing ideas about best practice and local suitability. [source] Documenting Loss of Large Trophy Fish from the Florida Keys with Historical PhotographsCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009LOREN McCLENACHAN arrecifes de coral; ecología histórica; directrices cambiantes; peces de arrecife; sobrepesca Abstract:,A loss of large vertebrates has occurred in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but data to measure long-term population changes are sparse. Historical photographs provide visual and quantitative evidence of changes in mean individual size and species composition for groups of marine fish that have been targeted by sport fishing. I measured such trends for 13 groups of recreationally caught "trophy" reef fish with photographs taken in Key West, Florida, from 1956 to 2007. The mean fish size declined from an estimated 19.9 kg (SE 1.5) to 2.3 kg (SE 0.3), and there was a major shift in species composition. Landings from 1956 to 1960 were dominated by large groupers (Epinephelus spp.), and other large predatory fish were commonly caught, including sharks with an average length of just <2 m. In contrast, landings in 2007 were composed of small snappers (Lutjanus spp. and Ocyurus chrysurus) with an average length of 34.4 cm (SE 0.62), and the average length of sharks declined by more than 50% over 50 years. Major declines in the size of fish caught were not reflected in the price of fishing trips, so customers paid the same amount for a less-valuable product. Historical photographs provide a window into a more pristine coral reef ecosystem that existed a half a century ago and lend support to current observations that unfished reef communities are able to support large numbers of large-bodied fish. Resumen:,Una pérdida de vertebrados mayores ha ocurrido en ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres, pero los datos para medir los cambios poblaciones a largo plazo son escasos. Las fotografías históricas proporcionan evidencia visual y cuantitativa de cambios en el tamaño individual promedio y de la composición de especies en grupos de peces marinos que han sido blanco de la pesca deportiva. Medí esas tendencias en 13 grupos de peces de arrecife capturados recreativamente como "trofeos" mediante fotografías tomadas en Key West, Florida, desde 1956 a 2007. El peso promedio de los peces declinó de unos 19.9 kg (ES 1.5) a 2.3 kg (ES 0.3), y hubo un cambio mayor en la composición de especies. Las capturas entre 1956 y 1960 estuvieron dominadas por meros (Epinephelus spp.) grandes, y otros peces depredadores eran capturados comúnmente, incluyendo tiburones con una longitud promedio de poco menos de 2m. En contraste, las capturas en 2007 fueron compuestas de pargos (Lutjanus spp. y Ocyurus chrysurus) pequeños con una longitud promedio de 34.4 cm (ES 0.62), y la longitud promedio de los tiburones declinó más de 50% en 50 años. La gran declinación en el tamaño de los peces capturados no se reflejó en los precios de los viajes de pesca, así que los clientes pagaron la misma cantidad por un producto menos valioso. Las fotografías históricas proporcionan una visión de un ecosistema arrecifal coralino prístino que existió hace medio siglo y proporcionan soporte a los comentarios actuales de que las comunidades arrecifales no explotadas son capaces de soportar numerosos peces de talla grande. [source] Hunting for Consensus: Reconciling Bushmeat Harvest, Conservation, and Development Policy in West and Central AfricaCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007ELIZABETH L. BENNETT First page of article [source] Forest Stand Dynamics and Livestock Grazing in Historical ContextCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005MICHAEL M. BORMAN clima; incendio forestal; pastoreo histórico; pino ponderosa; supresión de fuego Abstract:,Livestock grazing has been implicated as a cause of the unhealthy condition of ponderosa pine forest stands in the western United States. An evaluation of livestock grazing impacts on natural resources requires an understanding of the context in which grazing occurred. Context should include timing of grazing, duration of grazing, intensity of grazing, and species of grazing animal. Historical context, when and under what circumstances grazing occurred, is also an important consideration. Many of the dense ponderosa pine forests and less-than-desirable forest health conditions of today originated in the early 1900s. Contributing to that condition was a convergence of fire, climate, and grazing factors that were unique to that time. During that time period, substantially fewer low-intensity ground fires (those that thinned dense stands of younger trees) were the result of reduced fine fuels (grazing), a substantial reduction in fires initiated by Native Americans, and effective fire-suppression programs. Especially favorable climate years for tree reproduction occurred during the early 1900s. Exceptionally heavy, unregulated, unmanaged grazing by very large numbers of horses, cattle, and sheep