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Viscosity Difference (viscosity + difference)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Chemistry	50%

Selected Abstracts

Direct on-line analysis of neutral analytes by dual sweeping via complexation and organic solvent field enhancement in nonionic MEKC

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 8 2009
Jun Cao
Abstract Conventionally, neutral compounds cannot be separated by nonionic micelle capillary electrophoresis. In this report, the development of a novel on-line preconcentration technique combining dual sweeping based on complexation and organic solvent field enhancement is applied to the sensitive and selective analysis of three neutral glucosides: ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Re. Nonionic micelle detectability by CE is demonstrated through effective focusing of large sample volumes (up to 38% capillary length) using a dual sweeping mode. This results in a 50- to 130-fold improvement in the LODs relative to conventional injection method. Neutral compounds sweeping is examined in terms of analyte mobility dependence on borate complexation, solvent viscosity difference, and Brij-35 interaction. Enhanced focusing performance by this hyphenated method was demonstrated by a greater than fourfold reduction in glucoside bandwidth, as compared with common sweeping (devoid of organic solvent-mediated sweeping method in the sample matrices). Moreover, separation efficiencies greater than a million theoretical plates can be achieved by sweeping large sample volumes into narrow zones. The designated method was also tested for its ability to determine the presence of glucosides in the crude extracts obtained from plant sample. [source]

Microstructure-properties correlations in dynamically vulcanized nanocomposite thermoplastic elastomers based on PP/EPDM

POLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007
Ghasem Naderi
Thermoplastic vulcanized (TPV) nanocomposites were prepared in a laboratory mixer using EPDM, polypropylene of different viscosities, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene, an organo-clay, and a sulfur-based curing system. Based on the obtained results from X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter, and mechanical properties, the microstructure of the prepared nanocomposites was found to be sensitive to the viscosity difference between the two phases and the clay content. X-ray diffraction and TEM images of the TPV nanocomposites showed that clay was nearly exfoliated and randomly distributed into the polypropylene phase. The SEM photomicrographs of the dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer samples showed that the rubber particles were dispersed through the polypropylene in form of aggregates and their size increased with the introduction of clay. The nanoscale dimensions of the dispersed clay resulted in a significant improvement of the tensile modulus of the TPV nanocomposite samples, from 20 to 90% depending on clay content and the viscosity ratio of PP/EPDM. In the PP nanocomposites, the clay layers act as nucleating agents, resulting in higher crystallization temperature and reduced degree of crystallinity. Moreover, the oxygen permeability in the TPV nanocomposites was found to be lower than in unfilled but otherwise similar materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:207,217, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers. [source]

Effects of Physical Property Differences on Blending

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 8 2005
P. N. Jones
Abstract Within this study, the effects of viscosity differences between added and bulk liquids on mixing times were investigated. This was carried out in stirred tanks of diameter T,=,0.31, 0.61, 1.83,m to study the effect of scale. Different impeller types (hydrofoils, disc turbines, and pitched blade turbines) and sizes (D,=,T/2 and T/3) were employed. Operating conditions for which mixing time correlations for similar property liquids could be used were identified at scales relevant to industrial applications. Recommendations are made for improving blending under operating conditions where these correlations are not applicable as the mixing times are too long. [source]

Recovery of Homogeneous Polyoxometallate Catalysts from Aqueous and Organic Media by a Mesoporous Ceramic Membrane without Loss of Catalytic Activity

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 11 2006
Sankhanilay Roy Chowdhury Dr.
Abstract The recovery of homogeneous polyoxometallate (POM) oxidation catalysts from aqueous and non-aqueous media by a nanofiltration process using mesoporous ,-alumina membranes is reported. The recovery of Q12[WZn3(ZnW9O34)2] (Q=[MeN(n -C8H17)3]+) from toluene-based media was quantitative within experimental error, while up to 97,% of Na12[WZn3(ZnW9O34)2] could be recovered from water. The toluene-soluble POM catalyst was used repeatedly in the conversion of cyclooctene to cyclooctene oxide and separated from the product mixture after each reaction. The catalytic activity increased steadily with the number of times that the catalyst had been recycled, which was attributed to partial removal of the excess QCl that is known to have a negative influence on the catalytic activity. Differences in the permeability of the membrane for different liquid media can be attributed to viscosity differences and/or capillary condensation effects. The influence of membrane pore radius on permeability and recovery is discussed. [source]