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Wall Biosynthesis (wall + biosynthesis)
Kinds of Wall Biosynthesis Selected Abstracts4-Alkyl and 4,4,-Dialkyl 1,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazolidine-3,5-dione Derivatives as New Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Wall Biosynthesis.CHEMINFORM, Issue 38 2005Kristina M. K. Kutterer Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Characterization and functional analysis of the ,-1,3-glucanosyltransferase 3 of the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensisFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009Nadya Da Silva Castro Abstract The fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in Latin America. In an effort to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in fungus cell wall assembly and morphogenesis, ,-1,3-glucanosyltransferase 3 (PbGel3p) is presented here. PbGel3p presented functional similarity to the glucan-elongating/glycophospholipid-anchored surface/pH-regulated /essential for pseudohyphal development protein families, which are involved in fungal cell wall biosynthesis and morphogenesis. The full-length cDNA and gene were obtained. Southern blot and in silico analysis suggested that there is one copy of the gene in P. brasiliensis. The recombinant PbGel3p was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and a polyclonal antibody was obtained. The PbGEL3 mRNA, as well as the protein, was detected at the highest level in the mycelium phase. The protein was immunolocalized at the surface in both the mycelium and the yeast phases. We addressed the potential role of PbGel3p in cell wall biosynthesis and morphogenesis by assessing its ability to rescue the phenotype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gas1, mutant. The results indicated that PbGel3p is a cell wall-associated protein that probably works as a ,-1,3-glucan elongase capable of mediating fungal cell wall integrity. [source] Two-component signal transduction in human fungal pathogensFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006Michael Kruppa Abstract Signal transduction pathways provide mechanisms for adaptation to stress conditions. One of the most studied of these pathways is the HOG1 MAP kinase pathway that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to adapt cells to osmostress. The HOG1 MAPK has also been studied in Candida albicans, and more recently observations on the Hog1p functions have been described in two other human pathogens, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. The important, but not surprising, concept is that this pathway is used for different yet similar functions in each of these fungi, given their need to adapt to different environmental signals. Current studies of C. albicans focus upon the identification of two-component signal proteins that, in both C. albicans and S. cerevisiae, regulate the HOG1 MAPK. In C. albicans, these proteins regulate cell wall biosynthesis (and, therefore, adherence to host cells), osmotic and oxidant adaptation, white-opaque switching, morphogenesis, and virulence of the organism. [source] ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS FROM THE GREEN ALGA ULVA LINZA (CHLOROPHYTA),JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Michele S. Stanley There is a general lack of genomic information available for chlorophyte seaweed genera such as Ulva, and in particular there is no information concerning the genes that contribute to adhesion and cell wall biosynthesis for this organism. Partial sequencing of cDNA libraries to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is an effective means of gene discovery and characterization of expression patterns. In this study, a cDNA library was created from sporulating tissue of Ulva linza L. Initially, 650 ESTs were randomly selected from a cDNA library and sequenced from their 5, ends to obtain an indication of the level of redundancy of the library (21%). The library was normalized to enrich for rarer sequences, and a further 1920 ESTs were sequenced. These sequences were subjected to contig assembly that resulted in a unigene set of approximately 1104 ESTs. Forty-eight percent of these sequences exhibited significant similarity to sequences in the databases. Phylogenetic comparisons are made between selected sequences with similarity in the databases to proteins involved in aspects of extracellular matrix/cell wall assembly and adhesion. [source] Purification and characterization of a cationic peroxidase from artichoke leavesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 7 2007Angela Cardinali Abstract Peroxidases are part of a large group of enzymes associated with cell wall biosynthesis, response to injury, disease, resistance and wound repair. Among peroxidase isoenzymes, a soluble cationic peroxidase (ALSP), not yet described, has been partially purified and characterized from artichoke leaves. The enzyme was shown to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 51 000 and an isoelectric point of 9. The substrate specificity of the ALSP is characteristic of class III (guaiacol-type) peroxidases. The ALSP was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, anionic exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and isoelectrofocusing. The increase in specific activity was 43 times compared to the crude extract as estimated by the guaiacol assay. Three ALSP fragments were sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry de novo sequencing method. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Taking shape: control of bacterial cell wall biosynthesisMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005George C. Stewart Summary The characteristic shape of a bacterial cell is a function of the three dimensional architectures of the cell envelope and is determined by the balance between lateral wall extension and synthesis of peptidoglycan at the division septum. The three dimensional patterns of cell wall synthesis in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis is influenced by actin-like proteins that form helical coils in the cell and by the MreCD membrane proteins that link the cytoskeletal elements with the penicillin-binding proteins that carry out peptidoglycan synthesis. Recent genetic studies have provided important clues as to how these proteins are arranged in the cell and how they function to regulate cell shape. [source] The Cryptococcus neoformans MAP kinase Mpk1 regulates cell integrity in response to antifungal drugs and loss of calcineurin functionMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003Peter R. Kraus Summary Cell wall integrity is crucial for fungal growth, development and stress survival. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cell integrity Mpk1/Slt2 MAP kinase and calcineurin pathways monitor cell wall integrity and promote cell wall remodelling under stress conditions. We have identified the Cryptococcus neoformans homologue of the S. cerevisiae Mpk1/Slt2 MAP kinase and have characterized its role in the maintenance of cell integrity in response to elevated growth temperature and in the presence of cell wall synthesis inhibitors. C. neoformans Mpk1 is required for growth at 37°C in vitro, and this growth defect is suppressed by osmotic stabilization. C. neoformans mutants lacking Mpk1 are attenuated for virulence in the mouse model of cryptococcosis. Phosphorylation of Mpk1 is induced in response to perturbations of cell wall biosynthesis by the antifungal drugs nikkomycin Z (a chitin synthase inhibitor), caspofungin (a ,-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor), or FK506 (a calcineurin inhibitor), and mutants lacking Mpk1 display enhanced sensitivity to nikkomycin Z and caspofungin. Lastly, we show that calcineurin and Mpk1 play complementing roles in regulating cell integrity in C. neoformans. Our studies demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of the cell integrity pathway would enhance the activity of antifungal drugs that target the cell wall. [source] Rga5p is a specific Rho1p GTPase-activating protein that regulates cell integrity in Schizosaccharomyces pombeMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Teresa M. Calonge Summary Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rho1p regulates (1,3),- d -glucan synthesis and is required for cell integrity maintenance and actin cytoskeleton organization, but nothing is known about the regulation of this protein. At least nine different S. pombe genes code for proteins predicted to act as Rho GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The results shown in this paper demonstrate that the protein encoded by the gene named rga5+ is a GAP specific for Rho1p. rga5+ overexpression is lethal and causes morphological alterations similar to those reported for Rho1p inactivation. rga5+ deletion is not lethal and causes a mild general increase in cell wall biosynthesis and morphological alterations when cells are grown at 37°C. Upon mild overexpression, Rga5p localizes to growth areas and possesses both in vivo and in vitro GAP activity specific for Rho1p. Overexpression of rho1+ in rga5, cells is lethal, with a morphological phenotype resembling that of the overexpression of the constitutively active allele rho1G15V. In addition (1,3),- d -glucan synthase activity, regulated by Rho1p, is increased in rga5, cells and decreased in rga5 -overexpressing cells. Moreover, the increase in (1,3),- d -glucan synthase activity caused by rho1+ overexpression is considerably higher in rga5, than in wild-type cells. Genetic interactions suggest that Rga5p is also important for the regulation of the other known Rho1p effectors, Pck1p and Pck2p. [source] Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis induce expression of the Bacillus subtilis,W and ,M regulonsMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2002Min Cao Summary Bacillus subtilis encodes seven extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. The ,W regulon includes functions involved in detoxification and protection against antimicrobials, whereas ,M is essential for growth at high salt concentrations. We now report that antibiotics that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis induce both ,W and ,M regulons as monitored using DNA microarrays. Induction of selected ,W -dependent genes was confirmed using lacZ reporter fusions and Northern blot analysis. The ability of vancomycin to induce the ,W regulon is dependent on both ,W and the cognate anti- , , RsiW, but is independent of the transition state regulator AbrB. These results suggest that the membrane-localized RsiW anti- ,W factor mediates the transcriptional response to cell wall stress. Our findings are consistent with the idea that one function of ECF , factors is to coordinate antibiosis stress responses and cell envelope homeostasis. [source] Identification of protein differences between two clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans by proteomic analysisMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008L. H. Guo