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Water-soluble Polymers (water-soluble + polymer)
Selected AbstractsPossibilities of polymer-aided dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes at neutral pHJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010B. J. Agarwal Abstract Water-soluble polymers have versatile application, viz., water-soluble polyacrylates have been widely used in the reactive dyeing of cellulosic fibers and the related soaping as an important component of the leveling and washing agent. In this article, one such water-soluble polymer, polyacrylic acid has been synthesized, characterized, and applied in conjunction with various types of reactive dyes, namely triazinyl, vinyl sulfone, high exhaustion, and bifunctional reactive dyes, along with crosslinking agents, namely glycerol 1,3-dichlorohydrin and hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone, respectively. One of the crosslinking agents (the former one) has been synthesized in the laboratory. Crosslinking agent is necessary to adhere the dye molecule onto the cellulose macromolecule. Different process sequences have been formulated and explored for dyeing purpose. All such dyeings were carried out at neutral pH. The dyed samples were assessed through color strength in terms of K/S values and their fastness properties were assessed by standard methods. All such dyeings were compared with conventional dyed samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] The influence of the extensional viscosity of very low concentrations of high molecular mass water-soluble polymers on atomisation and droplet impactPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 5 2008Peter A Williams BACKGROUND: Water-soluble polymers are increasingly added to herbicide and pesticide formulations at very low concentrations (100,1000 mg L,1) in order to control the spray characteristics, notably to reduce spray drift and influence droplet bounce. The incorporation of polymeric adjuvants improves the efficacy of the spray solutions, thus enabling crop growers to maximise the performance of agrochemical sprays at lower dose rates of active ingredient. It is important to establish a fundamental understanding of how polymers influence the processes involved in droplet deposition. RESULTS: The shear and extensional viscosities of a series of high molecular mass (Mw) poly(acrylamides) (Mw , 106,107) have been determined at very low concentrations (100,1000 mg L,1). The polymer solutions demonstrated typical shear thinning characteristics under shear, and strain hardening behaviour under extension above a critical strain rate. The presence of the polymers was shown to increase the size of droplets produced in atomisation using an agricultural spray nozzle, as measured by laser diffraction. This was attributed to the increase in the extensional viscosity at the strain rates generated under pressure in the spray nozzle and was a function of both polymer concentration and Mw. In addition, the presence of polymer was found to have a significant influence on droplet bounce. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of very low concentrations of high molecular mass poly(acrylamides) significantly influences the size of droplets formed on atomisation and subsequent bounce characteristics. Large extensional viscosities generated above a critical strain rate are responsible for both processes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Functional water-soluble polymers: polymer,metal ion removal and biocide propertiesPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2009Bernabé L Rivas Abstract Water-soluble polymers have attracted much interest due to their potential applications in environmental protection engineering to remove harmful pollutants and in biomedicine in the areas of tissue engineering, within-body implants or other medical devices, artificial organ prostheses, ophthalmology, dentistry, bone repair, and so on. In this review, particular emphasis is given to the ability of water-soluble polymers with amine, amide, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl and sulfonic acid functional groups to remove metal ions by means of the liquid-phase polymer-based retention (LPR) technique that combines the use of water-soluble polymers and ultrafiltration membranes. The second part is dedicated to showing the potential application of functional water-soluble polymers and their polymer,metal complexes as biocides for various bacteria. These polymers and polymer,metal complexes show an efficient bactericide activity, especially to Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus reaching concentrations lower than 4 µg mL,1. This activity depends on polymer size, type of metal ion, contact time and concentration of polymer and metal ion. The discussion reveals that in the case of the LPR process the efficiency of metal ion removal depends strongly on the type of polymer functional group and the feed pH value. In general, two mechanisms of ion entrapment are suggested: complex formation and electrostatic interaction. In the case