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Beliefs
Kinds of Beliefs Terms modified by Beliefs Selected AbstractsBELIEF AND PRETENSE: A REPLY TO GENDLERMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2006MARTIJN BLAAUW Abstract: In cases of imaginative contagion, imagining something has doxastic or doxastic-like consequences. In this reply to Tamar Szabó Gendler's article in this collection, I investigate what the philosophical consequences of these cases could be. I argue (i) that imaginative contagion has consequences for how we should understand the nature of imagination and (ii) that imaginative contagion has consequences for our understanding of what belief-forming mechanisms there are. Along the way, I make some remarks about what the consequences of the contagion cases are for the relation between knowledge and imagination. [source] HISTORY, BELIEF AND IMAGINATION IN CHARLES TAYLOR'S A SECULAR AGEMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 3 2010GRAHAM WARD In this essay I explore, from a theologian's perspective, two questions which arise from the Taylor's development of a genre addressing two quite different audiences: the social scientists and the theologians. In particular, it examines the relationship between theology and history and the relationship between believing, an act of faith and the imaginary. While accepting the conditions for believing in the age of enchantment differ from those in a secular and disenchanted age, the essay concludes by questioning whether an act of faith was any less difficult and by pointing out that if it was less difficult then theologically we need a more nuanced account of the relationship between God and history. [source] EUROPE IN CRISIS: A QUESTION OF BELIEF OR UNBELIEF?MODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 2 2007PERSPECTIVES FROM THE VATICAN For Joseph Ratzinger, elected Pope Benedict XVI in 2005, modernity has transformed Europe into a continent without God. As a result, Europe's self-understanding is flawed. This outcome puts serious doubts on the Church's resolution, expressed in Gaudium et spes, to dialogue with the modern world. Moreover, the present pope was among the first to warn both church and society against the erosion of modernity. Also more recently, e.g. in his Values in a Time of Upheaval, he argued that only a Europe firmly rooted in Christian faith can survive the nihilism and moral crisis with which it is confronted. As a creative minority Christians should help Europe win back the best of its heritage and use it to the service of all humanity. In this contribution Boeve presents the evolution and primary features of Joseph Ratzinger's thought in this regard and concludes with a number of critical observations. [source] TAYLORING REFORMED EPISTEMOLOGY: CHARLES TAYLOR, ALVIN PLANTINGA AND THE DE JURE CHALLENGE TO CHRISTIAN BELIEF by Deane-Peter Baker THEOLOGY, PSYCHOANALYSIS AND TRAUMA by Marcus PoundNEW BLACKFRIARS, Issue 1024 2008GRAEME RICHARDSON First page of article [source] HOW TO DEFEAT BELIEF IN THE EXTERNAL WORLDPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2006ALLAN HAZLETT Two arguments are given for this conclusion. Finally, three proposals are offered as morals of the preceding story: first, our justification for hinge propositions must be understood as defeatable, second, antiskeptics must explain our knowledge in the face of ,actual world' skepticism (like dreaming skepticism) as much as in the face of the usual sort (like brain-in-vat skepticism), and, finally, our justification for hinge propositions is basic (i.e. non-inferential). [source] THE REDISCOVERY OF AMERICAN SACRED SPACESRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Louis P. Nelson Book reviewed in this article: THE HERMENEUTICS OF SACRED ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCE, INTERPRETATION, COMPARISON (2 volumes) By Lindsay Jones TEMPLES OF GRACE: THE MATERIAL TRANSFORMATION OF CONNECTICUT'S CHURCHES, 1790,1840 By Gretchen Buggeln WHEN CHURCH BECAME THEATRE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF EVANGELICAL ARCHITECTURE AND WORSHIP IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA By Jeanne Kilde PRAYERS IN STONE: CHRISTIAN SCIENCE ARCHITECTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1894,1930 By Paul Eli Ivey SHUL WITH A POOL: THE "SYNAGOGUE-CENTER" IN AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY By David Kaufman MYTHS IN STONE: RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF WASHINGTON, D.C. By Jeffrey F. Meyer UGLY AS SIN: WHY THEY CHANGED OUR CHURCHES FROM SACRED PLACES TO MEETING SPACES AND HOW WE CAN CHANGE THEM BACK AGAIN By Michael S. Rose BUILDING FROM BELIEF: ADVANCE, RETREAT, AND COMPROMISE IN THE REMAKING OF CATHOLIC CHURCH ARCHITECTURE By Michael E. DeSanctis ARCHITECTURE IN COMMUNION: IMPLEMENTING THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL THROUGH LITURGY AND ARCHITECTURE By Steven J. Schloeder [source] MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF CONFLICTING RELIGIOUS BELIEF: A NATURALIZED EPISTEMOLOGICAL APPROACH TO INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUETHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 5 2010MARA BRECHTArticle first published online: 2 FEB 2010 First page of article [source] ALSTON ON BELIEF AND ACCEPTANCE IN RELIGIOUS FAITH1THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009HAMID VAHID In this paper, I shall examine William Alston's influential view that the cognitive element in religious faith should be identified with ,acceptance' rather than ,belief'. Although I am sympathetic to Alston's reluctance to regard belief as essential to faith, I shall argue that one can redescribe the cases that Alston invokes in support of his claim in terms of the standard notion of degrees-of-belief without loss. It will be further argued that, given Alston's constraints, his notion of acceptance, if not identical to belief, is at least a species of belief. [source] EDITH STEIN, ONTOLOGY AND BELIEFTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007JANE DURAN An analysis of the Christian writings of Edith Stein helps to show how her philosophical training enabled her to develop a Christian epistemology and concomitant metaphysics. Special emphasis is placed on some of her shorter works in their translation by Hilda Graef. [source] PROPOSITIONAL CLOTHING AND BELIEFTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 228 2007Neil Sinclair Moral discourse exhibits features often taken to constitute discourses that express propositions: e.g., its sentences can be intelligibly embedded in conditionals and other unasserted contexts. If to be a belief is just to be a mental state expressed by sentences that are propositionally clothed, then quasi-realism, the version of expressivism which accepts that moral discourse is propositionally clothed, is self-refuting. However, this view of belief, which I label ,minimalism', is false. I present three arguments against it and dismiss two possible defences (the first drawn from the work of Wright, the second given by Harcourt). The issue between expressivists and their opponents cannot be settled by the mere fact that moral discourse wears propositional clothing. [source] PERSPECTIVES OF BELIEFS AND VALUES ARE NOT CONFLICTS OF INTERESTADDICTION, Issue 4 2010CHRISTOPHER C. H. COOK No abstract is available for this article. [source] INTENTIONALISM, INTENTIONALITY, AND REPORTING BELIEFS,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2009BRANKO MITROVI ABSTRACT The dominant view of twentieth-century analytic philosophy has been that all thinking is always in a language, that languages are vehicles of thought. The same view has been widespread in continental philosophy as well. In recent decades, however, the opposite view,that languages serve merely to express language-independent thought-contents or propositions,has been more widely accepted. The debate has a direct equivalent in the philosophy of history: when historians report the beliefs of historical figures, do they report the sentences or propositions that these historical figures believed to be true or false? In this paper I argue in favor of the latter, intentionalist, view. My arguments center mostly on the problems with translation that are likely to arise when a historian reports the beliefs of historical figures who expressed them in a language other than the one in which the historian is writing. In discussing these problems the paper presents an application of John Searle's theory of intentionality to the philosophy of history. [source] PERSONAL ATTACHMENT TO BELIEFSMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2007DALE LUGENBEHL Abstract: There is a tendency in philosophical discussions to see beliefs as belonging to specific people,to see things in terms of "your" belief, or "my" belief, or "Smith's" belief. I call this "personal attachment to beliefs." This mindset is unconscious, deeply ingrained, and a powerful background stance in discussion and thinking. Attachment has a negative impact on the quality of philosophical discussion and learning: difficulties in acknowledging error and changing beliefs, blindness to new evidence, difficulties in understanding new ideas, entrenchment in views, rancorous behavior, and the encouragement of competitive personal contests rather than collaborative searches for the truth. This article investigates the nature of attachment and traces out some of the undesirable consequences for classroom philosophical discussion, thinking, writing, and learning. It presents an alternative model to attachment and offers constructive suggestions for implementing the results of the investigation in the philosophy classroom and elsewhere. [source] EMPLOYEES THAT THINK AND ACT LIKE OWNERS: EFFECTS OF OWNERSHIP BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESSPERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2003STEPHEN H. WAGNER A model of the psychological experience of employee ownership in work groups was developed to investigate antecedents (participation in a 401 (k) program and a climate of self-determination) and consequences (employee attitudes and financial performance) of psychological ownership. Based on data from a large retail organization, results showed that working in a climate supporting self-determination and 401(k) participation were positively related to the level of ownership beliefs in the 204 work groups studied. Ownership beliefs were positively related to ownership behaviors and employees' attitudes toward the organization, whereas ownership behaviors were positively related to financial performance. Implications of psychological ownership for organizational behavior and performance are discussed. [source] PAPINEAU ON ETIOLOGICAL TELEOSEMANTICS FOR BELIEFSRATIO, Issue 3 2006Joseph Mendola Teleosemantics holds that the contents of psychological states depend crucially on the functions of such states. Etiological accounts of function hold that the functions of things depend on their histories, especially their evolutionary or learning histories. Etiological teleosemantics combines these two