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Visual Presentation (visual + presentation)
Selected AbstractsEffects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviourECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 2 2006V. N. Mikheev Abstract,,, Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis, were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius, as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch. [source] Neuroanatomical specificity in the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos following expression of appetitive and consummatory male sexual behaviour in Japanese quailEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 7 2006M. Taziaux Abstract We investigated the neural sites related to the occurrence of appetitive (ASB) and consummatory (CSB) aspects of male sexual behaviour in Japanese quail. Castrated males treated with testosterone were exposed for 5 min to one of four experimental conditions: (i) free interaction with a female (CSB group); (ii) expression of rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements in response to the visual presentation of a female (ASB-F group); (iii) or a male (ASB-M group), and (iv) handling as a control manipulation. Brains were collected 90 min after the start of behavioural tests and stained by immunocytochemistry for the FOS protein. An increase in FOS expression was observed throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the medial preoptic nucleus (POM) in CSB males, whereas the view of a female (ASB-F) induced an increased FOS expression in the rostral POM only. In the CSB group, there was also an increase in FOS expression in the bed nucleus striae terminalis, and both the CSB and ASB-F groups exhibited increased FOS expression in aspects of the ventro-lateral thalamus (VLT) related to visual processing. Moreover, both the CSB and ASB-M groups showed increased FOS expression in the lateral septum. These data provide additional support to the idea that there is a partial anatomical dissociation between structures involved in the control of both aspects of male sexual behaviour and independently provide data consistent with a previous lesion study that indicated that the rostral and caudal POM differentially control the expression of ASB and CSB in quail. [source] Digital human modeling and workplace evaluation: Using an automobile assembly task as an exampleHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 5 2007Shao-Wen Chang This study proposes a method of conducting workplace evaluations in the digital environment for the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. For visual presentation, we apply a digital human modeling system to the workplace virtual dynamic simulation. Then, we use captured workplace motion data for ergonomics evaluation, including biomechanics analysis and posture analysis. By integrating dynamic simulation and ergonomics evaluation, it enables the system designer to visualize and improve workplace design in the digital space. The method has been applied to evaluate automobile assembly tasks and some ergonomic improvements have been implemented.f© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] On the saliency of negative stimuli: Evidence from attentional blink1JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004Tokihiro Ogawa Abstract:, When people are asked to detect two targets from a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, impairment of recognition of the second target (T2) can be observed if the T2 is presented several hundred milliseconds later than the first target (T1). This phenomenon is known as attentional blink, and is considered to reflect some temporal characteristic of the attentional process. The aim of the present study was to use the attentional blink paradigm to examine whether the affective meaning of the stimuli could affect the magnitude of attentional blink. In Experiment 1, the valence of the T2 (neutral, positive, and negative) was manipulated. Significant T2 detection deficit was observed with neutral and positive T2 but not with negative T2. Experiment 2 demonstrated that non-significant attentional blink in negative T2 in Experiment 1 could be attributed to the negative affective meaning of T2. Results are discussed in terms of the high saliency of negative information. [source] A new look at manufacturing using CAM-I's capacity management modelJOURNAL OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 3 2003Andrew Muras A capacity management model helps managers evaluate capacity by providing a visual presentation of problem areas. This can lead to much-needed insight to address many management issues in manufacturing and production. This article outlines an application of the capacity model developed by the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing-International (CAM-I), along with the synergistic efforts of product costing and process improvement initiatives. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Consumer health information on the Web: The relationship of visual design and perceptions of credibilityJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2010David Robins Consumer health information has proliferated on the Web. However, because virtually anyone can publish this type of information on the Web, consumers cannot always rely on traditional credibility cues such as reputation of a journal. Instead, they must rely on a variety of cues, including visual presentation, to determine the veracity of information. This study is an examination of the relationship of people's visual design preferences to judgments of credibility of information on consumer health information sites. Subjects were asked to rate their preferences for visual designs of 31 health information sites after a very brief viewing. The sites were then reordered and subjects rated them according to the extent to which they thought the information on the sites was credible. Visual design judgments bore a statistically significant similarity to credibility ratings. Sites with known brands were also highly rated for both credibility and visual design. Theoretical implications are discussed. [source] Excitability of human motor cortex inputs prior to graspTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Gita Prabhu Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to investigate corticospinal excitability during the preparation period preceding visually guided self-paced grasping. Previously we have shown that while subjects prepare to grasp a visible object, paired-pulse TMS at a specific interval facilitates motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in hand muscles in a manner that varies with the role of the muscle in shaping the hand for the upcoming grasp. This anticipatory modulation may reflect transmission of inputs to human primary motor cortex (M1) for visuomotor guidance of hand shape. Conversely, single-pulse TMS is known to suppress MEPs during movement preparation. Here we investigate the time course of single- and paired-pulse MEP modulation. TMS was delivered over M1, at different time intervals after visual presentation of either a handle or a disc to healthy subjects. Participants were instructed to view the object, and later to grasp it when given a cue. During grasp there was a specific pattern of hand muscle activity according to the object grasped. MEPs were evoked in these muscles by TMS delivered prior to grasp. Paired-pulse MEPs were facilitated, whilst single-pulse MEPs were suppressed. The pattern of facilitation matched the object-specific pattern of muscle activity for TMS pulses delivered 150 ms or more after object presentation. However, this effect was not present when TMS was delivered immediately after object presentation, or if the delivery of TMS was given separately from the cue to perform the grasp action. These results suggest that object-related information for preparation of appropriate hand shapes reaches M1 only immediately preceding execution of the grasp. [source] Attentional bias for trauma-film reminders: Towards a laboratory analogue for studying the role of attention in the persistence of intrusive memoriesAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Johan Verwoerd Two experiments examined whether exposure to a trauma-film induced an attentional bias (AB) for intrinsically neutral (visual) reminders of the film. In experiment 1, half of the participants (n,=,33) completed a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task after presentation of a trauma film, whereas the other participants (n,=,32) engaged in this task without prior film-exposure. During the RSVP, participants were to detect neutral targets (rotated landscapes) in a stream of images that also included visual distracters consisting of stills depicting persons and objects that featured in the film as well as visual control distracters unrelated to the film. In line with predictions, participants who saw the film prior to the RSVP task showed a relatively strong deterioration of task performance when targets were preceded by film distracters. Results of a second experiment suggested that this AB could be best explained by an acquired motivational salience of the inherently neutral film reminders in the RSVP rather than by a mere familiarity effect. Thus, the current RSVP methodology seems to be a viable analogue method for studying AB after stressful or traumatic experiences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Change in leptin, body composition and other hormones around menarche , a visual representationACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2008LG Bandini Abstract Aim: To present a visual representation of changes in body composition, leptin, insulin, estradiol and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in relation to menarche in girls. Methods: Participants were a subset of healthy girls (n = 108) enrolled in a longitudinal study of growth and development conducted at the General Clinical Research Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Participants were seen annually from before menarche until 4 years postmenarche for measures of body composition and serum levels of leptin, insulin, estradiol and FSH. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance. Standardized body composition and hormone levels were smoothed and plotted relative to menarche to visualize patterns of change. Results: At menarche, the mean percentage body fat (%BF) of girls was 24.6% (SD = 4.1%) after menarche %BF was ,27%. Leptin levels averaged 8.4 ng/mL (SD = 4.6) at menarche and were ,12 ng/mL after menarche. Changes in leptin levels closely paralleled changes in %BF. Insulin, estradiol and FSH levels followed expected patterns relative to menarche. Leptin began rising closer to menarche than did insulin or the other sex hormones. Conclusion: We provide a visual presentation of hormonal and body composition changes occurring throughout the pubertal period in girls which may be useful in generating new hypotheses related to the timing of menarche. [source] | |||||||||||||