Introduction:,Streptococcus mutans is generally considered to be the principal etiological agent for dental caries. Different strains of S. mutans may display different virulence mechanisms, so the isolation of the differential proteins is illuminating. Methods:,S. mutans strains 9-1 and 9-2, which both colonized the same oral cavity, were selected after screening for the possession of suspected virulence traits. The soluble cellular proteins were extracted from steady-state planktonic cells of strains 9-1 and 9-2 and were analyzed using high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Then, replicate maps of proteins from the two strains were generated. Proteins expressed only in strain 9-1 or 9-2 were excised and digested with trypsin by using an in-gel protocol. Tryptic digests were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, by which peptide mass fingerprints were generated, and these were used to assign putative functions according to their homology with the translated sequences in the S. mutans genomic database. Results:, There were 12 proteins only expressed in strain 9-1 and three proteins only expressed in strain 9-2. They were involved in protein biosynthesis, protein folding, cell wall biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis, repair of DNA damage, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction, and translation. Conclusion:, The identification of proteins differentially expressed between strains 9-1 and 9-2 provides new information concerning the mechanisms of cariogenesis. [source] Plant cell wall biosynthesis: genetic, biochemical and functional genomics approaches to the identification of key genesPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Naser Farrokhi Summary Cell walls are dynamic structures that represent key determinants of overall plant form, plant growth and development, and the responses of plants to environmental and pathogen-induced stresses. Walls play centrally important roles in the quality and processing of plant-based foods for both human and animal consumption, and in the production of fibres during pulp and paper manufacture. In the future, wall material that constitutes the major proportion of cereal straws and other crop residues will find increasing application as a source of renewable fuel and composite manufacture. Although the chemical structures of most wall constituents have been defined in detail, the enzymes involved in their synthesis and remodelling remain largely undefined, particularly those involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. There have been real recent advances in our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis in plants, but, with few exceptions, the identities and modes of action of polysaccharide synthases and other glycosyltransferases that mediate the biosynthesis of the major non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides are not known. Nevertheless, emerging functional genomics and molecular genetics technologies are now allowing us to re-examine the central questions related to wall biosynthesis. The availability of the rice, Populus trichocarpa and Arabidopsis genome sequences, a variety of mutant populations, high-density genetic maps for cereals and other industrially important plants, high-throughput genome and transcript analysis systems, extensive publicly available genomics resources and an increasing armoury of analysis systems for the definition of candidate gene function will together allow us to take a systems approach to the description of wall biosynthesis in plants. [source] Shotgun proteomic analysis of Chlamydia trachomatisPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 6 2005Paul Skipp Abstract Chlamydiae are widespread bacterial pathogens responsible for a broad range of diseases, including sexually transmitted infections, pneumonia and trachoma. To validate the existence of hitherto hypothetical proteins predicted from recent chlamydial genome sequencing projects and to examine the patterns of expression of key components at the protein level, we have surveyed the expressed proteome of Chlamydia trachomatis strain,L2. A combination of two-dimensional gel analysis, multi-dimensional protein identification (MudPIT) and nanocapillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry allowed a total of 328,chlamydial proteins to be unambiguously assigned. Proteins identified as being expressed in the metabolically inert form, elementary body, of Chlamydia include the entire set of predicted glycolytic enzymes, indicating that metabolite flux rather than de novo synthesis of this pathway is triggered upon infection of host cells. An enzyme central to cell wall biosynthesis was also detected in the intracellular form, reticulate body, of Chlamydia, suggesting that the peptidoglycan is produced during growth within host cells. Other sets of proteins identified include 17 outer membrane-associated proteins of potential significance in vaccine studies and 67,proteins previously annotated as hypothetical or conserved hypothetical. Taken together, ,35% of the predicted proteome for C.,trachomatis has been experimentally verified, representing the most extensive survey of any chlamydial proteome to date. [source] Characterization of Arabidopsis mur3 mutations that result in constitutive activation of defence in petioles, but not leavesTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008Jennifer D. Tedman-Jones Summary A screen was established for mutants in which the plant defence response is