features. Consider the case of beliefs. Since selection rests on the stable effects of things, since beliefs have no obvious effects independent of unstable desires, and since desires themselves have mental content, beliefs may seem a hard case for etiological teleosemantics. But David Papineau deploys the effects of beliefs mediated by conation in an artful way to evade these difficulties. I argue that accounts with such an architecture are false. [source] Prevalence and risk of traumatic gingival recession following elective lip piercingDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Jonathan W. Leichter Abstract,,, The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence, risk and odds ratios of gingival recession defects associated with elective lip piercing and wearing of stud jewelry, and to attempt to identify risk factors that might permit the incidence of recession and its severity to be predicted, using Miller's classification. Ninety-one subjects with lip piercing and labrets were evaluated with regard to gender, age, smoking history, orthodontic history, and labret characteristics. An age-matched group of 54 individuals without peri-oral piercing provided the control. Gingival recession was recorded on teeth opposing a labret in 68.13% of pierced subjects. By contrast, only 22.2% of unpierced individuals demonstrated recession. The odds ratio between pierced and control groups indicates a likelihood of recession 7.5 times greater in a pierced individual wearing a labret than in an unpierced individual. Logistical regression analysis showed that age, gender, smoking and labret configuration did not significantly influence the development of recession. Furthermore, an illustrative example indicates that piercing and provision of a labret might typically increase the risk of recession occurring from 34.4% (pre-piercing) to 80.8 %. Recession severity was greater in the pierced group, with Miller's class 2 and 3 defects observed in 18.7% of the pierced but not at all in the unpierced group. Ordinal regression identified previous orthodontic treatment as the only significant predictor of Miller's grade. We concluded that a clear link exists between lip piercing, labret use and gingival recession. Belief that labret placement and configuration can be modified to provide protection is unfounded. [source] Belief in transforming another person into a wolf: could it be a variant of lycanthropy?ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2007A. G. Nejad Objective:, Lycanthropy is a rare psychiatric condition in which the patient believes in being transformed into an animal. Belief in the transformation of another person into an animal has not been reported, so far. Here, a patient with an impression of bipolar mood disorder (mixed type) and such delusion is reported. Method:, A single case is reported. Results:, A young male patient in his first psychiatric episode, developed delusional conviction of his mother's transformation into a wolf. He did not have any delusions regarding the transformation of himself into an animal, although he reported drooling for months before developing a delusional belief regarding his mother. Conclusion:, Belief in the transformation of another person into an animal may have similar roots as lycanthropy and could be considered as a variant of this syndrome. [source] A visit from the Candy Witch: factors influencing young children's belief in a novel fantastical beingDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2004Jacqueline D. Woolley Factors hypothesized to affect beliefs in fantastical beings were examined by introducing children to a novel fantastical entity, the Candy Witch. Results revealed that among older preschoolers, children who were visited by the Candy Witch exhibited stronger beliefs in the Candy Witch than did those who were not. Among children who were visited, older children had stronger beliefs than did younger children. Among children who were not visited, those with a high Fantasy Orientation believed more strongly than did those with a low Fantasy Orientation. Belief remained high one year later. At both time points, the number of other fantastical beings in which a child believed was significantly related to belief in the Candy Witch. [source] Constitutivism, Belief, and EmotionDIALECTICA, Issue 4 2008Larry A. Herzberg Constitutivists about one's cognitive access to one's mental states often hold that for any rational subject S and mental state M falling into some specified range of types, necessarily, if S believes that she has M, then S has M. Some argue that such a principle applies to beliefs about all types of mental state. Others are more cautious, but offer no criterion by which the principle's range could be determined. In this paper I begin to develop such a criterion, arguing that although the principle applies when M is a belief, it does not apply when M is an emotion. I account for this asymmetry by focusing on differences in the commitments that belief and emotion conceptually involve, and briefly sketch out a psychological explanation of those differences. I conclude that one can reasonably split one's epistemological loyalties between constitutivism regarding meta-beliefs and non-constitutivism regarding beliefs about one's emotions. [source] The Boundaries of Belief: territories of encounter between indigenous peoples and Western philosophiesEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2000James Marshall First page of article [source] Synchronizing Karma: The Internalization and Externalization of a Shared, Personal