of the medical use of water-soluble polymers and their complexes with metal ions, the review documents the unique bactericide properties of the investigated species. The polymer-metal ion complexes show a reduced genotoxic activity compared with free metal ions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Fabrication of Ordered Nanostructured Arrays Using Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Replica Molds Based on Three-Dimensional Colloidal CrystalsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 10 2009Hong Kyoon Choi Abstract Hexagonally arrayed structures of colloidal crystals with uniform surface are a good candidate for master molds to be used in soft lithography. Here, the fabrication of periodically arrayed nanostructures using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molds based on three-dimensionally (3D) ordered colloidal crystals is reported. A robust, high-quality 3D colloidal-crystal master molds is prepared using the colloidal suspension containing a water-soluble polymer. The surface patterns of the 3D colloidal crystals can then be transferred onto a polymer film via soft lithography, by means of the replication of the surface pattern with PDMS. Various hexagonally arrayed nanostructure patterns can be fabricated, including close-packed and non-close-packed 2D arrays and honeycomb structures by the structural modification of the 3D colloidal-crystal templates. The replicated hexagonally arrayed structures can also be used as templates for producing colloidal crystals with 2D superlattices. [source] Glycosyltransferase Microarray Displayed on the Glycolipid LB MembraneADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 6-7 2003Noriko Nagahori Abstract ,(1,4),Galactosyltransferase expressed as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP-GalT) was displayed specifically on a Langmuir,Blodgett (LB) membrane prepared by photopolymerization of maltotriose-carrying glycolipid (1) with 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (2). The catalytic activity of MBP-GalT on the LB film was directly monitored by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method using a GlcNAc-carrying water-soluble polymer (3) as an acceptor substrate. Highly sensitive sigmoidal-type signals were obtained upon the addition of the acceptor substrate in the presence of the donor substrate, UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal), while the binding of 3 was not detected in the absence of UDP-Gal. The intensities of the signals were dependent on the amount of immobilized MBP-GalT on the LB film, which was estimated from the images obtained by atomic force microscope (AFM). [source] Possibilities of polymer-aided dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes at neutral pHJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010B. J. Agarwal Abstract Water-soluble polymers have versatile application, viz., water-soluble polyacrylates have been widely used in the reactive dyeing of cellulosic fibers and the related soaping as an important component of the leveling and washing agent. In this article, one such water-soluble polymer, polyacrylic acid has been synthesized, characterized, and applied in conjunction with various types of reactive dyes, namely triazinyl, vinyl sulfone, high exhaustion, and bifunctional reactive dyes, along with crosslinking agents, namely glycerol 1,3-dichlorohydrin and hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone, respectively. One of the crosslinking agents (the former one) has been synthesized in the laboratory. Crosslinking agent is necessary to adhere the dye molecule onto the cellulose macromolecule. Different process sequences have been formulated and explored for dyeing purpose. All such dyeings were carried out at neutral pH. The dyed samples were assessed through color strength in terms of K/S values and their fastness properties were assessed by standard methods. All such dyeings were compared with conventional dyed samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Synthesis and evaluation of a water-soluble polymer to reduce Ac-225 daughter migrationJOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, Issue 2 2007Jonathan Fitzsimmons Abstract The actinium decay chain has been promoted as an in vivo alpha generator for therapy, but migration of daughters from the primary conjugate has lead to increased toxicity away from the target organ. To reduce daughter migration, polyethylenimine (PEI) was used with a primary chelator and secondary chelators. The primary chelator, DOTA, was used to coordinate 225Actinium and secondary chelators-acetate and DTPA, were added to the polymer for coordination of daughters formed by decay. The 225Actinium polymer derivatives containing secondary chelators were found to retain radioactive daughters better than the 225Actinium bond to the primary alone. The retention of 213Bismuth and 209Thallium had the following order from highest retained to lowest DOTA-PEI-DTPA,DOTA-PEI-CH2OO- > DOTA-PEI. The data suggests this polymer approach could be used to reduce daughter migration