during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries occurred in most of the U.S. West and beginning earlier in portions of the Southwest. Today, livestock numbers on public lands are substantially lower than they were during this time and grazing is generally managed. Grazing then and grazing now are not the same. Resumen:,El pastoreo de ganado ha sido implicado como una causa de la mala salud de los bosques de pino ponderosa en el occidente de Estados Unidos. La evaluación de los impactos del pastoreo sobre los recursos naturales requiere de conocimiento del contexto en que ocurrió el pastoreo. El contexto debe incluir al período de ocurrencia, la duración y la intensidad del pastoreo, así como la especie de animal que pastoreó. El contexto histórico, cuando y bajo que circunstancias ocurrió el pastoreo, también es una consideración importante. Muchos de los bosques densos de pino ponderosa y de las condiciones, menos que deseables, de salud de los bosques actuales se originaron al principio del siglo pasado. Contribuyó a esa condición una convergencia de factores, fuego, clima y pastoreo, que fueron únicos en ese tiempo. Durante ese período, hubo sustancialmente menos incendios superficiales de baja intensidad (que afectaron a grupos densos de árboles más jóvenes) como resultado de la reducción de combustibles finos (pastoreo), una reducción sustancial en los incendios iniciados por Americanos Nativos y programas efectivos de supresión de incendios. Al inicio del siglo pasado hubo años con clima especialmente favorable para la reproducción de árboles. Al final del siglo diecinueve y comienzo del veinte hubo pastoreo no regulado ni manejado, excepcionalmente intensivo, por una gran cantidad de caballos, reses y ovejas en la mayor parte del oeste de E.U.A. y aun antes en porciones del suroeste. En la actualidad, el número de semovientes en terrenos públicos es sustancialmente menor al de ese tiempo, y el pastoreo generalmente es manejado. El pastoreo entonces y el pastoreo ahora no son lo mismo. [source] Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility: issues for AsiaCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2007Richard Welford Abstract An increasingly important aspect of CSR is the recognition that sound practices are often based on good standards of corporate governance. Good corporate governance provides the foundations of good CSR by creating value-creating relationships with all stakeholders. This article seeks to review corporate governance issues from an Asian perspective. Ownership and control of many companies in the region differ from those commonly seen in the West and there are therefore specific issues that need to be addressed in this context. It is argued that the fact that so many Asian companies are dominated by controlling shareholders (often families) means that corporate governance may have to be even stronger in the Asian region than elsewhere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] ,Going out': the growth of Chinese foreign direct investment in Southeast Asia and its implications for corporate social responsibilityCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2005Stephen Frost Abstract Analysts have finally started to pay increasing attention to the rapidly rising levels of Chinese investment abroad. Deals such as Lenovo's purchase of IBM's PC production arm have sparked interest in a quiet revolution. The story now is not just about the flow of foreign investment in China, but also of the flow of China's investment into other countries. However, most interest so far has concentrated on big ticket investments in the West and the consequences for European and particularly US geopolitical interests. Of less concern thus far have been the implications of Chinese investment on corporate social responsibility. This paper is a preliminary assessment of the potential implications of Chinese investments: in particular, the effect on sanctions designed to improve human rights (with specific reference to Myanmar), and whether pressure can be maintained on foreign investors to comply with international standards and norms in the face of Chinese investment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Filicide: A comparative study of maternal versus paternal child homicideCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2008Marieke Liem Background,Filicide is the murder of a child by a parent. Historically, filicide was regarded as a female crime, but nowadays, in the West, men have become increasingly likely to be convicted of killing their child. Previous research on filicide has primarily focussed on either maternal or paternal filicide rather than comparing the two. Aim,The aim of our study is to examine and compare the socio-demographic, environmental and psychopathological factors underlying maternal and paternal filicide. Methods,Data were extracted from records in a forensic psychiatric observation hospital in Utrecht, in the Netherlands for the period 1953,2004. Results,Seventy-nine men and 82 women were detained in the hospital under criminal charges in that period, having killed (132) or attempted to kill (29) their own child(ren). Differences between men and women were found with regard to age, methods of killing and motivation underlying the filicide. Conclusions,The categories of filicide identified corresponded to those in studies from other countries, indicating that filicide follows similar patterns throughout the Western world. The fact that 25% of fathers had killed in reaction to threatened separation or divorce, and that over a third of men and more than half of the women were mentally ill at the time may suggest that increased monitoring by primary care physicians under such circumstances might have preventive value. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Exploring the possibility of risk assessment of Japanese sexual offenders using Static-99CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2006Junya Sudo Background,The number of sexual offences reported in Japan doubled between 1992 and 2002. This has prompted attention to assessment of risk of recidivism. Aims,To explore whether an actuarial assessment of risk widely used in the West can be meaningfully applied to Japanese men serving a prison sentence for sexual offences. Method,All sex offenders incarcerated in Kitakyushu Medical Prison in Fukuoka at any time in a period of one year (1 July 2002-30 June 2003) were identified. Demographic data, characteristics of offences and the Static-99 were rated from records. Results,Following a slightly modified application of coding rules, all items of the Static-99 were rateable. Nine offenders of 45 whose Static-99 score was over 6 were thus identified as high-risk offenders. The items distinguishing apparently high-risk men were history of institutionalization as a delinquent and mental retardation. Conclusions and implications for practice,The Static-99 may be a useful tool in assessing sex offenders in Japan. With apparently increasing recognition of sex crimes here, it seems timely to be developing a systematic approach to assessment. Further work is required to test its value in practice as a predictor of recidivism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Science, religion and modernityCRITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2005STEPHEN GAUKROGER There is a widespread view that the centrality of science in our culture is due to the spectacular nature of its achievements, which derive in large part from the fact that it is answerable to nothing but reason and evidence. As a consequence it is believed to be untinged by historical or cultural factors, which can therefore be ignored, making science something which in essence has no context, historical or otherwise. Science has emerged on this view because it managed to free itself from religion and because it adopted a critical, adversarial method. In reality, the situation is quite different. Religion was in the driving seat during the period of the emergence of a scientific culture in the West, and it was always history rather than science that posed the threat to religion. Moreover, a commitment to critical, adversarial method was often rejected as argument for its sake in the crucial early development of science. A more balanced and informed view of just what happened is called for. [source] CONSENT, COMMODIFICATION AND BENEFIT-SHARING IN GENETIC RESEARCH1DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 2 2004DONNA DICKENSON ABSTRACT The global value of the biotechnology industry is now estimated at 17 billion dollars, with over 1300 firms involved as of the year 2000.2 It has been said that ,What we are witnessing is nothing less than a new kind of gold rush, and the territory is the body.' As in previous gold rushes, prospectors are flooding into unexplored and ,wide open' territories from all over the world, with possible ramifications for exploitation of Third World populations. These territories are also the Wild West of bioethics insofar as the law has very little hold on them: existing medical and patent law, such as the Moore and Chakrabarty cases, exert little control over powerful economic interests in both the United States and Europe. In the absence of a unified and consistent law on property in the body, the focus is increasingly on refining the consent approach to rights in human tissue and the human genome, with sensitive and promising developments from the Human Genetics Commission and the Department for International Development consultation on intellectual property. These developments incorporate the views of vulnerable genetic communities such as Native Americans or some Third World populations, and should be welcomed because they recognise the power imbalance between such groups and First World researchers or firms. However, they also highlight the continued tension about what is really wrong with commodifying human tissue or the human genome. Where's the injustice, and can it be solved by a more sophisticated consent