BeliefETHOS, Issue 2 2008Steven G. Carlisle It is not just a process of moving things into the individual but one of synchronizing imaginings of experience. For Bangkok's Buddhists, karma is a concept that is both culturally shared and, often, deeply personal. Karmic experiences are understood individually and shared through personal karmic narratives. A set of shared standards determines which stories can be accepted as describing karmic experiences while also serving to shape the individual's interpretations of those experiences. Although social monitoring of interpretations of individual experiences makes belief in karma acceptable, the intersection of abstract doctrine with personal interpretations gives the doctrine a nearly undeniable veracity. Therefore, synchronized karmic beliefs thrive, despite Bangkok's rapid development and cultural change. Addressing dynamics of synchronization moves psychological anthropology beyond frameworks of acquisition and internalization to considerations of negotiating agency in the reproduction of culture. [Buddhism, internalization, karma, imagination, narrative] [source] The Authority of Avowals and the Concept of BeliefEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2000Andy Hamilton The pervasive dispositional model of belief is misguided. It fails to acknowledge the authority of first-person ascriptions or avowals of belief, and the "decision principle", that having decided the question whether p, there is, for me, no further question whether I believe that p. The dilemma is how one can have immediate knowledge of a state extended in time; its resolution lies in the expressive character of avowals , which does not imply a non-assertoric thesis , and their non-cognitive status. The common claim that there are higher-order beliefs concerning ones present beliefs is rejected as unintelligible. The decision principle is defended against claims of "unconscious belief"; there is no interesting such category, since all beliefs are liable at some time to be considered, but mostly to be out of mind. Belief is not constituted by a disposition, but is connected with dispositions , it is an "attitude concept". [source] Beyond Experience and Belief (or, Waiting for the Evidence): A Reply to Leaver et al.,s "Apples and Oranges"FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS, Issue 1 2004Wynne Wong First page of article [source] Federalism and the Failure of Imperial Reform, 1774,1775HISTORY, Issue 282 2001Neil York The dispute that pitted British imperialists against American colonists was only superficially constitutional. Belief in indivisible sovereignty and the supremacy of crown and parliament, which prevailed at Whitehall and Westminster, became irreconcilable with American aspirations as a result of actual circumstance not theoretical incompatibility. This was clearly demonstrated by the failure of various proposals made in 1774 and 1775 to reform the empire. These proposals sought to improve relations through a better sharing of power that would in some sense federalize the empire. Whether the reformers called for Americans to be seated in parliament or to be allowed an intercolonial congress of their own, the great stumbling block was political not constitutional. Whatever the merits of their plans, the reformers could not satisfy either side, even though both professed to want compromise that would prevent confrontation. In the process a sense of common identity was lost that could not be recovered, at least in the manner suggested by the reformers. Only with the breakdown of the idealized Atlantic community did constitutional differences lead to an impasse. [source] Would general practitioners support a population-based colorectal cancer screening programme of faecal-occult blood testing?INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 9-10 2004S. Tong Abstract Background:, The success of a population-based screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is determined to a large extent by general practitioner (GP) attitudes, beliefs and support. The extent to which GPs support population-based CRC screening remains unclear. Aims:, To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of GPs in relation to CRC screening, and to identify the determinants of GP support for population-based faecal-occult blood testing (FOBT). Methods:, A cross-sectional postal survey was conducted with a random sample of 692 GPs in Queensland, Australia. We assessed GP knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning CRC screening in relation to their stance on population-based FOBT screening. Results:, Although the response rate was low (41%), participants were representative of Queensland GPs in general. Of 284 participating GPs, 143 (50.5%) indicated that they would support a population-based FOBT screening programme, 42 (14.8%) would not and 98 (34.6%) were unsure. Belief in FOBT test efficacy (P < 0.001), possession of CRC guidelines (P < 0.05) and belief in earlier stage detection (P < 0.05) were major determinants of support for population-based FOBT screening. No significant association was observed for doctor's sex, location of practice, age, year completed medical training, membership of a Division of General Practice, number of weekly consultations, number of patients investigated for CRC per month, size of practice, own family history of CRC, interest in further information on CRC screening or treatment, and current use of FOBT with asymptomatic patients aged ,40 years. Conclusions:, GP support for FOBT population-based screening appears to have increased over recent years. The knowledge and attitudes/beliefs of GPs are key determinants of their support. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 532,538) [source] Generalization of belief and plausibility functions to fuzzy sets based on the sugeno integralINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 11 2007Chao-Ming Hwang Uncertainty has been treated in science for several decades. It always exists in real systems. Probability has been traditionally used in modeling uncertainty. Belief and plausibility functions based on the Dempster,Shafer theory (DST) become another method of measuring uncertainty, as they have been widely studied and applied in diverse areas. Conversely, a fuzzy set has been successfully used as the idea of partial memberships of multiple classes for the presentation of unsharp boundaries. It is well used as the representation of human knowledge in complex systems. Nowadays, there exist several generalizations of belief and plausibility functions to fuzzy sets in the literature. In this article, we propose a new generalization of belief and plausibility functions to fuzzy sets based on the Sugeno integral. We then make comparisons of the proposed generalization with some existing methods. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed generalization, especially for being able to catch more information about the change of fuzzy focal elements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 1215,1228, 2007. [source] Scaling and Testing Multiplicative Combinations in the Expectancy,Value Model of AttitudesJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Icek Ajzen This article examines the multiplicative combination of belief strength by outcome evaluation in the expectancy,value model of attitudes. Because linear transformation of a belief strength measure results in a nonlinear transformation of its product with outcome evaluation, use of unipolar or bipolar scoring must be empirically justified. Also, the claim that the Belief × Evaluation product fails to explain significant variance in attitudes is found to be baseless. In regression analyses, the main effect of belief strength takes account of the outcome's valence, and the main effect of outcome evaluation incorporates the outcome's perceived likelihood. Simulated data showed that multiplication adds substantially to the prediction of attitudes only when belief and evaluation measures cover the full range of potential scores. [source] Socioeconomic Status and Belief in a Just World: Sentencing of Criminal Defendants,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 10 2006Naomi J. Freeman The present study investigated whether defendants' socioeconomic status (SES) and jurors' beliefs in a just world affected punishment and blame decisions. The study's 273 participants completed the Just World Scale (Rubin & Peplau, 1975) and read a case scenario describing an aggravated murder. Participants rendered a verdict and answered questions concerning confidence, responsibility, and degree of guilt. Analyses partially supported the hypothesis. High believers in a just world were more likely to assign higher degrees of guilt and to sentence low SES defendants more severely than high SES or no SES information defendants. [source] Belief in a Just World and Jury Decisions in a Civil Rape TrialJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2000Linda A. Foley When people's belief in a just world (BJW) is challenged, it can be restored by attributing blame to the victim or alleviating the victim's suffering. In criminal cases, jurors can attribute responsibility to victims, but cannot alleviate suffering. Participants (n= 106) heard a taped civil rape case. The effect of age of plaintiff, gender of participant, and type of participant on mock jurors' reactions to a plaintiff were examined. Participants evaluated responsibility of plaintiff and awarded monetary damages. It was hypothesized that, given this opportunity to compensate the victim, jurors would be less likely to derogate the victim. As hypothesized, women with high and low BJW attributed the same level of responsibility to the plaintiff but those with a high BJW awarded more monetaly damages. Men with high BJW awarded much less in damages than did men with low BJW. The just-world theory appears to explain many of the decisions made by mock jurors. [source] Sense of Place in Hanoi's Shop-House: The Influences of Local Belief on Interior ArchitectureJOURNAL OF INTERIOR DESIGN, Issue 1 2010Dinh Quoc Phuong Ph.D. The aim of this article is to seek another way of understanding the interdisciplinary, albeit loosely defined notion of "sense of place" and its manifestation in interior characteristics and design of domestic space in Hanoi. This includes an analysis of one aspect of place identities through material culture, such as those that are reflected in the local system of belief and building rite known as phong thuy,the Vietnamese version of Chinese feng-shui. With a case study research approach,describing and analyzing different types of data collected from a selected case study,this article examines sense of place and phong thuy application in (re)designing a shop-house, the most popular building type in Asian high-density cities like Hanoi. This study helps to explain how sense of place is understood by owner-builders, and how such a view is important to consider when attempting to design and make the home interior a better living place for residents in Hanoi and elsewhere. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||