and has potential for development of actinium labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Thiophene-based ionic liquids: synthesis, physical properties, self-assembly, and oxidative polymerization,POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 10 2008Christopher T. Burns Abstract Preparation and polymerization of methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) that incorporate a thiophene moiety at the terminus of a C10 alkyl chain are described. Both a bromide and nitrate salt of the amphiphilic thiophene IL self-assembles in water (albeit the nitrate to a lesser extent), adopting columnar mesophases. Polarized optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies show that at low water content the IL,water binary mixtures form liquid crystalline mesophases possessing significant short-range ordering due to strong , interactions between adjacent thiophene moieties. At higher water content, the short-range ordering is lost, but long-range ordering persists up to ca. 45% (w/w) water. The chemical oxidative coupling of the nitrate monomer yields a highly water-soluble polymer. Electrochemical studies show that the polymer possesses a high oxidation potential (1.95,V) and thus, is resistant to chemical doping. In dilute aqueous solution, electronic absorption spectroscopy and X-ray scattering show the polymer adopts a random, coil-like conformational state. Slight improvement in the polymer conformation can be achieved by exchange of the counter anion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Oxygen infusions (hemoglobin-vesicles and albumin-hemes) based on nano-molecular sciences,POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 2-3 2005Professor Eishun Tsuchida Abstract Since the discovery of a red-colored saline solution of a heme derivative that reversibly binds and releases oxygen (1983), significant efforts have been made to realize an oxygen infusion as a red cell substitute based on the sciences of both molecular assembling phenomena and macromolecular metal complexes. The authors have specified that hemoglobin (Hb)-vesicles (HbV) and recombinant human serum albumin-hemes (rHSA-heme) would be the best systems that meet the clinical requirements. (A) Hb is rigorously purified from outdated, donated red cells via pasteurization and ultrafiltration, to completely remove blood type antigen and pathogen. The HbV encapsulates thus purified concentrated Hb solution with a phospholipid bimolecular membrane (diameter, 250,nm,), and its solution properties can be adjusted comparable with blood. Surface modification of HbV with a water-soluble polymer ensures stable dispersion state and storage over a year at 20°C. In vivo tests have clarified the efficacy for extreme hemodilution and resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock, and safety in terms of biodistribution, metabolism in reticuloendothelial system (RES), clinical chemistry, blood coagulation, etc. The HbV does not induce vasoconstriction thus maintains blood flow and tissue oxygenation. (B) rHSA is now manufactured in Japan as a plasma-expander. The rHSA can incorporate eight heme derivatives (axial base substituted hemes) as oxygen binding sites, and the resulting rHSA-heme is a totally synthetic O2 -carrier. Hb binds endothelium-derived relaxation factor, NO, and induces vasoconstriction. The rHSA-heme binds NO as Hb does, however, it does not induce vasoconstriction due to its low pI (4.8) and the resulting low permeability across the vascular wall (1/100 of Hb). A 5%-albumin solution possesses a physiologic oncotic pressure. Therefore, to increase the O2 -transporting capacity, albumin dimer is effective. Albumin dimer can incorporate totally 16 hemes with a regulated oncotic pressure. The rHSA-heme is effective not only as a red cell substitute but also for oxygen therapeutics (e.g. oxygenation for tumor). Significant efforts have been made to produce HbV and rHSA-heme with a facility of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standard, and to start preclinical and finally clinical trials. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Interaction between aqueous solutions of polymer and surfactant and its effect on physicochemical propertiesASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2008Mohammad Yunus Khan Abstract Interaction between water-soluble polymers and anionic surfactants has been studied by surface tension and conductivity measurements. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) were used as surfactant while polyacrylamide (PAA), commercial grade partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), and xanthan gum were used as water-soluble polymers for the present study. The behavior of surfactant,polymer interaction was found to be dependent on both surfactant and polymer concentrations. After the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), interaction between the water-soluble polymer and surfactants was started and above the polymer saturation point (PSP) polymer was saturated by surfactant with no further change of surface tension and conductivity of the solution. It has also been found that alkali (NaOH) and salts (Na2CO3, NaCl) have significant influence on the polymer,surfactant interaction. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hydrocolloid Coating of Xenopus laevis EmbryosBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2000N. Kampf A novel technology for coating single cells and embryos with thin hydrocolloid (water-soluble polymer) films has been invented and patented. Coating is different from entrapment and immobilization in that the coating around the cell is thinner, comprising only a small fraction of the cell or embryo's diameter. Xenopus laevis embryos were coated with thin films of low-methoxy pectin (LMP), alginate, and ,- and ,-carrageenans. These gums have different compositions and structures and as such created different coatings around the fertilized cells. All coated embryos appeared to develop normally, similar to noncoated embryos. Elemental detection by ICP-AES spectroscopy revealed that the embryo can control the diffusion of excess ions to which it is exposed during the coating process. The coatings delayed hatching by 18,24 h. Consequently, at hatch the embryos were at a more developed stage than their noncoated counterparts. The hydrocolloid coating reduced the thickness of the natural jelly coating (JC). With the ,-carrageenan coating, percent hatch was maximal, while with LMP it was minimal, as a result of the films' mechanical properties and thicknesses. LMP and alginate created smoother coatings than the carrageenans. Potential interactions between the coating and the natural JC are hypothesized. Overall, coatings appear to be a suitable tool for laboratories interested in performing longer-term experiments with embryos. [source] Scale-up development of high-performance polymer matrix for DNA sequencing analysisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 19 2006Fen Wan Abstract Linear polyacrylamide (LPA) has been widely used as a replaceable separation matrix in CE. An increase in the molecular weight of the separation medium favors the separation of larger DNA fragments. In order to obtain ultrahigh-molecular-weight (UHMW) LPA, a "frozen" method was developed to synthesize the LPA homopolymer. This approach has three major advantages when compared with other existing routes of LPA synthesis: (i),long LPA chains could be obtained easily, with their average molecular weight (MW) being in the high 10,MDa range; (ii),the desired MW could be adjusted over a broad range by controlling the temperature and the concentration of initiators during synthesis; (iii),the product solution contains only a tiny amount of impurity besides the solvent and LPA. Both static and dynamic laser light scattering measurements were carried out to characterize the synthesized LPA in the buffer solution. The DNA sequencing matrix prepared from LPA using this method was studied and the results were compared with the newly developed commercial product POP7 from Applied Biosystems. It should be noted that this approach can be applied to synthesize other water-soluble polymers, resulting in UHMW products because the chain transfer constant is smaller at lower temperatures. [source] Water-Soluble Polyfluorenes as an Interfacial Layer Leading to Cathode-Independent High Performance of Organic Solar CellsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 12 2010Seung-Hwan Oh Abstract Novel poly[(9,9-bis((6,-(N,N,N -trimethylammonium)hexyl)-2,7-fluorene)- alt -(9,9-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-9-fluorene)) dibromide (WPF-6-oxy-F) and poly[(9,9-bis((6,-(N,N,N -trimethylammonium)hexyl)-2,7-fluorene)- alt -(9,9-bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)-fluorene)] dibromide (WPF-oxy-F) compounds are developed and the use of these water-soluble polymers as an interfacial layer for low-cost poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) organic solar cells (OSCs) is investigated. When WPF-oxy-F or WPF-6-oxy-F is simply inserted between the active layer and the cathode as an interfacial dipole layer by spin-coating water-soluble polyfluorenes, the open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of photovoltaic cells with high work-function metal cathodes, such as Al, Ag, Au, and Cu, dramatically increases. For example, when WPF-6-oxy-F is used with Al, Ag, Au, or Cu, regardless of the work-function of the metal cathode, the Voc is 0.64, 0.64, 0.58, and 0.63,V, respectively, approaching the original value of the P3HT:PCBM system because of the formation of large interfacial dipoles through a reduction of the metal work-function. In particular, introducing WPF-6-oxy-F into a low-cost Cu cathode dramatically enhanced the device efficiency from 0.8% to 3.36%. [source] Dynamically Restructuring Hydrogel Networks Formed with Reversible Covalent Crosslinks,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 18 2007C. Roberts Dynamically restructuring hydrogel networks are formed from two water-soluble polymers by functionalization with phenylboronic acid (PBA) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) moieties