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War I (war + i)
Kinds of War I Selected AbstractsGLOBALISATION: PAST AND PRESENTECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2010Dilip K. Das This article compares and contrasts the two modern eras of globalisation, namely the one that started in the mid-nineteenth century and ended on the eve of World War I, and the contemporary era. Although in both periods globalisation brought down national barriers and integrated economies and societies, there were distinct characteristic features of both periods. For example, the scale of global integration through trade and financial channels during the contemporary era was unmatched by the previous phase of globalisation. Furthermore, never in history had global integration involved so many countries and people, both in absolute numbers and as a percentage of the global population. [source] Why No Shop Committees in America: A Narrative HistoryINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 3 2001David Brody This article explores the origins of the prohibition against shop committees in modern labor law. It identifies World War I as the crystallizing moment and argues that shop committees might have become a permanent feature of American industrial relations at that time but for a series of contingent events arising in particular from the great steel strike of 1919. Historians have missed this linkage, the article concludes, because in the intervening 1920s, employee representation became disassociated from industrial democracy, with the notable exception of the railroads, where blatantly antiunion use of employee representation prompted the judicial condemnation of employer domination of labor organizations that provided the doctrinal foundation for Section 8a(2) of the National Labor Relations Act. [source] Justice and Moral Regeneration: Lessons from the Treaty of VersaillesINTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Catherine Lu The Treaty of Versailles, which concluded World War I, aimed to establish a "peace of justice"; sadly, it only seemed to pave the way to a second, more devastating world war. What lessons about justice and reconciliation can we learn from the treaty and its apparent failure? Some scholars argue that the fault of the treaty lay in its preoccupation with retributive justice, undermining prospects for reconciliation. Rather than positing justice and reconciliation as inherently conflictual moral values or goals, both need to be conceived as part of the project of moral regeneration. Such a multidimensional project requires a certain kind of justice and reconciliation, founded on mutual respect for the humanity and equality of others. An assessment of the relationship among truth, justice, and reconciliation in the framework of moral regeneration indicates that the most grievous moral fault of the Treaty of Versailles lay in its process, which facilitated neither a truthful accounting of the war's causes and consequences, nor the affirmation of moral truths by victors or vanquished. The lack of an authoritative and public moral accounting of the Great War undermined both justice and reconciliation in international society. [source] RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GERMAN CAPITAL MARKETS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCEJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 3 2001Eric Nowak Financial economists continue to point to Germany as a relatively successful model of a "bank-centered," as opposed to a market-based, economy. But few seem to recognize that, in the years leading up to World War I, German equity capital markets were among the most highly developed in the world. Although there are now only about 750 companies listed on German stock exchanges, in 1914 there were almost 1,200 (as compared to only about 600 stocks then listed on the New York Stock Exchange). Since German reunification in 1990, there have been signs of a possible restoration of the country's equity markets to something like their former prominence. The last 10 years have seen important legal and institutional developments that can be seen as preparing the way for larger and more active German equity markets, together with a more "shareholder-friendly" corporate governance system. In particular, the 1994 Securities Act, the Corporation Control and Transparency Act passed in 1998, and the just released Takeover Act and Fourth Financial Market Promotion Act all contain legal reforms that are essential conditions for well functioning equity markets. Such legal and regulatory changes have helped lay the groundwork for more visible and dramatic milestones, such as the Deutsche Telekom IPO in 1996, the opening of the Neuer Market in 1997, and, perhaps most important, the acquisition in 2000 of Mannesmann by Vodafone, the first successful hostile takeover of a German company. [source] Civil Liberties in WartimeJOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY, Issue 3 2003Geoffrey R. Stone I have a simple thesis: In time of war,or, more precisely, in time of national crisis,we respond too harshly in our restriction of civil liberties, and then later regret our behavior. To explore this thesis, I will briefly review our experience in 1798, the Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Cold War and the Vietnam War. I will then offer some observations. [source] Spanish experience with German psychology prior to World War IJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2008Annette MülbergerArticle first published online: 11 APR 200 An increase in interest for German scientific psychology followed the rise of liberalism in late nineteenth-century Spain. This paper deals with Spanish scholars' endeavors to participate in German psychology: It outlines the intellectual and institutional background of Spanish preoccupation with German philosophy and psychology, and deals with the personal experience and testimony of two Spanish philosophers, Eloy Luis André and Juan Vicente Viqueira López, who traveled to Leipzig, Berlin, and Göttingen between 1909 and 1914 to gain firsthand experience in the nascent science of psychology in Germany at that time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Psychology's public image in "Topics of the Times": Commentary from the editorial page of the New York Times between 1904 and 1947JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2002Paul M. Dennis Ph.D. Between 1904 and 1947, the New York Times published in a section of its editorial page, "Topics of the Times," 196 commentaries on psychology. Prior to World War I, the majority of editorials centered on Hugo Münsterberg; psychological topics most frequently examined after the war were the mental test, child rearing advice, and psychoanalysis. Although the Times was enthusiastic in its support for psychology in the years immediately before and after World War I, editorial opinion soon turned negative. Critical of psychology for promising more than it could deliver, being inconsistent in its assertions over time, and not rising above the level of common sense, Times editorials weighed heavily on the side of undermining, rather than promoting, psychology's credibility from the late 1920s to 1940s. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] A meteorite impact crater field in eastern Bavaria?METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005A preliminary report The depressions are bowl-shaped, have high circularity and a characteristic rim. Most of them were formed in unconsolidated glacial gravels and pebbles intermixed with fine-grained sand and clay. Magnetic investigations reveal weak anomalies with amplitudes of less than ±10 nano Tesla (nT). In some cases, the origins of the anomalies are suspected to be due to human activity within the structures. So far, no traces of meteoritic material have been detected. An evident archaeological or local geological explanation for the origin of the craters does not exist. A World War I and II explosive origin can be excluded since trees with ages exceeding 100 years can be found in some craters. One crater was described in 1909. Carbon-14 dating of charcoal found in one crater yielded an age of 1790 ± 60 years. Hence, a formation by meteorite impacts that occurred in Celtic or early medieval times should be considered. A systematic archaeological excavation of some structures and an intensified search for traces of meteoritic material are planned. [source] Byron to D'Annunzio: from liberalism to fascism in national poetry, 1815,1920NATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 3 2008DAVID ABERBACH ABSTRACT. From Byron's death at Missolonghi in 1824 to D'Annunzio's capture of Fiume for Italy in 1919, the nationalism of universal liberalism and independence struggles changed, in literature as in politics, to cruel dictatorial fascism. Byron was followed by a series of idealistic fighter-poets and poet-martyrs for national freedom, but international tensions culminating in World War I exposed fully the intolerant, brutal side of nationalism. D'Annunzio, like Byron, both a major poet and charismatic war leader, was a key figure in transforming nineteenth-century democratic nationalism into twentieth-century dictatorial fascism. The poet's ,lyrical dictatorship' at Fiume (1919,20) inspired Mussolini's seizure of power in 1922, with far-reaching political consequences. The poet became the dangerous example of a Nietzschean Übermensch, above common morality, predatory and morally irresponsible. This article shows how the meaning of nationalism was partly determined and transformed by poets, illustrating their role as ,unacknowledged legislators of the world'. [source] Contested Nations: Iraq and the AssyriansNATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 3 2000Sami Zubaida The formation of nation-states from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East after World War I, under colonial auspices, proceeded with negotiations in some instances and hostilities in others from previously autonomous communities, some of them formally designated as millets. Iraq comprised a diversity of religious and ethnic communities. The Assyrians, Christian mountain tribes, mostly refugees from Turkish Kurdistan under British protection, were one community which actively resisted integration into the new nation-state and, as a result, were subject to violent attacks by the nascent Iraqi army in 1933. This episode and the way it was perceived and interpreted by the different parties is an interesting illustration of the political psychology of communitarianism in interaction with nationalism, complicated by religious identifications, all in a colonial context. Subsequent histories and commentaries on the episode are also interesting in illuminating ideological readings. [source] "Peace Angel" of World War I: Dissent of Margaret Thorp by Hilary N. SummyPEACE & CHANGE, Issue 1 2007Lawrence S. Wittner First page of article [source] Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen , By Christopher CapozzolaTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 3 2010Beatrice McKenzie No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Crisisin the Great War: W. E. B. Du Bois and His Perception of African -American Participation in World War ITHE HISTORIAN, Issue 2 2008Shane A. Smith First page of article [source] The Economics of World War I , By Stephen Broadberry and Mark HarrisonTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 2 2007Larry Peterson No abstract is available for this article. [source] Shattered Windows, German Spies, and Zigzag Trenches: World War I through the Eyes of Richard Harding DavisTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 1 2002Rodney Stephens [source] Historical perspective: Neurological advances from studies of war injuries and illnesses,ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2009Douglas J. Lanska MD Early in the 20th century during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I (WWI), some of the most important, lasting contributions to clinical neurology were descriptive clinical studies, especially those concerning war-related peripheral nerve disorders (eg, Hoffmann-Tinel sign, Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome [GBS]) and occipital bullet wounds (eg, the retinal projection on the cortex by Inouye and later by Holmes and Lister, and the functional partitioning of visual processes in the occipital cortex by Riddoch), but there were also other important descriptive studies concerning war-related aphasia, cerebellar injuries, and spinal cord injuries (eg, cerebellar injuries by Holmes, and autonomic dysreflexia by Head and Riddoch). Later progress, during and shortly after World War II (WWII), included major progress in understanding the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injuries by Denny-Brown, Russell, and Holbourn, pioneering accident injury studies by Cairns and Holbourn, promulgation of helmets to prevent motorcycle injuries by Cairns, development of comprehensive multidisciplinary neurorehabilitation by Rusk, and development of spinal cord injury care by Munro, Guttman, and Bors. These studies and developments were possible only because of the large number of cases that allowed individual physicians the opportunity to collect, collate, and synthesize observations of numerous cases in a short span of time. Such studies also required dedicated, disciplined, and knowledgeable investigators who made the most out of their opportunities to systematically assess large numbers of seriously ill and injured soldiers under stressful and often overtly dangerous situations. Ann Neurol 2009;66:444,459 [source] World War I: the genesis of craniomaxillofacial surgery?ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 1-2 2004Donald A. Simpson Herbert Moran enlisted in the Royal Army Medical Corps early in World War I. His autobiography captures the impact of contemporary experience of wartime gunshot wounds, seen in vast numbers and with little understanding of the requirements of wartime surgery. Wounds of the face and brain were numerous, especially in trench fighting. In France, Germany, Britain and elsewhere, surgeons and dentists collaborated to repair mutilated faces and special centres were set up to facilitate this. The innovative New Zealand surgeon Harold Gillies developed his famous reconstructive techniques in the Queen's Hospital at Sidcup, with the help of dental surgeons, anaesthetists and medical artists. The treatment of brain wounds was controversial. Many surgeons, especially on the German side, advocated minimal primary operative surgery and delayed closure. Others advocated early exploration and immediate closure; among the first to do so was the Austro-Hungarian otologist Robert Bárány. In 1918, the pioneer American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing published well-documented proof of the desirability of definitive operative management done as soon as possible. Few World War I surgeons developed their knowledge of plastic surgery, neurosurgery and oral surgery in post-war practice. An exception was Henry Newland, who went on to pioneer the development of these specialties in Australasia. After World War II, the French plastic surgeon Paul Tessier created the multidisciplinary subspecialty of craniomaxillofacial surgery, with the help of his neurosurgical colleague Gérard Guiot, and applied this approach to the correction of facial deformities. It has become evident that the new subspecialty requires appropriate training programs. [source] Equivocal Masculinity: New York Dada in the context of World War IART HISTORY, Issue 2 2002Amelia Jones This essay explores a cluster of works by the group of artists retroactively labelled `New York Dada' in light of the pressures exerted on masculine subjectivity during the WWI period. While the war has, for obvious reasons, been a key reference point for studies of European Dada, it has never been acknowledged (beyond passing references) as a context for the New York group (in particular, for the work of the key figures Man Ray, Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp). Failing to attend to the Great War as a crucial historical pressure on the group simply accepts at face value these artists' own desire to escape the war (in the case of Picabia, Duchamp, Jean Crotti and others, by leaving Europe and coming to New York). This essay, in contrast, insists upon attending to the effects of the war environment , with its heated discourses of heroism and patriotic nationalism , on the New York Dada group (which, after all, would not have existed had these artists not left Europe for New York because of the war). Examining the relationship of each of the key NewYork Dada figures to the war, it explores a selection of their works in relation to these experiences. Ultimately, I argue that the artists' non-combatant masculinity, compromised in the face of dominant discourses of militarized masculinity, is eerily and disconcertingly echoed by the predominance of shadows, gaps and absences in their visual art works. [source] Facilitating Leiden's Cold: The International Association of Refrigeration and the Internationalisation of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's Cryogenic LaboratoryCENTAURUS, Issue 3 2007Dirk VanDelft The International Association of Refrigeration (Association Internationale du Froid) was founded in January 1909. Right from the start, the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853,1926) played a major role in the new association, which brought together the science of low temperatures; the refrigeration industry; applications of cold to foodstuffs, trade, and transport; and relevant legislation. In July 1908, Kamerlingh Onnes became the first person to liquefy helium, making his Leiden cryogenic laboratory the coldest spot on earth. Because of this success, he was one of the big stars of the First International Congress of Refrigeration, held in October 1908, in Paris. As vice president of the association and chairman of the ,first committee', which dealt with the science of low temperatures, Kamerlingh Onnes was able to strengthen Leiden's position as the leading international centre for cryogenic research. His presentation at the Paris congress unleashed a stream of guest researchers to Leiden, where they enjoyed Kamerlingh Onnes's hospitality and were allowed to extend their research to much lower temperatures then could be reached in their own laboratories. The Association provided grants for young physicists to perform research ,relevant to cold technology' in Leiden's cryogenic laboratory. In practice, however, the Leiden program dealt only with basic research. In 1920, in the wake of World War I, the Association was transformed into the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR). Kamerlingh Onnes, monsieur Zéro Absolu, maintained his key position. By stressing that the science of refrigeration had a golden future and that superconductivity, which was demonstrated in Leiden in 1911, would come to the aid of electrical engineers, Kamerlingh Onnes was able to secure the funding of his Leiden laboratory by the IIR. [source] Weight and Welfare of Australians, 1890,1940AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Greg Whitwell Views differ on whether living standards in Australia improved between 1890 and 1940. The pessimists, relying principally on product and incomes measures, argue that living standards stagnated; the optimists, using augmented measures of well-being, argue that living standards may have improved. This paper contributes to this debate between the pessimists and optimists by using alternative measures of living standards, namely the height and body mass index (BMI) of male Australian army recruits of World Wars I and II. The nature and usefulness of these measures is examined. The major findings are that the height data indicate an unequivocal improvement in living standards in the period under consideration. The BMI data tend to support a similar conclusion, but the results are ambiguous and there are difficulties in using them alone to determine exactly what happened to living standards. [source] | ||||||||||||||||