procedure? [source] What is Happening to Global Christianity?DIALOG, Issue 1 2004By Viggo Mortensen Abstract:, Following Philip Jenkins's analysis of "the next Christendom" it is argued that when the centre of Christianity is moving southwards Christianity will change. As a translation movement, Christianity is a religion made to travel. The consequences of this development are dramatic. In the West and North the mainline churches are in decline. The diversification within Christianity will continue in a certain tension to a trend towards uniformity. This leads to new priorities in mission. The discipline, theology of religions, will gain in importance as the churches are confronted with the life and death choice between a "clash of civilisations" or a peaceful multicultural and multireligious co-existence. [source] Helicobacter Pylori and Precancerous Gastric LesionsDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2000Pham Quang Cu Background: To determine the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and the precancerous gastric lesions: atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia. Methods: A total of 347 dyspeptic patients, including 141 H. pylori -positive patients and 206 H. pylori -negative patients, were studied alongside age- and sex-matched controls. The patients underwent gastroscopy and endoscopic biopsy for detection of H. pylori, and histological examinations. Helicobacter pylori was detected by a urease test (CLO; Delta West; Bentley, Australia), by histology (H&E stain, Giemsa) and by serology (BioSig; BioMeditech, NJ, USA). Atrophic gastritis, IM and dysplasia were detected by histological examination (Giemsa, H&E stain). Results: There is a higher rate of atrophic gastritis in H. pylori -positive than in H. pylori -negative patients (46 vs 13.5%, odds ratio (OR) = 5.4; P < 0.01). Gastritis in H. pylori -positive patients also has a higher rate of activity than in H. pylori -negative patients. The rate of IM is higher in H. pylori -positive patients than in H. pylori -negative patients (35 vs 11%; OR = 4.3; P < 0.01). Metaplasia is more often diffuse in H. pylori -positive than in H. pylori -negative patients. Dysplasia is more common in H. pylori -positive than in H. pylori -negative patients (12 and 3.8%; OR = 3.3; P < 0.01). Conclusions: This study supports the suggestion of a relationship between H. pylori infection and precancerous gastric lesions. Wherever H. pylori is present, the precancerous lesions are more common and more severe. [source] Dean Acheson and the Making of "the West"DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 3 2008Fraser J. Harbutt First page of article [source] Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Mass in a Multiethnic Southeast Asian Population: Proposed New Gender and Age-Specific NormsECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 8 2008M.R.C.P., Raymond Ching-Chiew Wong M.B.B.S. Background: Left ventricular mass (LVM) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcome. We aimed to define normal reference values of LVM/body surface area (BSA) in a multiethnic Southeast Asian population across ages, and define demographic parameters that predict LVM/BSA. Methods: 198 subjects (44% men, mean age 40 ± 14 years, 82% Chinese, 13% Malay and 5% Indian) with no cardiovascular comorbidity and had normal echo images for age were included in the analysis. Echo LVM was calculated as: 1.04 ×[(left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole {LVIDd}+ interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole {IVSd}+ left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole {LVPWd})3, LVIDd3× 0.8]+ 0.61, indexed by BSA (LVM/BSA)* and expressed as g/m2. Results: BSA and blood pressure (BP) were comparable between dichotomous age groups < or , 50 years within the same gender. Women aged , 50 years had larger IVSD, LVPWd, LVM and LVM/BSA compared to younger cohort. (p < 0.01 for all variables). The 95th percentile of LVM in men and women were 189 g and 148 g respectively; corresponding values for LVM/BSA were 106 and 96 g/m2. These values are consistently smaller than published values from the West. Age (r = 0.27, P < 0.001), gender (r =,0.30, P < 0.001), and systolic BP (r = 0.25, P = 0.003) were significant univariate predictors of LVM/BSA. Conclusion: We therefore propose a different cutoff value for the diagnosis of LV hypertrophy among Southeast Asians. [source] Improving the reliability of direct seeding for revegetation in the Central West of New South WalesECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION, Issue 1 2008Guy Geeves First page of article [source] FREE TRADE, ,PAUPER LABOUR' AND PROSPERITY: A REPLY TO PROFESSOR MISHANECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2006John Meadowcroft In an Economic Viewpoint published in the September 2005 edition of Economic Affairs, ,Can Globalisation Depress Living Standards in the West?', Professor E. J. Mishan argued that globalisation may reduce living standards in the West by decreasing the labour,capital ratio in developed countries as firms move production to countries where labour is cheaper and/or migrants to the West from the developing world bid down wage rates. In a reply to Professor Mishan's article, Dr John Meadowcroft argues that this view of globalisation is far too pessimistic and explains why free trade, not protection, will secure the prosperity of developed and developing economies. In a final comment, Professor Mishan responds to this critique of his analysis. [source] CAN GLOBALISATION DEPRESS LIVING STANDARDS IN THE WEST?ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2005E. J. Mishan This article argues that unguarded optimism among liberal economists in the West as to the social and economic consequences of globalisation is misguided. Increased and freer international trade may depress living standards in the West as firms move production to those countries where factors of production (including labour) are cheaper and immigrants from poorer countries depress wages in wealthier nations. [source] LANGUAGE AND TOTALITARIAN REGIMESECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2002Magda Stroi The communist misappropriation of words for political purposes still makes people in Eastern Europe struggle to find unambiguous language of political and economic thought. This paper discusses the problem of language that distorts reality and focuses on traps that hinder communication between people from the West and people from the post-communist Eastern Europe. [source] Why are Europeans so tough on migrants?ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 44 2005Tito Boeri SUMMARY European migration International migration can significantly increase income per capita in Europe. We estimate that at the given wage and productivity gap between Western and Eastern Europe, migration of 3% of the Eastern population to the West could increase total EU GDP by up to 0.5%. Yet on 1 May 2004, 14 EU countries out of 15 adopted transitional arrangements vis-à-vis the new member states and national migration restrictions vis-à-vis third country nationals are getting stricter and stricter. In this paper we offer two explanations for this paradox and document their empirical relevance in the case of the EU enlargement. The first explanation is that immigration to rigid labour markets involves a number of negative externalities on the native population. The second explanation is that there are important cross-country spillovers in the effects of migration policies, inducing a race-to-the top in border restrictions with high costs in terms of foregone European output. In light of our results, we discuss, in the final section, the key features of a desirable migration policy to be coordinated at the EU level. ,Tito Boeri and Herbert Brücker [source] Optimal CBM of tie lines between control areas in a deregulated environmentELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 1 2009Hideaki Kuraishi Abstract In order to keep power supply reliability at a certain level, electric power utilities have a certain amount of reserve capacity. When no generator outage or no unexpected large power demand occurs, however, the reserve capacity is regarded as surplus facility. To reduce the reserve capacity, some margin is reserved in tie lines between utilities. This margin is called the capacity benefit margin (CBM). In this study, a method of calculating optimal CBM in tie line under deregulated environment is described and two kinds of optimal CBM are proposed. As a result, it is shown how the deregulation affects the optimal CBM by using numerical simulation for the IEE Japan West 30 test system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 35, 48, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20654 [source] Effect of 13 single and eight mixed host plant diets on survival, post-embryonic development and morphology of variegated grasshopper in laboratoryENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010Sévilor KEKEUNOU Abstract Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) is known as an agricultural pest in West and Central Africa. In this study, the effects of 13 single and eight mixed host plant diets on the survival, post-embryonic development and morphology of Z. variegatus in the laboratory were investigated. In each cage, 20 one-day larvae were provided with these diets and their survival monitored every two days, from August 2000 to September 2002, until all individuals died. Results showed that the number of larval stages varied from six to eight according to the diet. Six larval stages were most frequent. Development to the adult stage (complete development) was only noted with 52% of diets. All the mixed host plant diets induced complete development of Z. variegatus except that of Cajanus cajan + Synedrella nodiflora + Chromolaena odorata. Complete development was observed with four single host plant diets: Lablab purpurea, C. cajan, Manihot esculenta and S. nodiflora. Compared to leguminous species and