that interact through pH-sensitive and reversible covalent crosslinks (see figure). The networks can be tuned to display a wide range of pH-responsive properties, which can potentially be exploited for drug delivery systems in biological environments where similar acidic changes occur. [source] The effect of water-soluble polymers on rheology of microfibrillar cellulose suspension and dynamic mechanical properties of paper sheetJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Arja-Helena Vesterinen Abstract Rheological properties of fiber/polymer suspensions and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of paper sheets containing the same polymers were measured. Correlations between viscoelastic properties of suspensions and strength of paper sheet are presented. Rheological properties of suspensions of microfibrillar cellulose (MFC) and a set of water soluble polymers were measured. Rheological properties of these complex fluids vary considerably depending on the added polymer. A suspension of fiber and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) exhibits a viscosity higher than the sum of the viscosity of the individual components in the suspension. In contrast, when cationic starch (CS) is used together with the fiber, the yielding behavior rather than the viscosity is characteristic of the suspension. Dynamic mechanical properties of paper sheets containing CMC or CS as additives were studied at different humidity levels. Different yielding behavior observed in oscillatory rheology can be correlated with straining behavior in dynamic mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Thermal analysis of polymer,water interactions and their relation to gas hydrate inhibitionJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Manika Varma-Nair Abstract Gas hydrates formed in oil production pipelines are crystalline solids where hydrocarbon gas molecules such as methane, propane, and their mixtures are trapped in a cagelike structure by hydrogen-bonded water molecules to form undesirable plugs. Methanol and glycol are currently used to prevent these plugs via thermodynamic inhibition. Small amounts of water-soluble polymers may provide an alternate approach for preventing gas hydrates. In this study, we expand the fundamental understanding of water,polymer systems with differential scanning calorimetry. Nonfreezable bound water was used to quantify polymer,water interactions and relate them to the chemical structure for a series of polymers, including acrylamides, cyclic lactams, and n -vinyl amides. For good interactions, the water structure needs to be stabilized through hydrophobic interactions. An increased hydrophobicity of the pendant group also appears to favor polymer performance as a gas hydrate inhibitor. Good inhibitors, such as poly(diethyl acrylamide) and poly(N -vinyl caprolactam), also show higher heat capacities, which indicate higher hydrophobicity, than poor performers such as polyzwitterions, in which hydrophilicity dominated. The phase behavior and thermodynamic properties of dilute polymer solutions were also evaluated through measurements of the heat of demixing and lower critical solution temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2642,2653, 2007 [source] Water-soluble ROMP polymers from amine-functionalized norbornenesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 19 2008Sterling F. Alfred Amines are usually not tolerated in ring-opening metathesis polymerization. This report describes the synthesis of amine-containing water-soluble polymers with low polydispersity without protection-deprotection chemistry. [source] pH Tailoring Electrical and Mechanical Behavior of Polymer,Clay,Nanotube AerogelsMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 19 2009Matthew D. Gawryla Abstract Aerogels are low density (<0.1,g,·,cm,3), highly porous materials that are especially interesting for insulating applications. Combinations of clay and water-soluble polymers are commonly used to produce aerogels, but these materials are often mechanically weak. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were combined with clay and found to significantly improve mechanical behavior and impart electrical conductivity to these aerogels. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as the matrix polymer provides a means of tailoring the electrical conductivity and mechanical behavior by altering the pH of the aqueous aerogel precursor suspensions prior to freeze drying. An aerogel, made from a pH 9 aqueous suspension containing 0.5,wt.-% PAA, 5,wt.-% clay, and 0.05,wt.