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Visual Interpretation (visual + interpretation)
Selected AbstractsBond length features of linear carbon chains of finite to infinite size: Visual interpretation from Pauling bond ordersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2003Zexing Cao Abstract Schemes for Kekulé structure counting of linear carbon chains are suggested. Mathematical formulas, which calculate the Pauling bond order P(k, N) of a chemical bond numbered by k, are given for the carbon chain with N carbon atoms. By use of the least-squares fitting of a linearity, relationships between Pauling bond orders and bond lengths are obtained, and such correlation of the Pauling bond order,bond length can be qualitatively extended to the excited states. The relative magnitudes of Pauling bond orders in unsaturated carbon chains dominate C,C bond lengths a well as the bond length feature with the chain size increasing. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 94: 144,149, 2003 [source] Interobserver reliability of visual interpretation of electroencephalograms in children with newly diagnosed seizuresDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 5 2006Hans Stroink MD The reliability of visual interpretation of electroencephalograms (EEG) is of great importance in assessing the value of this diagnostic tool. We prospectively obtained 50 standard EEGs and 61 EEGs after partial sleep deprivation from 93 children (56 males, 37 females) with a mean age of 6 years 10 months (SE 5mo; range 4mo,15y 7mo) with one or more newly diagnosed, unprovoked seizures. Two clinical neurophysiologists independently classified the background pattern and the presence of epileptiform discharges or focal non-epileptiform abnormalities of each EEG. The agreement was substantial for the interpretation of the EEG as normal or abnormal (kappa 0.66), almost perfect for the presence of epileptiform discharges (kappa 0.83), substantial for the occurrence of an abnormal background pattern (kappa 0.73), and moderate for the presence of focal non-epileptiform discharges (kappa 0.54). In conclusion, the reliability of the visual interpretation of EEGs in children is almost perfect as regards the presence of epileptiform abnormalities, and moderate to substantial for the presence of other abnormalities. [source] A simple mounting model for consistent determination of the accuracy and repeatability of apex locatorsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006A. ElAyouti Abstract Aim, To develop a precise and simple mounting model (MM) for evaluating apex locators and to compare the repeatability of the MM with a conventional visual method (VM). Methodology, Electronic working length determination was performed in 32 maxillary central incisors using two methods: (i) the MM method and (ii) a conventional VM. The MM utilizes a micrometer to determine the distance travelled by the measuring file during working length determination. In the VM, the length of the measuring file (representing the working length) is determined visually using a caliper and a microscope at 6× magnification. Each measurement was repeated once. The repeatability of each method was evaluated by calculating the coefficient of repeatability. Results, The coefficient of repeatability, which includes 95% of the differences between repeated measurements, was 0.04 mm for MM compared with 0.9 mm for VM. The measurement error of MM was significantly lower than VM (0.02 and 0.4 mm respectively). There was a statistically significant difference between the means of absolute difference in repeated measurements: MM 0.01 mm (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01; 0.02 mm) compared with VM 0.4 mm (95% CI: 0.3; 0.5 mm). Conclusion, The new MM had superior repeatability in comparison with the conventional method where visual interpretation is a source of inaccurate measurement. [source] Evaluation of F cells in sickle cell disorders by flow cytometry , comparison with the Kleihauer,Betke's slide methodINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007K. Y. ITALIA Summary Adult F cell numbers are raised in inherited haemoglobin disorders, such as , -thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia, hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin, and some acquired conditions, such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia, during acute erythropoietic stress and pregnancy. True foetal erythrocytes containing foetal amounts of HbF can also occur in the adult circulation during the leakage of HbF-containing cells from the foetus to the maternal circulation. In normal adults, HbF is restricted to a small proportion (3,7%) of red blood cells (RBC), termed ,F cells'. Techniques estimating the amount of HbF use lysates prepared from RBC, whereas those that estimate the adult F cell count use intact RBC. An accurate assessment of adult F cells in sickle cell disorders is important because increased adult F cells are associated with decreased morbidity in these disorders. In the