Asteraceae, M. esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) was the species that resulted in the highest level of survival and development of Z. variegatus. Chromolaena odorata and S. nodiflora (Asteraceae) induced late appearance of the different Z. variegatus nymphal instars and the appearance time was shorter on legumes. The supernumerary stage 7 has the same color as the larva in stages 1,6, but this larva was significantly larger than stage 6 and smaller than the adult stage. These results indicate that legumes for short fallows affected the survival and post-embryonic development of Z. variegatus in the laboratory. [source] The environmental dimension of sustainable regional development in the English regions: reflections upon the experience of North West EnglandENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 5 2005Sue Kidd Abstract This paper explores the practice of sustainable development and the emphasis given to environmental considerations in the English regions. Part 1 provides an overview of the rise of regional governance in England and the place of sustainable development within the new regional structures. Part 2 then focuses upon the North West, and the changing emphasis given to the environmental dimension of sustainable regional development is explored with reference to a series of key regional documents. Part 3 considers the extent to which the analysis of the North West might be indicative of other English regions. This is followed by consideration of the importance of institutional structures in promoting sustainable patterns of regional development. It is concluded that an institutionalist perspective may be helpful in understanding why some regions are performing better than others in promoting sustainable patterns of development, and various avenues of future research are proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Implementing the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) Directive in the South West of EnglandENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 3 2004Clare Brooke The South West of England is famous as being an area rich in environmental features and heritage. The tools available to local authorities and other organizations to protect this valued environment are being expanded to include strategic environmental assessment (SEA). SEA is being introduced under a European Community directive, which will be incorporated into UK law in 2004. The directive will require national, regional and local authorities to carry out environmental assessment on certain plans and programmes that they promote. To ensure that the effectiveness of SEA in the South West is maximized, the South West Regional Assembly is working with local authorities and regional partners to consider the implications of the directive, and help the region prepare for its implementation. The aim of the project is to more clearly define the potential for SEA within the South West, examine the barriers that organizations may face when implementing the directive and establish good practice within the region. Work has been carried out to examine specific requirements of the SEA Directive, including the baseline data requirements for undertaking SEAs, and methodological differences between SEA and sustainability appraisals. Existing practice was examined to consider how current planning processes can be adapted to fulfil the requirements of the directive. Case studies were also undertaken to examine the issues around implementing the directive for non-land-use plans, including transport, economic development, waste management, renewable energy and flood management. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Cortical Dysplasias and Epilepsy: Multi-Institutional Survey in JapanEPILEPSIA, Issue 2000Morimi Shimada Purpose: Cortical dysplasia (CD) is a major brain malformation causing intractable epilcpsy. Neurosurgery now succcssfully controls some intractable epilepsies associated with CD. In this study, thc incidence 11 epilepsy and thc frequency of seizurcs were analyzed in different types 01 CD. Methods: This study, supported by a rcse;lrch grant from the Ministry of Health and Wellare of Japan, is part of a research project on the clinical presentation and pathogcnesis of brain dysgenesis. Questionnaires regarding the type of CD, family and pact historics, clinical signs and symptoms and their severity were distributed to I200 institutions comprising child neurologists or pediatricians. CDs werc classified into following 6 types; lissencephaly (agyria-pachygyria spcctrum), cobblestone lissencephaly, polymicrogyria including schizencephaly and hilateral perisylvian syndrome, diffuse heterotopia, focal heterotopia, and hemiinegalencephaly. All patients who had been diagnoscd as CD either by MRI, CT, autopsy or histological cxamination at or after surgical treatment wcre included. Diagnosis of CD by CT or MRI was mainly made by a radiologist, child neurologist, or pediatrician. Double classification was corrected. Epilepsy was classified