-% SWNT, has a compressive modulus of 373,kPa. In the absence of nanotubes, this modulus is reduced to 43,kPa. Reducing suspension pH to 3, prior to freeze drying, also reduces modulus for these aerogels, but electrical conductivity is increased when nanotubes are present. It was found that bundled nanotubes provide better reinforcement for these low-density composites, which may provide some new insight into the use of nanotubes in materials that will be exposed to compressive loading. [source] The influence of the extensional viscosity of very low concentrations of high molecular mass water-soluble polymers on atomisation and droplet impactPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 5 2008Peter A Williams BACKGROUND: Water-soluble polymers are increasingly added to herbicide and pesticide formulations at very low concentrations (100,1000 mg L,1) in order to control the spray characteristics, notably to reduce spray drift and influence droplet bounce. The incorporation of polymeric adjuvants improves the efficacy of the spray solutions, thus enabling crop growers to maximise the performance of agrochemical sprays at lower dose rates of active ingredient. It is important to establish a fundamental understanding of how polymers influence the processes involved in droplet deposition. RESULTS: The shear and extensional viscosities of a series of high molecular mass (Mw) poly(acrylamides) (Mw , 106,107) have been determined at very low concentrations (100,1000 mg L,1). The polymer solutions demonstrated typical shear thinning characteristics under shear, and strain hardening behaviour under extension above a critical strain rate. The presence of the polymers was shown to increase the size of droplets produced in atomisation using an agricultural spray nozzle, as measured by laser diffraction. This was attributed to the increase in the extensional viscosity at the strain rates generated under pressure in the spray nozzle and was a function of both polymer concentration and Mw. In addition, the presence of polymer was found to have a significant influence on droplet bounce. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of very low concentrations of high molecular mass poly(acrylamides) significantly influences the size of droplets formed on atomisation and subsequent bounce characteristics. Large extensional viscosities generated above a critical strain rate are responsible for both processes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Functional water-soluble polymers: polymer,metal ion removal and biocide propertiesPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2009Bernabé L Rivas Abstract Water-soluble polymers have attracted much interest due to their potential applications in environmental protection engineering to remove harmful pollutants and in biomedicine in the areas of tissue engineering, within-body implants or other medical devices, artificial organ prostheses, ophthalmology, dentistry, bone repair, and so on. In this review, particular emphasis is given to the ability of water-soluble polymers with amine, amide, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl and sulfonic acid functional groups to remove metal ions by means of the liquid-phase polymer-based retention (LPR) technique that combines the use of water-soluble polymers and ultrafiltration membranes. The second part is dedicated to showing the potential application of functional water-soluble polymers and their polymer,metal complexes as biocides for various bacteria. These polymers and polymer,metal complexes show an efficient bactericide activity, especially to Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus reaching concentrations lower than 4 µg mL,1. This activity depends on polymer size, type of metal ion, contact time and concentration of polymer and metal ion. The discussion reveals that in the case of the LPR process the efficiency of metal ion removal depends strongly on the type of polymer functional group and the feed pH value. In general, two mechanisms of ion entrapment are suggested: complex formation and electrostatic interaction. In the case of the medical use of water-soluble polymers and their complexes with metal ions, the review documents the unique bactericide properties of the investigated species. The polymer-metal ion complexes show a reduced genotoxic activity compared with free metal ions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Interaction between aqueous solutions of polymer and surfactant and its effect on physicochemical propertiesASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2008Mohammad Yunus Khan Abstract Interaction between water-soluble polymers and anionic surfactants has been studied by surface tension and conductivity measurements. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) were used as surfactant while polyacrylamide (PAA), commercial grade partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), and xanthan gum were used as water-soluble polymers for the present study. The behavior of surfactant,polymer interaction was found to be dependent on both surfactant and polymer concentrations. After the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), interaction between the water-soluble polymer and surfactants was started and above the polymer saturation point (PSP) polymer was saturated by surfactant with no further change of surface tension and conductivity of the solution. It has also been found that alkali (NaOH) and salts (Na2CO3, NaCl) have significant influence on the polymer,surfactant interaction. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||