de-repressed. The pathogen-inducible isochorismate synthase (ICS1) promoter was fused to firefly luciferase (luc) and a homozygous transgenic line generated in which the ICS1:luc fusion is co-regulated with ICS1. This line was mutagenized and M2 seedlings screened for constitutive ICS1:luc expression (cie). The cie mutants fall into distinct phenotypic classes based on tissue-specific localization of luciferase activity. One mutant, cie1, that shows constitutive luciferase activity specifically in petioles, was chosen for further analysis. In addition to ICS1, PR and other defence-related genes are constitutively expressed in cie1 plants. The cie1 mutant is also characterized by an increased production of conjugated salicylic acid and reactive oxygen intermediates, as well as spontaneous lesion formation, all confined to petiole tissue. Significantly, defences activated in cie1 are sufficient to prevent infection by a virulent isolate of Hyaloperonospora parasitica, and this enhanced resistance response protects petiole tissue alone. Furthermore, cie1 -mediated resistance, along with PR gene expression, is abolished in a sid2-1 mutant background, consistent with a requirement for salicylic acid. A positional cloning approach was used to identify cie1, which carries two point mutations in a gene required for cell wall biosynthesis and actin organization, MUR3. A mur3 knockout mutant also resists infection by H. parasitica in its petioles and this phenotype is complemented by transformation with wild-type MUR3. We propose that perturbed cell wall biosynthesis may activate plant defence and provide a rationale for the cie1 and the mur3 knockout phenotypes. [source] Disruption of ATCSLD5 results in reduced growth, reduced xylan and homogalacturonan synthase activity and altered xylan occurrence in ArabidopsisTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007Adriana Jimena Bernal Summary Members of a large family of cellulose synthase-like genes (CSLs) are predicted to encode glycosyl transferases (GTs) involved in the biosynthesis of plant cell walls. The CSLA and CSLF families are known to contain mannan and glucan synthases, respectively, but the products of other CSLs are unknown. Here we report the effects of disrupting ATCSLD5 expression in Arabidopsis. Both stem and root growth were significantly reduced in ATCSLD5 knock-out plants, and these plants also had increased susceptibility to the cellulose synthase inhibitor isoxaben. Antibody and carbohydrate-binding module labelling indicated a reduction in the level of xylan in stems, and in vitro GT assays using microsomes from stems revealed that ATCSLD5 knock-out plants also had reduced xylan and homogalacturonan synthase activity. Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of ATCSLD5 and ATCSLD3, fluorescently tagged at either the C- or the N-terminal, indicated that these GTs are likely to be localized in the Golgi apparatus. However, the position of the fluorescent tag affected the subcellular localization of both proteins. The work presented provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of disrupting ATCSLD5 in planta, and the possible role(s) of this gene and other ATCSLDs in cell wall biosynthesis are discussed. [source] Biosynthesis of cellulose-enriched tension wood in Populus: global analysis of transcripts and metabolites identifies biochemical and developmental regulators in secondary wall biosynthesisTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Sara Andersson-Gunnerås Summary Stems and branches of angiosperm trees form tension wood (TW) when exposed to a gravitational stimulus. One of the main characteristics of TW, which distinguishes it from normal wood, is the formation of fibers with a thick inner gelatinous cell wall layer mainly composed of crystalline cellulose. Hence TW is enriched in cellulose, and deficient in lignin and hemicelluloses. An expressed sequence tag library made from TW-forming tissues in Populus tremula (L.) × tremuloides (Michx.) and data from transcript profiling using microarray and metabolite analysis were obtained during TW formation in Populus tremula (L.) in two growing seasons. The data were examined with the aim of identifying the genes responsible for the change in carbon (C) flow into various cell wall components, and the mechanisms important for the formation of the gelatinous cell wall layer (G-layer). A specific effort was made to identify carbohydrate-active enzymes with a putative function in cell wall biosynthesis. An increased C flux to cellulose was suggested by a higher abundance of sucrose synthase transcripts. However, genes related to the cellulose biosynthetic machinery were not generally affected, although the expression of secondary wall-specific CesA genes was modified in both directions. Other pathways for which the data suggested increased activity included lipid and glucosamine biosynthesis and the pectin degradation machinery. In addition, transcripts encoding fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins were particularly increased and found to lack true Arabidopsis orthologs. Major pathways for which the transcriptome and metabolome analysis suggested decreased activity were the pathway for C flux through guanosine 5,-diphosphate (GDP) sugars to mannans, the pentose phosphate pathway, lignin biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of cell wall matrix carbohydrates. Several differentially expressed auxin- and ethylene-related genes and transcription factors were also identified. [source] | |||||||||||||