according to criteria of the ILEA. Seizure frcquencies wcre recorded. Results: A total or 676 cases from 328 institutions was availablc, and distributed as follows: 277 of lissencephaly, I48 of cobblestone lissencephaly (10 cases of Walkcr-Warburg syndrome and 138 Fukuyaina type congcnital muscular dystrophy), I30 of polymicrogyria, 40 of diffuse heterotopia (24 subcortical band hetcrotopia and I6 perivcntricular nodular hcterotopia), 37 of focal heterotopia, and 44 of hemimegalencephaly. In 130 cases of polymicrogyria, 13 cases of bilatcral perisylvian syndrome, and 38 cases of schizencephaly were includcd. Of 667 cases available for study, 500 (75.0%) had epilepsy in which generalized epilepsy including West and Lcnnox syndromes comprised 54.1 % and localization-related epilepsies comprised 46.7%. Thc frequency of seizures could be ascertained in 455 cases, of which 36.0% had daily seizures, and I I .4%) had more than onc seizure per week. The incidencc of epilepsy in cach type of CD was as follows: 86% inlissencephaly, 50% in cobblestone lissencephaly (patients with WalkcrWarburg syndrome had epilepsy in 90%, whercas those with Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy had epilepsy in 46.7%), 71.3% in polymicrogyria, 77.5% in diffusc hetcrotopia (9 1.7% in subcortical band heterotopia and 56.2% in periventricular nodular heterotopia), 74.3% in focal heterotopia, and 93.2% in hemimegalcncephaly. Conclusion: As recent investigations have reported, this study confirmed the high incidence of intractable cpilepsy in CDs. Epilepsy was more prevalcnt in cases with subcortical heterotopia than i n cascs with periventricular nodular helcrotopia. Thc incidcnce or epilepsy was also higher in the focal hcterotopias located subcortically than those dccper in white matter or in the periventricular region. Thcse differences in incidence of epilepsy depending on the location of hcterotopia may give somc clues to the nature of epileptogenesis in CD. [source] Between East and West: Geographic Metaphors of Identity in PolandETHOS, Issue 1 2004Marysia H. Galbraith As Poland enters the European Union, questions of national identity relative to wider group loyalties become particularly salient. This study considers how individual life stories contribute to the discourse on what constitutes the Polish nation, and contemplates the implications of respondents' views for the achievement of European integration. I focus on Polish youths' use of metaphors of "betweenness," in which Poland fills the conceptual space between East and West, and "nested identities," based on simultaneous attachments to region, nation, and Europe, and consider how they might provide alternatives to models of identity which assume conflict with outside groups. In postcommunist Poland, more protectionist or conflict-based stances are sometimes taken, not so much because of political threats as in the past, but more in response to economic inequalities within Poland, and between Poland and the West. [source] Nancy J. Dougherty and Jaqueline J. West (2007).EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 2 2008The matrix, developmental approach., meaning of character: an archetypal No abstract is available for this article. [source] Social class and smoking at age 15: the effect of different definitions of smokingADDICTION, Issue 9 2001Helen Sweeting Aim. To explore whether the association between social class and smoking among teenagers varies according to the definition of smoking adopted. Design, setting and participants. A survey of 2196 15-year-olds in 43 secondary schools in the West of Scotland. Measures. Current smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked, and social class based on the occupation of the head of the household. Findings. 'Current smoker' was the only category not significantly differentiated by class; the ratio of smokers from unskilled compared with professional backgrounds rose with increasingly stringent definitions of smoking. Conclusion. The extent to which teenage smoking is patterned by social class depends on the definition of smoking adopted. [source] Right-wing authoritarianism, Big Five and perceived threat to safetyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2010Francesca Dallago Abstract Using structural equations modelling, we performed a secondary analysis of the data collected by the Italian Observatory of the North West (Italian national sample, N,=,976) to investigate the direct, mediated and moderated relations connecting the Big Five personality factors and perceived personal and societal threat to safety with right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Openness, Conscientiousness and perceived societal threat to safety exerted additive effects on RWA; the relation between Openness and RWA was partially mediated by societal threat to safety and that between societal threat to safety and RWA was moderated by Openness. Limitations and possible developments of this research are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||