present study, HbF levels were measured and adult F cell numbers were estimated in 100 blood samples (25 normal individuals, 25 sickle heterozygotes, 25 sickle homozygotes and 25 sickle , -thalassaemia cases), using high pressure liquid chromatography for HbF levels, and flow cytometry and the Kleihauer,Betke (KB) acid elution microscope slide method for cell counts. Flow cytometry gave a more accurate assessment of adult F cells, eliminating any manual error, as compared to KB, which was less sensitive and precise as it is based on subjective visual interpretation. [source] Difference of fetal heart rate accelerations based on 10 and 15 beats per minuteJOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY RESEARCH (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2010Young-Sun Park Abstract Aim:, To evaluate the correlation of 10 b.p.m.-10 s and 15 b.p.m.-15 s fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations in gestations before or after 32 weeks using computerized analysis. Methods:, A combination of amplitude and duration of FHR accelerations, 10 b.p.m.-10 s (Acc10-10) and 15 b.p.m.-15 s (Acc15-15), was analyzed according to gestational weeks between January 1999 and December 2005 in 2358 normal pregnant women who received a non-stress test at 30,42 gestational weeks. A linear regression model between Acc10-10 and Acc15-15 was estimated, and the duration difference between 10 b.p.m. and 15 b.p.m. was converted into seconds. Results:, Before 32 weeks of gestation, the mean number of FHR accelerations based on 15 b.p.m. was below 2.00 (mean ± standard error, 1.58 ± 0.19). The correlation between Acc10-10 and Acc15-15 was Acc15-15 + 2.8 = Acc10-10 (r2 = 0.94, P = 0.0013). The mean duration difference between 10 b.p.m. and 15 b.p.m. was 36.8 s (range, 4,227 s). Conclusions:, Our study verified the difference of Acc10-10 and Acc15-15 using computerized analysis as the base of visual interpretation of the definition of FHR acceleration. Acc15-15 did not occur often enough to be relevant to the definition of FHR acceleration before 32 weeks' gestation. The difference between the mean number of FHR accelerations based on 10 b.p.m. and 15 b.p.m. within a 20-min window was 2.8. [source] Visualization of the weather,past and presentMETEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 2 2010Simon J. Keeling Abstract All consumers of the media are seeking information. The weather forecast is merely one part of this media. Initially, an artist's visual interpretation of weather conditions (real or imagined), the weather forecast has now evolved into the all-encompassing visual and audio experience viewed through television today, although weather images continue to illicit emotions from viewers similar to those found when viewing other works of art. This paper examines how the weather has been visualized in times past, and how these techniques have been employed, culminating in the television weather forecast of today. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society [source] An Assessment of the Ability of Diplomates, Practitioners, and Students to Describe and Interpret Recordings of Heart Murmurs and ArrhythmiaJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2001Jonathan M. Naylor The ability of clinicians, ie, 10 veterinary students, 10 general practitioners, and 10 board certified internists, to describe and interpret common normal and abnormal heart sounds was assessed. Recordings of heart sounds from 7 horses with a variety of normal and abnormal rhythms, heart sounds, and murmurs were analyzed by digital sonography. The perception of the presence or absence of the heart sounds S1, S2, and S4 was similar for clinicians irrespective of their level of training and was in agreement with the sonographic interpretation on 89, 82, and 78% of occasions, respectively. However, practitioners were less likely to correctly describe the presence of S3. The heart rhythm was correctly described as being regular or irregular on 89% of occasions, and this outcome was not affected by level of training. Differentiation of the type of irregularity was less reliable. The perception of the intensity of a heart murmur was accurate and correlated with the grade assigned in the living horses, R2= .68, and with sonographic measurements of the murmur's intensity, R2= .69. Clinicians overestimated the duration of cardiac murmurs, particularly that of the loud systolic murmur. Only diplomates could reliably differentiate systolic from diastolic murmurs. The ability to diagnose the underlying cardiac problem was significantly affected by training; diplomates, practitioners, and undergraduates made the correct diagnosis on 53, 33, and 29% of occasions, respectively. The poor diagnostic ability of practitioners and the lack of improvement in diagnostic skill after the 2nd year of veterinary school emphasizes the need for better teaching of these skills. Digital sonograms that combine sound files with synchronous visual interpretations may be useful in this regard. [source] | ||||||||||